ContentsI. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Independent clauses.......................................................................................................................2

1.2 Dependent Clauses........................................................................................................................2

II. Kind of Subordinate Clause.............................................................................................................2

2.1 Noun Clause..................................................................................................................................2

2.1.1 Function of noun clause..........................................................................................................2

2.2 Adjective clause...........................................................................................................................6

2.2.1 kind of adjective clause..............................................................................................................7

2.3 Adverb Clause...............................................................................................................................9

References.............................................................................................................................................15

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I. Introduction In English it is important to study from a small aspect of language to a bigger part of

language. For example, we should study from the basic of applied linguistic which provide us the basic of the language. Before getting to the higher level of education in all skills of English including reading, speaking, listening, writing, we basically need to study about all components of English range from vocabulary, tenses, conversation, and other important forms. More specifically, in order to write, read and speak more efficiently and more effectively, it is good idea to get on well with words, group of word, how to construct the words in the sentences, and clauses which the main elements in creating a good academic structure building.

Our overall objective is to study about basic aspects of clauses and kind of clauses which are commonly used in English.

Specifically, our studies are intended to: Identify clauses To find out kinds of clause in concluding dependent clause and independent clause. Specify noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause To clarify the subordinator with different kind of clauses

After finishing this course, the students will be able to: Understand about main clause and subordinating clause Clarify in noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause Use subordinators in different clause and sentence construction.

Conceptual framework

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Independent Clause Dependent Clause

Noun Clause Adverb ClauseAdjective clause Clause

-That-clause -wh-word clause -if/whether clause

restrictive Non-restrictive

SubjectiveObjectivePossessive

SubjectiveObjectivepossessive

-time - place-manner - distance-reason - result-purpose -concession-contrast -comparison

Clauses

Definition: a clause is a group of words containing a subject, verb, and complement. Clauses which is an element of sentence are divided into 2 types: (1) independent Clause (main clause or principle clause) and (2) dependent clause (subordinate or sub clause).

1.1 Independent clausesAn independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause = subject + verb + ComplementEx: a. They play football.

b. I eat more food today.Normally, I found independent clause in simple and compound sentences.

1.2 Dependent ClausesA dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must connect to an independent clause. A dependent clause = Subordinator + subject + verb +complementHere are some examples of dependent clauses.

a. when he saw the police.b. which I love very much.c. that I always met at night.

However, if we put another sentence with each of them, then they do make sense. a. Thief ran away when he saw the police. b. This is a book which I love very much.c. Jeny is a pretty girl who I always met at night.

II. Kind of Subordinate ClauseSub clauses are divided into three categories, namely:

Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

2.1 Noun Clause Noun Clause is a group of word which contains a subject and predicate of its own and

function as a noun in the sentence called noun clause.

2.1.1 Function of noun clause- Subject of the verb

What I like in Phnom Penh is its beauty. - Object of transitive verb

I know that she is a good teacher. - Object of preposition

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I am really satisfied with what I achieved in my life. - In apposition to a noun or pronoun

We believe the principle that all men are born free. - The complement of a verb of incomplete predicate

My belief is that hard work brings successes to you. Love is what we think of it.

2.1.2 Kind of noun clauseGrammatically, there are 4 main types of noun clauses. a. That-clause are made from statements and are introduced by the subordinators

that. The word that is often omitted if the meaning is clear without it. A that-clause is composed of That + Subject + verb + complementThat the language provides many benefits to human.That many people concern about this sexuality. In order to make sense, a that- clause must connect to an introductory clause.

Introductory clause That-clauseI think that the studies of the brain are fascinating.The professor explained that the brain is the master control of body.

The following verbs are used in introductory clauses followed by that-clauses. They are grouped according to whether or not they may take an indirect object.

Introductory Clause VerbsGroup I: No direct object

Group II: Indirect Object optional

Group III: indirect object required

Group IV: indirect object optional

agreeanswerassertconcludeknowrealizenoticestatethink

admitexplainmentionpoint outprovereply

assureconvinceinformremindtell

promiseshowteachwarnwrite

o The verb in Group I do not take an indirect object. We know that women have higher verbal IQs than men.

o The verb in Group II may or may not take a indirect object. However, if a indirect object is used, to must precede it.The defense attorney proved (to the jury) that his client was not guilty.

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o The verb in Group III must be followed by an indirect object.The doctor assured the worried parents that their child would not recover.

o The verb in Group IV may or may not be followed by an indirect object.He promised them that they could see their child immediately after the operation.

Note: in academic writing, especially in scientific writing, introductory clause verbs are often written in passive voice with the neutral subject it. Subjunctive Noun Clauses: after certain verbs and adjective in an introductory clause, the verb in a that-clause in the simple or base form, called the subjunctive. These verbs and adjective indicate urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirability, the verbs and adjective requiring the subjunctive form in that-clause include:

Verbs Adjectivesadvise direct recommendask insist suggestcommand move urgedemand propose

advisable importantessential urgentnecessary vital

Example:

b. Wh-Word ClauseA wh-word clause is a dependent noun clause in which the subordinator is a wh-word such as who, what, when, why, how much, how long, which, etc. a wh-word clause I composed

Wh-question + subject + verb + complement or Wh-question+ verb + complement

Wh-Question Wh-Word ClauseWho started the band? … who started the band.Which vocalists have sung with the group? … which vocalists have sung with the group.How many students are there in class? …how many students there are in class.

To change a wh-question into a wh-word clause: - Change the word order to SV statement word order if necessary.- Delete do, does , or did

Here are examples of complex sentences containing wh-question clause. Introductory clause Wh-word Clause

Subordinator -subject Verb (complement)I want to know who start the band.Can you tell me how many student there are in class.I don’t remember how often you study each week.

c. If/whether-clause is dependent noun clauses that are formed from yes/no question and are introduced by the subordinator whether or if. An if/whether-clause is composed of

Whether(if) + subject + Verb + complement

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…whether the president will win reelection.…if the airplane landed safety.

The following example show how yes/no questions can become if/whether-clauses.Yes/No Question If/ Whether-clause

Does Dr. Chen do well with his job? …if Dr. Chen does well with his job.Is exercise an effective treatment of stress? …whether the exercise is an treatment of

stress.Has it been used as an effective way during the storm?

…whether it has been used as an effective way during the storm or not?

To change a yea/no question into an if/whether-clause: - Change the word order to SV statement word order if necessary- Delete do, does, or did- Add the subordinator if or whether. Whether is more formal than if .

Here are examples of complex sentences containing if/whether-clause.Introductory clause If/Whether-clause

Subordinator Subject Verb(+complement)could you tell me If he is a good teacher ?I wonder whether or not they have good quality.

Comprehensive Exercisesa. Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve. please look at the following example in number 1.

1.    The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb ordered2.    He said that he would not go.……………………………………………………………………………………………3.    That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.……………………………………………………………………………………………4.    He said that he was not feeling well.……………………………………………………………………………………………5.    I cannot rely on what he says.……………………………………………………………………………………………6.    I don’t know where he has gone.……………………………………………………………………………………………7.    He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.……………………………………………………………………………………………8.    The news that he is alive has been confirmed.

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……………………………………………………………………………………………9.    The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.……………………………………………………………………………………………10.    It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2 Adjective clauseAdjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. It describes,

modifies, or gives further information about a noun. (An adjective clause is also called a relative clause.)

That is the book which I want. (Which I want is an adjective clause. It is doing the work of an adjective. It modifies the noun book).

I know the girl whom you love. (Whom you love is an adjective clause. It functions as an adjective. It modifies the noun girl.)NOTE: an adjective clause uses pronouns to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause. The adjective clause pronouns are who, whom, which that, and whose. (Adjective clause pronoun is also called “Relative Pronoun”). Generally, a relative clause begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb. Relative Pronoun who, whom, whose, that refer to humans

Which, that, whose Refer to nonhuman, and thingRelative Adverb When, where, why Refer to a time or a place

Here are some uses of relative pronounsRelative pronoun Example DescriptionWho a. here is Chanthou, who looks after

my children.b. The boy who I helped is Kosal.

Who is used to refer to people and functions as a subject or an object. In (a) who is the subject of the verb looks, and in (b) who is the object of the verb helped.

Whom c. The girl whom I love is gentle and kind

Whom is used to refer to people and function as an object. In (c) whom is object of the verb love.

That d. I have thanked the woman that helped me this morning.

e. The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very nice.

That is referred to human or thing. In (d): that acts as a subject of verb helped and modifies to noun woman. In (e): that refers to the movie and acts as an object of verb saw.

Which f. The marker which is on the table is mine

g. The movie which we saw last night wasn’t good

Which is referred to thing, and it used as a subject or an object. In(f) which refers to the marker and function as a subject. In (g): which refer to the movie and functions as an object.

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whose h. I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

Whose is used to show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronoun used as adjective: his, her, its, and their. Like his, her, its, and their, whose is connected to a noun.

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb

meaning use example

when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him

where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him

why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him

Relative Adverb Example descriptionWhere (a). the company where I work is

very modern.(b). the company in which I work is very modern.

Where is used in adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, company, ect). In (a) where equal to in which that modifies the company.

When

(c).I’ll never forget the day when I met you.(d). I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.

When is used to modify a noun of time (year, day, week, month, century, etc)

Why (e). she doesn’t know the reason why she loves singing.(f). I can’t find the cause why my lip is bleeding.

Why is used in adjective clause to modify the reason why something happens.

2.2.1 kind of adjective clauseThere are two main types of adjective clause, namely: Defining Relative (Restrictive

Relative Clause or Necessary Clause) identify noun or pronoun: these clauses tell us which person, thing etc the speaker means. In addition all the information in restrictive clause is used

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to provide basic or necessary information in order to make a complete meaning of an antecedent.

I speak to the woman who owns the hotel. (Who owns the hotel doesn’t tell us the exact person).

The house which Piseth bought is over 100 years old. (which Piseth bought tells us which house) Non-defining Relative clause (Non-restrictive or Non-necessary clause) don’t tell us which person, thing, etc the speaker means: these clause give more or further information about a person or thing already identified. All information in non-restrictive relative clause is not necessary. If we omit it, we still know or identify person or thing.

Mr. Hun Sen, who is the Prime Minister of Cambodia, is a powerful man.Phnom Penh, which is the capital of Cambodia, is very famous for tourism.

Non-defining clause is more common in a formal style, especially in writing. When we write these clauses , we put commas at he beginning of clause or at the end of the clause.

Last weekend I met Sue, who told me she was going on holiday soon.Frank Morris, who is one of my best friend, has decided to go and live in jFrandce.

Note: In a non-defining relative clause we always use who for people and which for thing: we cannot use that replaced to which and who In a non-defining relatives clause we can not leave out who or which in objective relative clause.

My uncle john, who live in Manchester, is coming to visit me next week.

Comprehensive Exercises for Adjective Clausea. Combine the following sentences by using relative pronouns!

1. I saw the man. He closed the door.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The girl is happy. She won the race.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The student is from China. He sits next to me.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The students are from China. They sit in the front of row.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clause.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. I am using a sentence. It contains an adjective clause.

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……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Algebra problems contain letters. They stand for unknown numbers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.

……………………………………………………………………………………………b. Fill in the blank using Relative Pronoun!

1. Do you know Amrozi,…. …is standing by the red car?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The professor is the man …… the students all admire.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I phoned the woman …… I had taken to the fair.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Blacky, the dog, ……. Is sleeping by the fence, is fierce.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Give me the form ……. I required to fill out.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. What’s the name of the girl …… spoke Dutch with you?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. The principal, ……… bag had been stolen, was very angry.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. The woman, ……… children are naughty, often loses her temper.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2.3 Adverb Clause Adverb clause is an dependent clause which is used to modify the verb in the independent clause and tell when(time), where(place), why (reason), for what purpose , how , how long or how faro. It is also used to show contrast: concession (unexpected result( and direct opposite. An adverbial clause is composed of

Subordinator + Subject + Verb + Complement Because the scientists are interested in the planet... ...so that humans can learn more a out the universe.

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Since the adverbial clause is a dependent clause it cannot stand alone. It must be connected with an independent clause to form a complex sentence. An adverbial clause can come either before or after an independent clause. If it comes before an independent clause, comma is placed after it.

Because scientists are interested in the planets, they send spacecraft to orbit them.When I was young, I liked to play football.

I.1.1. kind of Adverb ClauseThere are 10 kind of adverbial clause

The following chart lists the different kinds along with the subordinators that introduce the clauses.

kind of adverb clause subordinator Meaning

time

whenwheneverwhileas soon asaftersinceas beforeuntil

a point in time/ short durationat any timeat same time/long durationimmediately/ instantly afterfollowing the time thatfrom this time, momentwhile/whenearlier that the time whenup to the time of

placewhereanywherewherevereverywhere

a definite placeanyplaceeveryplace

comparisonas+ adverb +asas +adjective+ asthan

comparison

mannerasas ifas though

in the manner that/ like

result

so +adj + thatso +adv +thatsuch an +noun phrase +thatso much/many.little/few + noun phrase +that

with the result that

reasonbecauseassince

for the reason that

purposeso thatin order that for the purpose of

concessionalthougheven thoughthough

unexpected result

contrast(direct opposition) while direct opposite

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whereas

a. Adverb clause of time Adverb clause of time tells when the action described by the independent clause verb take place. the action or situation in a time clause can occur at the same time or at a different time, as part of a sequence of event. Basically, a time clause is introduced by the subordinators when, while, as soon as, after, as before, and until.

Every one should know what to do when an earthquake strike.While I was reading a book, my phone rang.After I finished my assignment, I met Mr. John.I try to study hard until I graduate from the university.b. adverb clause of place An adverbial clause of place tell where the action describe by the main verb take place,

a place clause is introduced by the subordinator where (a definite place), wherever, everywhere, and anywhere.

Most of people prefer to shop where they can be sure of quality.Consumers usually have interest in doing business wherever credit cards are accepted.Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards. c. adverb clause of frequency, manner, distanceAdverb clause of manner, distant and frequency are introduced by as + adverb +as, as

as if/ as though.Adverb clause of manner answer the question “how”Adverb clause of distance answer the question “How far”Adverb clause of frequency answer the question “how often”The demonstrator left as the police had ordered. (Manner)The student completed the experiment as quickly as they could (manner)Pat jog on the beach as far as she can.(distance)Kathleen spoke as if (as though) she were an authority on the subject.(manner)d. adverb clause of purpose An adverb clause of purpose states the purpose of the action in the independent clause.

The purpose clause is introduced by the subordinator so that or in order that. The modals may/might, can/could, will/would, or have to usually occur in a purpose clause. In order that is formal.

Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger harvests.Farmers also spray their fields in order that consumers might enjoy the fruit and vegetable.

Note: when the subject of the two clause are the same, purpose is often expressed by an infinitive phrase (to grow bigger harvests, or by an infinitive phrase with in order to ( in order to grow bigger harvests). instead of by an adverb clause. the structure is possible in the first example about but not in the second.

e. adverb clause of reason or cause

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Adverb clause of reason or cause points out the cause or reason of the action of the verb in the main clause. Generally, it is introduced by subordinators since, as, and because.

a. He can not come because he is ill.b. I hate him as he is my enemy since many Europeans live, work, ad shop in the same locale; they are quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and streetcars to get around.c. as they work very quickly, they are promoted with prize.

f. adverb clause of resultAdverb clause of result expresses the result of what is staed in the independent clause. a

result clause is introduced by so +adj + that, so +adv +that, such an+noun phrass +that so much/m , any.little/few.

a. new textbooks are so expensive that may students buy used one.b. the cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for way to cut

cost.c. Library is such a big place that I couldn’t find the book I needed.d. there is always so much noise in the dormitory that I can’t study there.e. there were so many students waiting in line to register for clases that I decided to

come back later. g. adverb clause of condition Adverb clause of condition is a clause which mentions the condition imposed on the

action of the verb in the main clause, it calls adverb clause of condition. The sentences containing are also known as conditional sentences. Basically, it is introduced by subordinators if, even if, unless, provided, in case, whether or not.

if I have a lot of money, I will buy a new car. in case you passed the exam, you would be able to study at university.

I am ready to help them provided he asks for his help.h. adverb clause of comparisonIt present the comparison of an action in main clause with that of the verb in the

subordinate clause, is known as adverb clause of comparison. Subordinators commonly used in the formation of adverb clause are: as…as, than.

I can work much more than you can.He is as foolish as he is careless.Mohan is more intelligent than Sopha. i. adverb clause of concession or supposition Adverb clause of concession is used to express ideas or actions that are not expected.

the information in the independent clause indicates a concession or an unexpected result of

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something described in the dependent clause. Adverb clause of concession are introduced by subordinators although, even though, and though

Although i studied all night, i failed the test.Even though they worked very well, i can not gain enough money.

Notice the difference in meaning between because and even thoughBecause the we weather was cold, I did not go swimming.(expected result)Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. (unexpected result)

g. adverb clause of contrast (direct opposition)in this type of use the cluase, the information in the first clause is the diredt opposite of the information in the second clasue of the sentence . use the subordinators while or whereas to introduce either cluase. place a comma between the wto clause.San Fracisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan is extremely hot.While Sopheak is brilliant, Jonh is uneducated.

Comprehensive Exercises for Adverb clausea. Choose the best answer!

1. Betty looks …….. something is wrong. A- only if B- even if C- as if D- so that. 2. The people danced …….. the music played. A- like B- as C- unless D- in case. 3. David goes swimming ………. his illness. A – even if B- in spite of C- though D- whereas. 4. ……… I looked, I found fingerprints. A- until B- whereas C- because D- wherever. 5. This region is called “land of apple” ……… it yields a lot of apples. A- because B- although C- until D- only if 6. ……… ploughing the field, the farmer uncovered a dinosaur bone. A- as though B- while C- until D- since. 7. Lucy can’t attend the meeting ……….. she finds a baby-sitter. A- unless B- even if C- only if D- if. 8. ……. the fire started blazing, the skewers were tilted toward the flames. A- so that B- as if C- such as D- as soon as. 9.………….. Pandas mostly eat bamboo, they are also carnivorous. A- not only B- until C- although D- as soon as. 10. Seat belts were introduced traffic………… fatalities would be reduced. A- as if B- then C- so that D- only if. 11.………… his parents disapprove, he said he won’t go to university. A- even though B- until C- as if D- despite. 12. ………. running, grizzly bears are capable of attaining a speed of 35 miles an hour. A- so that B- when C- so D- though.

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b. Fill in the blank with “so” or “such” 1. The sun shone ….. brightly that Ann had to put on her sunglasses.2. Dean was ….. a powerful swimmer that he always won the races.3. There were …. few pupils registered that the class was canceled.4. We had …. wonderful memories of that place that we’d return.5. The benefit was ….. great a success that they wanted to repeat it.6. We had …… good a time at the party that we hated to leave.7. It was …. a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.8. Jane looked ….. sick that the nurse told her to go home.9. Ray called at ….. an early hour that we weren’t awake yet.10. Those were …… difficult tasks that it took us much time to finish.11. The book looked …….. interesting that we decided to read it.12. Jim worked …. carefully that he almost made no mistake.13. We stayed in the sun for ….. a long time that we became sunburned.14. There were ….. many people on the bus that we decided to walk.15. The program was …… interesting that nobody wanted to miss it.

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References Book Sources

Bhatia.H.S,(1995). Comprehensive High School English Grammar and Composition. Book Palace, New Delhi, India.

J D Murthy (2003). Contemporary English Grammar for Scholars and Students. Book Palace, New Delhi, India.

Oshima. A & Hogue,A. (1999).Writing Academic English.-3rd ed.Addison Wessley Longman, 10 Bank Stree, White Plains, New York

Beaumont. D & Granger.C,(1989.1992). The Heinemann English Grammar: An Intermediate Reference and Practice Book. A Provision of Heinemann Publishers (Oxford) Ltd, London.

Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. (1999). Writing Academic English Longman

Internet Sources

www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

www.scribd.com/doc/27494792/Adjective-Clauses-Exercises

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