Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing.
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Transcript of Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and
Hearing
Overview
• Anatomy and physiology definitions– Planes of Reference– Terms of Orientation– Hierarchy of tissues, organs, and
systems
Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
• Anatomy: – The study of the structure of an organism.
• Physiology: – The study of function.
• Applied (clinical) anatomy: – Application of anatomical study for diagnosis
and treatment of disease.• Descriptive (systematic) anatomy: – Involves the description of individual parts of
the body without reference to diseases.
Definitions
• Gross anatomy: – Study of the body and its parts that are visible
without the aid of microscopy.
• Microscopic anatomy:– Study of structure of the body by means of
microscopy (includes electron microscopy)
• Pathological anatomy: – Study of parts of the body with respect to the
pathological entity.
Definitions
• Developmental anatomy: – Study of the growth and development of
the organism.– Phylogenetic age and embryologic age
Related Terms
• Cytology: structure of cells• Histology: microscopic study of cells• Osteology: bones• Myology: muscles• Arthrology: joints• Angiology: blood• Neurology: nervous system
Planes of Reference
Where, and in what orientation, is something in the body?
Planes of Reference
Coronal plane: Divides body into
Front and back (asymmetric)
Sagittal plane: Divides body into
Left and right(symmetric)
Transverse plane: Top and bottom
(asymmetric)
Terms of Anatomical Orientation
Large scale divisions of the body
“Segments” of the Body
Thorax: Chest region
Abdomen: External abdominal wall
Torso (trunk): Thorax and abdomen together.
Pelvis: Hip bones
Cranium: Skull
Terms (Planes) of Orientation
Anterior or ventral: Front or belly
Posterior or dorsal: Back or Back
Rostral: Toward the head/brain
Caudal: Toward the tail
Peripheral: Away from the center
Superficial: Surface
Terms of Orientation
• Deep: – Closer to the axis of the body
• External: – Outside
• Internal: – Inside
• Distal: – Away from midline
• Medial: – Toward midline
Terms of Orientation
• Superior: – Above
• Inferior: – Below
• Prone: – On belly
• Supine: – On back
• Lateral: – Sides
Terms of Orientation
• Proximal:– Near to point of reference
• Flexion:– Bending toward front
• Extension: – Pulling to ends apart
• Hyperextension (dorsiflexion): – Bending dorsally
Terms or Orientation
Terms of Orientation
• Ipsi-lateral: – Same side
• Contra-lateral: – Opposite side
• Adduct: – Bring toward (usually the midline, or
close)• Abduct: – Draw away from (away from midline, or
open)
Anatomical Hierarchy
Tissues, Organs, Systems, and other important
structures
Tissue Types
• Epithelial: – Provides a protective surface lining for
structures.
• Connective: – Provides support for structures.
• Muscular: – Contracts to provide movement.
• Nervous: – Conveys neurotransmitters and nerve impulses
that encode either sensory information, or motor tasks.
Epithelial Tissue
• Simple epithelium: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated
• Compound epithelium: Stratified and transitional– Skin (inner and outer), sensory cells
• “…epithelial tissue lines nearly all of the cavities of the body as well as the tubes that connective them.”
Connective Tissue
• Areolar: Elastic, supportive tissue. Found between muscles and organs.
• Adipose: Same as areolar tissue, but is more fatty. Also found between muscles and organs supports and cushions structures.
• Lymphoid: Found only in tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes.
Connective Tissue
• Fibrous: Binds structures together. –White fibrous: Strong and dense.
Found in ligaments. Composed of collagenous (fatty) and reticular (net-like) fibers.
– Yellow elastic: Has elasticity (returns to original shape). Found in some cartilages. Composed of elastic fibers.
Connective Tissue
• Cartilage: Strong & elastic.–Hyaline cartilage:Found where bones
connect to other structures (articulation), such as ribs.
– Fibro-cartilage: Contains collagenous fibers. Acts as a shock absorber. Found between vertebrae and in joints.
– Yellow cartilage: Firm. Not as elastic as other cartilages. Found in nose and ear (pinna).
Connective Tissue
• Blood: Fluid component called plasma.
• Bone: Hardest connective tissue. – Compact bone– Spongy (cancellous) bone: Contains
marrow.
Muscular Tissue
• Striated (skeletal) muscle: – Used to move skeletal structures. (a.k.a.
voluntary or somatic muscle) Contracts voluntary.
• Smooth muscle: – Muscle of internal organs. Contracts
involuntarily (autonomic), and may also be responsible for glandular secretions
• Cardiac muscle: – Muscle of the heart. Combo of striated and
smooth. Contracts involuntarily.
Nervous Tissue
• Used to chemically alter other tissue through its release of neurotransmitter.
• Composed of neurons.• Parts of neuron:– Body (soma)– Dendrite– Axon
Neuron: Simple Version
Axon (Output side)
Soma (Cell Body)
Dendrite (input side)
Neuron: Not so simple version
Body Systems
Sensory Systems, Motor Systems, Nervous System,
etc.
Body Systems
• Systems of the body are groups of organs that work together for a common purpose.
• Organs can belong to more than one system.
• Examples: muscular, skeletal, digestive, reproductive, and etc…
Speech Systems
• Respiratory system: – lungs, trachea, rib cage, abdominal muscles,
etc.• Phonatory system: – larynx and associated structures.
• Articulatory/resonatory system: – tongue, lips, palate, teeth, nasal cavity, and
oropharynx.• Auditory system: – outer, middle, and inner ear
Summary
• Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism.
• Physiology is the study of an organism’s function.
• Comparative anatomy is also instructive when related to phylogenetic age
• Anatomical planes and orientation– Sagittal, coronal, and transverse– Anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral,
etc…
Summary
• Types of tissues, organs, and systems– Epithelial, connective, muscular,
nervous– Joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons– Speech systems• Respiratory, phonatory,
articulatory/resonatory, and auditory