Introduction of Computer Network
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Transcript of Introduction of Computer Network
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Computer Network
Compiled By:
Prof. Chintan Bhatt
https://sites.google.com/a/ecchanga.ac.in/chintan/
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Introduction to Computer Networks
Uses of computer network
Computer Network, Distributed Systems, Middleware
network hardware, network software
OSI model, TCP/IP model, Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP model
Example network
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Opte
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Uses of Computer Networks
Internet is computer network – Justification??????
WWW?????????
First use of network???????????
• Business Applications (Resource Sharing)
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues
• Advertising
• Production
• Shipping
• Planning
• Billing
• Accounting
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Business Applications (1)
A network with two clients and one server
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Business Applications (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies
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Home Applications (1)
In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.
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Home Applications (2)
Some forms of e-commerce
Access to remote information
Person-to-person information
Interactive Entertainment
E-commerce
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Mobile Users
Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing
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Social Issues
• Network neutrality / Net neutrality / Internet
neutrality
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Profiling users
• Phishing
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Network Hardware (1)• Personal area networks
• Local area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
• Wide are networks
• The internet
Links:
Broadcast links (Broadcasting, Multicasting)
a) Static (Disadvantages ?????)
b) Dynamic (on demand)
(Centralized or decentralized)
Point-to point links (Multicasting)
(Find out networks and devices)
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Network Hardware (2)
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
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Personal Area Network
Bluetooth PAN configuration
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Local Area Networks
Wireless and wired LANs. (a) 802.11. (b) Switched Ethernet.
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Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
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Wide Area Networks (1)
WAN that connects three branch offices in Australia
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Wide Area Networks (2)
WAN using a virtual private network.
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Wide Area Networks (3)
WAN using an ISP network.
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???Who was the first to use the Internet?
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Network Software
• Protocol hierarchies
(Layer/Level, Peer, Protocol, Interface, Network architecture, Protocol Stack)
• Design issues for the layers
• Connection-oriented versus connectionless service
• Service primitives
• Relationship of services to protocols
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Protocol Hierarchies (1)
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
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Design Issues of Layers
• Addressing
• Error Control
• Flow Control
• Multiplexing
• Routing
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Connection-Oriented Versus
Connectionless Service
Six different types of service.
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Service Primitives (1)
Six service primitives that provide a simple
connection-oriented service
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Service Primitives (2)
A simple client-server interaction using
acknowledged datagrams.
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The Relationship of Services to Protocols
The relationship between a service and a protocol.
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Reference Models
• OSI reference model
• TCP/IP reference model
• Model used for this text
• Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• Critique of OSI model and protocols
• Critique of TCP/IP model
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The OSI Reference Model
The OSI reference model
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Layer Description Popular
Protocols
Protocol Data
Unit
Devices operate
in this layer
Application + User interface HTTP, FTP,
TFTP, Telnet,
SNMP, DNS…
Data
Presentation + Data
representation,
encryption &
decryption
+ Video (WMV,
AVI…)
+ Bitmap (JPG,
BMP, PNG…)
+ Audio (WAV,
MP3, WMA…)
….
Data
Session + Set up, monitor
& terminate the
connection
session
+ SQL, RPC,
NETBIOS
names…
Data
Transport + Flow control
(Buffering,
Windowing,
Congestion
Avoidance) helps
prevent the loss of
segments on the
network and the
need for
retransmission
+ TCP
(Connection-
Oriented, reliable)
+ UDP
(Connectionless,
unreliable)
Segment
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Network + Path
determination
+ Source &
Destination
logical
addresses
+ IP
+ IPX
+ AppleTalk
Packet/Datagr
am
Router
Data Link + Physical
addresses
Includes 2
layers:
+ Upper layer:
Logical Link
Control (LLC)
+ Lower
layer: Media
Access
Control
(MAC)
+ LAN
+ WAN
(HDLC, PPP,
Frame
Relay…)
Frame Switch,
Bridge
Physical Encodes and
transmits data
bits
+ Electric
signals
+ Radio
signals
+ FDDI,
Ethernet
Bit (0, 1) Hub,
Repeater…
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The TCP/IP Reference Model Layers
• Link layer
• Internet layer
• Transport layer
• Application layer
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The TCP/IP Reference Model (1)
The TCP/IP reference model
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The TCP/IP Reference Model (2)
The TCP/IP reference model with some protocols we will study
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1/18/2014 Chintan Bhatt
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Comparison of the OSI and
TCP/IP Reference Models
Concepts central to OSI model
• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols
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Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
• Bad timing.
• Bad technology.
• Bad implementations.
• Bad politics.
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OSI Model Bad Timing
The apocalypse of the two elephants.
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A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems:
• Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
• Not a general model
• Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
• No mention of physical and data link layers
• Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
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Example Networks
• Internet
• ARPANET
• NSFNET
• Third-generation mobile phone networks
• Wireless LANs: 802.11
• RFID and sensor networks
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The ARPANET (1)
a) Structure of the telephone system.
b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
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The ARPANET (2)
The original ARPANET design
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The ARPANET (3)
Growth of the ARPANET.
a) December 1969.
b) July 1970.
c) March 1971.
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The ARPANET (4)
Growth of the ARPANET.
d) April 1972.
e) September 1972.
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NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.
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Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet architecture
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1/18/2014 Chintan Bhatt
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1/18/2014 Chintan Bhatt
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Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (1)
Cellular design of mobile phone networks
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Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (2)
Architecture of the UMTS 3G mobile phone network.
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Third-Generation Mobile
Phone Networks (3)
Mobile phone handover (a) before, (b) after.
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SWITCHED
WANS
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Figure 3-18
Frame Relay network
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AdvantagesHigh Data Rate
Bursty DataLess overhead due to improved transmission media
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A cell network uses the cell as the basic
unit of data exchange. A cell is defined as
a small, fixed-sized block of information.
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Figure 3-19
ATM multiplexing
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Figure 3-20
Architecture of an ATM network
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Figure 3-21
Virtual circuits
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Note that a virtual connection is defined by
a pair of numbers: the VPI and the VCI.
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Figure 3-22
An ATM cell
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Figure 3-23
ATM layers
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The IP protocol uses the AAL5 sublayer.
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Wireless LANs: 802.11 (1)
(a) Wireless network with an access point.
(b) Ad hoc network.
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Wireless LANs: 802.11 (2)
Multipath fading
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Wireless LANs: 802.11 (3)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
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RFID and Sensor Networks (1)
RFID used to network everyday objects.
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RFID and Sensor Networks (2)
Multihop topology of a sensor network
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Network Standardization
• Who’s Who in telecommunications
• Who’s Who in international standards
• Who’s Who in internet standards
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Who’s Who in International Standards (1)
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *.
The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with †
gave up and disbanded itself.
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Who’s Who in International Standards (2)
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *.
The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with †
gave up and disbanded itself.
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Metric Units (1)
The principal metric prefixes
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Metric Units (2)
The principal metric prefixes
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End
Chapter 1
Chintan Bhatt
1/18/2014