Introduction to Advanced Material Science and …...2009/05/15  · 1 Introduction to Advanced...

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1 Introduction to Advanced Material Science and Technology 先端マテリアルサイエンス通論 Nanostructure Control in Structural Metallic Materials 構造用金属材料におけるナノ組織制御 Nobuhiro TSUJI (辻 伸泰) Department of Materials Science and Engineering 材料工学専攻 May 15, 2009: class Outline of the lecture: 1. Metallic Materials 2. Imperfections in Crystal Structure and Microstructures of Materials 3. Ultrafine Grained or Nanocrystalline Metals as a New Class of Advanced Material

Transcript of Introduction to Advanced Material Science and …...2009/05/15  · 1 Introduction to Advanced...

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Introduction to Advanced Material Science and Technology先端マテリアルサイエンス通論

Nanostructure Control in Structural Metallic Materials

構造用金属材料におけるナノ組織制御

Nobuhiro TSUJI (辻 伸泰)Department of Materials Science and Engineering

材料工学専攻

May 15, 2009: class

Outline of the lecture:

1. Metallic Materials

2. Imperfections in Crystal Structure andMicrostructures of Materials

3. Ultrafine Grained or Nanocrystalline Metalsas a New Class of Advanced Material

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Outline of the lecture:

1. Metallic Materials

2. Imperfections in Crystal Structure andMicrostructures of Materials

3. Ultrafine Grained or Nanocrystalline Metalsas a New Class of Advanced Material

Material物質 busshitsu 材料 zairyo

Materials Science& Engineering

物質科学 材料工学

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Processing Structure

Properties Performance

Discipline of Materials Science and Engineering

Three Major Materials

MetalsCeramics Polymers

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Three Major Materials• Metals

Metallic Bonding; Strength and Ductility (Deformability);Electric and Thermal Conductivity; Metallic Gloss

• CeramicsCompounds of Metals and Non-Metals; Cement; Glass;Stability against Heat and Severe Environments

• PolymersOrganic Compounds; Plastic; Gum; Low Density; Easyto Bend

Density of Three Major Materials

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Strength of Three Major Materials

Electrical Conductivity of Three Major Materials

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Ancient Chinese Bronze

(商晩期) (商晩期)

Forecast of the importance of major materialsM.F.Ashby (Univ. Cambridge: 1986)

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Forecast of the importance of major materialsDenied by H.Bhadeshia (Univ. Cambridge: 2007)

Still we need advanced metallic materials in society

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What is metal ?

Metals in Periodic Table

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Atom (He)

Electron

Neutron

QuarkProton

Atomic Bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Metallic bonding

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Properties Derived from Metallic Bonding

• High Electrical Conductivity• High Thermal Conductivity• Metallic Gloss• Large Ductility (Deformability)

Metallic bonding

Outline of the lecture:

1. Metallic Materials

2. Imperfections in Crystal Structure andMicrostructures of Materials

3. Ultrafine Grained or Nanocrystalline Metalsas a New Class of Advanced Material

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Body Centered Cubic (BCC)α-Fe, Mo, W, etc.

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)γ-Fe, Al, Cu, Ni, etc.

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)Ti, Mg, Zr, etc.

Crystal Structures of Metals

Crystal Structures of Metals

In solid metals, atoms (metallic ions) are periodically alignedin 3-dimensional space, to form crystal lattices.

However, the crystals are not perfect in general, but involvesvarious kinds of imperfections (lattice defects).

The lattice defects construct microstructures in metals, whichdetermine the properties of metallic materials.

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Point Defects (0-dimensional)Vacancy, Interstitial Atoms,Impurity Atoms

Line Defects (1-dimensional)Dislocation

Interfacial Defects (2-dimensional)Grain Boundary, Stacking Fault,Interphase Boundary, Surface

Volume Defects (3-dimensional)Precipitates, Second Phase,Voids

(a)(b)(c)

Various Kinds of Lattice Defects (Imperfections)

2nd phase grain boundary

crack void

twin

fine precipitates

dislocation loop

dislocation network

dislocations

dislocation pile-upinclusion on grain boundary

vacancy

(edge) dislocation

substitutional atom(impurity)

interlattice atom

(coherent) precipitate

interstitial atom(impurity)

Point Defects (0-Dimensional)

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Line Defects (1-Dimensional): Dislocation

Interfacial Defect (2-Dimensional): Grain Boundary

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Plastic Deformation by Dislocation Motion (Slip)

Plastic Deformation by Dislocation Motion (Slip)

Plastic deformation of crystalline metals is generallyproduced by dislocation slips.Therefore, “easiness” of dislocation motion determines the“strength” of metals.

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Point Defects (0-dimensional)Vacancy, Interstitial Atoms,Impurity Atoms

Line Defects (1-dimensional)Dislocation

Interfacial Defects (2-dimensional)Grain Boundary, Stacking Fault,Interphase Boundary, Surface

Volume Defects (3-dimensional)Precipitates, Second Phase,Voids

(a)(b)(c)

Various Kinds of Lattice Defects (Imperfections)

2nd phase grain boundary

crack void

twin

fine precipitates

dislocation loop

dislocation network

dislocations

dislocation pile-upinclusion on grain boundary

vacancy

(edge) dislocation

substitutional atom(impurity)

interlattice atom

(coherent) precipitate

interstitial atom(impurity)

Outline of the lecture:

1. Metallic Materials

2. Imperfections in Crystal Structure andMicrostructures of Materials

3. Ultrafine Grained or Nanocrystalline Metalsas a New Class of Advanced Material

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Grain Boundary

Polycrystals

Grain Boundaries as Obstacles for Dislocation Motion

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σ = σ0 + k d -1/2

Grain Boundary Strengthening (Hall-Petch Relationship)

The minimumgrain size we

can obtain hasbeen

approximately10µm.

ConventionalGrainSize

Ultrafine Grainsor

Nanocrystals

UFG/Nanocrystalline Materials are Full of GB

It is not surprising if theUFG/Nano materials

perform various uniqueproperties that have not

yet been observed incoarse-grained materials.

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How to obtain ultrafine grained (UFG) microstructures ?

• Vapor Deposition

• Electric Deposition (Plating)

• Rapid Solidification• Crystallization of Amorphous

• Mechanical Milling of Powders

It is difficult to fabricate bulky materials by theseprocesses.

Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) forFabricating Bulky Nanostructured Metals

Various Kinds of SPD Processes

N.Tsuji et al. : Advanced Eng. Mater., 5 (2003), No.5, 338.

Severe Plastic Deformation(SPD: ε > 4)

Ultrafine Grained Structures(d < 1 µm)

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1mm thickness× 33km length thin sheet

Equivalent Strain of 12equals to…..

33m

What is Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) ?

Fig. Schematic illustration showing the principle ofAccumulative Roll Bonding (ARB).

Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) Process

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Repeated Folding & Forging in Traditional Japanese Sword Production

Typically 15 times ➡ 32,768 layers

For strength & toughness increase, homogenization ofcarbon distribution, removing impurities, and making

beautiful surface

Materials successfully ARB-processed in Osaka University:

Pure-Fe, IF steel, 0.041P-added IF steel, SS400 (Fe-0.13C-0.37Mn), Fe-Cr-Ni, duplex stainless steel, Fe-30̃36Ni, pure-Al, 1100Al, 5052Al, 5083Al,6061Al, 7075Al, 8011Al, Al-Cu, Al-Si, Al-Ag, Al+5vol%SiC, OFHC-Cu, Cu-Co-P, Cu-30Zn, Cu-71.9Ag (eutectic), pure Ni, cp-Ti, Mg alloy

(“SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION: Towards Bulk Production of Nanostructured Materials”, NOVAScience Publishers, New York (2006))

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UFG Microstructure in 2N-Al Fabricated by ARB

(Ito et al., J. Jpn. Inst. Metals, 64(2000), 429.)

(Huang et al., Mater. Sci. Eng.,A340 (2003), 265.)

• They are certainly“grains” from a viewpointof misorientations.

• At the same time, theyare essentiallydeformationmicrostructures(elongated, and involvingsubstructures).

ARB + Annealing process can produce bulky sheets having variousgrain sizes.

100℃

150℃

200℃

225℃

250℃

300℃

Change in Microstructure by Annealing-- 1100-Al ARB processed by 6 cycles and then annealed --

(Tsuji et al.: Scripta Mater., 47 (2002), 893.)

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Tremendous Strength of Nanostructured MetalsAluminum with strength as high as steel

(Tsuji: J. Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, 7 (2007), 3763-3770.

Related Articles

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Unexpected Similarity between UFG Al and Fe

Yield-Drop Phenomena !!(Tsuji et al.: Scripta Mater., 47 (2002), 893.)

1100Al(99%Al,2N)

Hall-Petch curvefor coarse grains

Extra Hall-Petch Hardening in UFG-Al

??

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X.Huang, N.Hansen, N.Tsuji: Science,Vol.312, p.249 (2006)

Al (99%), ARB processed by 6 cycles at RT.

1: As ARB processed.2: ARB + Annealed at 150°C. (Hardening by Annealing)

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2: ARB + Annealed at 150°C. (Hardening by Annealing)3: (2) + 15% cold-rolled. (Softening by Deformation)4: (3) + Annealed at 150°C. (Hardening by Annealing, again)5: (4) + 15% cold-rolled. (Softening by Deformation, again)

Ultrafine grained steelsperform excellent dynamicdeformation behaviors aswell as high strength, whichincrease the safety incollision.

HONDA has recentlydecided to use an UFG steelfor “Accord” in 2018.

Application of UFG Steel for Automobile

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Processing Structure

Properties Performance

Discipline of Materials Science and Engineering

Summary

1. Metallic materials have been and will continuously be important

materials in our society, and improvement of their properties are

required more and more.

2. Metallic materials have crystalline structures. The crystals are not

usually perfect but involve various kinds of imperfections (latticedefects), which construct microstructures. Properties of metals are

significantly affected by the microstructures.

3. Ultrafine grained or nanocrystalline metallic materials have been

recently realized in bulky dimensions. The nanostructured metals showunknown and surprising properties that have not yet been found in

conventional metallic materials.