Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1…Pg. 19 IAN p. 2-27 in Textbook Pg. 15 IAN Concept...
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Transcript of Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1…Pg. 19 IAN p. 2-27 in Textbook Pg. 15 IAN Concept...
Introduction to Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1…Pg. 19 IAN
p. 2-27 in Textbook
Pg. 15 IAN Concept Map
Pg. 16 IAN Part I colorplate
Pg. 17 IAN Part II colorplate
Human Functions
All humans are able to perform the following functions:1) Responsiveness: respond to
changes in our environment• i.e.: pull hand away from hot surface
2) Growth: an increase in the size & # of cells over our lifetime• As cells multiply, they differentiate to
perform specific functions
Human Functions (con’t)
3) Reproduction: creates new generations of humans Male sperm cell + female egg cell fuse to
form zygote → new human baby 4) Movement: may be internal (circulating
blood) or external (walking to class) 5) Metabolism: all the chemical reactions
that occur in the body i.e.: respiration, hormone release, neuron
signals
“Anatomy” vs. “Physiology”
The structure of an organism and the functions it performs are inseparable
“Anatomy”= structureIncludes both the internal & external
parts and the relationship between them
“Physiology”= functionHow an organism performs the vital
processes of life
Anatomy: a closer look
Anatomy is studied on 2 levels:A) Gross Anatomy: (“macroscopic”)
includes large structures on surface within a certain region, or entire organ systems
B) Microscopic Anatomy: requires magnification to view• Includes molecules, cells, and tissues
Physiology: a closer look
Human physiology can be divided into 4 categories: A) Cell: includes chemical processes within
and among cells B) Special: studies specific organs (i.e.:
heart, kidney, brain) C) Systemic: studies entire organ systems
(i.e.: circulatory, urinary) D) Pathological: studies effects of disease
on organs or organ systems
Pg. 21 Levels of Organization
1) Chemical: atoms & molecules 2) Cellular: molecules combine to form
cells & their organelles 3) Tissue: similar cells combine to form
tissues 4) Organ: 2+ tissues combine to form
organs 5) Organ Systems: interaction of organs
designed to perform the same general function
6) Organism: combination of all organ systems within a body (the whole person)
Pg. 23 Organ Systems
11 organ systems are categorized according to their major function
Some organs may belong to 2+ organ systems (i.e. male urethra) A) Protection, Support, Movement
• 1) Integumentary System• 2) Skeletal System• 3) Muscular System
B) Internal Communication & Integration• 4) Nervous System• 5) Endocrine System
Pg. 23 Organ Systems (con’t)
C) Fluid Transport & Defense• 6) Circulatory System• 7) Lymphatic System
D) Input & Output• 8) Respiratory System• 9) Urinary System• 10) Digestive System
E) Reproduction• 11) Reproductive System
Homeostasis- Pg. 25
“A stable internal environment” Physiological processes must adjust to
maintain this Includes:
A) Receptors: take in environmental stimuli B) Control Center: receives & processes
info from receptors C) Effectors: respond to commands of
control center• May ↑ or ↓ the effect of the stimulus
If body is not able to maintain homeostasis, result is illness or disease
Homeostasis: Negative Feedback- Pg. 25
Any variation that triggers an automatic response that returns the system to homeostasisMOST homeostatic reactions in the
bodyi.e.: Thermoregulation: regulation of
body temp by shivering, sweating, etc.
Homeostasis: Positive Feedback- Pg. 25
Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
Used for potentially dangerous or stressful processes that must be completed quicklyi.e.: Blood clotting
Anatomical Position
Standard frame of referenceStanding facing forwardFeet forwardArms Supine: palms forward
• Prone: palms rearward
**When subject is in proper anatomical position, their Right = your Left
Anatomical Planes
Plane: imaginary flat surface passing through body
3 Planes: 1) Sagittal: vertical = L/R
• Midsagittal: down center• Parasagittal: parallel to midsag.
2) Frontal/Coronal: perpendicular to sagittal = front/back
3) Transverse/Horizontal/Cross-Sectional: perpendic. to long axis = top/bottom
Directional Terms
Used to describe location of structures in the body
May be combined for precision i.e.: dorsolateral = towards back and side
May have different meanings in humans b/c of bipedalism i.e.: ventral, anterior, posterior
See Table 1-2 p. 19
Anatomical Regions- Pg. 31 I Axial Region
Head, Neck, Trunk (thoracic & abdominal regions)• Abdominal Region further
divided into:• 4 Quadrants OR• 9 Regions
II Appendicular Region Appendages (limbs)
• Upper: arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
• Lower: thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes
Body Cavities
Internal chambers that: A) protect internal organs B) permit changes in size & shape or organs
w/out disrupting surrounding organs Most major organs located in the ventral
body cavity (“coelom”) Divided into thoracic (upper) and
abdominopelvic (lower) cavities by the diaphragm
Body Cavities (con’t)
Viscera: internal organs located w/in the ventral body cavitiesSurrounded by moist internal space
Serous Membrane: thin tissue layer that creates a fluid-filled sac around an organVisceral layer: covers viscera (organ)Parietal layer: lines inner surface of
body wall
Thoracic Cavity (upper)
Divided into 3 chambers:A) Pericardial Cavity: the heart
• Serous membrane called pericardium• Surrounded by the mediastinum
(connective tissue)B) R & L Pleural Cavities: the lungs
• Serous membrane called pleura
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Extends from: Upper Abdomen
• Contains the liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine
to Lower Pelvis • Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs,
distal portion of large intestine
Contains Peritoneal Cavity Serous membrane is called peritoneum
Viewing Internal Structures
Various technology is employed to view internal body cavities & organs: 1) X-rays: high energy radiation; creates b/w
2-D image 2) CT Scan: single beam of X-rays; creates
b/w or color image in 3-D 3) MRI Scan: uses magnetic field to
manipulate atoms; creates highly detailed color image
4) Ultrasound: uses high frequency sound waves; low clarity but very safe to use