Introduction 1. The hows and whys? Introduction2.

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Introduction 1 Slide 2 The hows and whys? Introduction2 Slide 3 Learning Outcomes An introduction to some of the concepts of financial accounting To familiarise you with some of the concepts and conventions which accountants work within To help you to understand that accounting is not just about numbers! There is more to it than that To explain who uses accounts and why Introduction 3 Slide 4 Workplace skills The nature of jobs will continue to change and its not just technical skills which are, needed You also need to develop meta-cognitive skills such as communication, critical thinking, logical argument, presentation and Professionalism Professionalism Introduction 4 Slide 5 To learn some technical detail To understand the terminology Because you will come across terminology on a daily basis in a working environment Its a good way of learning how to learn Its a core subject for accountants, economists, analysts, bankers, and all financially based professions Introduction 5 Slide 6 In groups of two Give me some words to describe what you think accounting is. What frightens you about accounting? Stop at the Pinger Introduction 6 Slide 7 Give me some words to describe accountants and what they do Introduction 7 Slide 8 Read and practice, copy the answer if you must Try to understand why you are doing something For example when we start to do book keeping not Ill debit the bank because thats what teach did but Ill debit the bank because its an asset account and it is increasing followed by and Ill credit Sales as the revenue increases This is called deep learning Introduction 8 Slide 9 9 Slide 10 Surface is what you can see Just to pass the exam Forget it afterwards Not knowledge Deep You want to know why, you have an enquiring mind You understand what you are doing and why you are doing it Professional! Introduction 10 Slide 11 Introduction 11 Slide 12 Introduction 12 Slide 13 Summary Intended learning outcomes By why are we learning this? Questions Technical stuff Short break A work through Plenary what have we learnt Introduction 13 Slide 14 Accounts are used by all sorts of stakeholder groups for all sorts of reasons. Examples include banks, financial institutions, customers, debtors and creditors, members of the public, private investors, the tax authorities, analysts. Introduction 14 Slide 15 Accounts tell us the financial position of an entity. The basic accounting question tells us that all the assets equal the equity invested in the company and the liabilities. We are able to see this from the statement of financial position. They give us the numbers. The limited accounts of limited companies can be downloaded from several websites, including their own. A good source is the Financial Times website at FT.com.FT.com. Introduction 15 Slide 16 Financial accounts are snapshot of what has happened in the period they refer to, they do not tell us everything, a little like looking at a picture and wondering who is on the left or the right or what was happening the night before! Other issues need to be considered such as what has happened in previous years or how competitors are doing. There are techniques for doing this such as ratio analysis, which is considered in week 9. More and more we also need to considered issues concerning the environment such as climate change and ethical waste disposal which is considered in week 10 about qualitative issues. Plastic Bags Plastic Bags Introduction 16 Slide 17 Financial accounting Management accounting Auditing Taxation Financial Management Introduction 17 Slide 18 Financial accounting is a way of reporting what has happened in a given financial period, which could be a day, a week, a month, but is usually a year. Accounts are summarised on financial reports, called the income statement (used to be called the profit and loss account); the Statement of Financial Affairs, (used to be called the Balance sheets; and the Statement of Cash flows (used to be called the Cash Flow Statement) Introduction 18 Slide 19 Financial accounting involves: Recording transactions Preparing financial statements Slide 20 Books of account Bookkeeping Manually in books Computer accounting package Summarising Slide 21 Prevent theft Pay your way Check if worthwhile working Keep tax inspector happy Slide 22 Those who supplied the business with goods or services Those who provided cash such as the bank Employees The government The public Slide 23 What information would you expect to be 100% accurate? How accurate would you want the stock of a chain of confectioners shops to be? What would you need to consider when deciding on the level of accuracy that you require? Slide 24 Transaction a business activity involving money Assets resources available to a business Liabilities amounts owed by a business Capital amount invested in a business by its owner Statement of financial position a list of resources (assets) and sources of these assets (Capital and liabilities) Inventory goods available for sale Slide 25 Statement of income report of income and expenses Income or revenue what the business earns from the sale of goods or provision of services Expenses what it cost the business to earn the income Gross profit the difference between sales revenue and cost of what was sold Net profit gross profit less all expenses Slide 26 Management accounting stated at the time of the industrial revolution, as people moved from rural communities into towns and cities, and businesses and their owners wanted to predict what might happen if they costed ahead, or budgeted for cash flow. Examples include, break even analysis, costing, pricing, variance analysis, cost- volume profit analysis, activity based costing, budgeting. Introduction 26 Slide 27 Management accounting is an essential part of day to day business management, and best explained using spreadsheets, knowledge of which is also essential for business management. CIMA define management accounting as the application of the principles of accounting and financial accounting to create, protect, preserve and increase value for the stakeholders of profit and not-for profit enterprises in the public and private sectors. (CIMA, 2005) Introduction 27 Slide 28 This is checking that the account present a true and fair view of the financial position of a limited company. It is defined by CIMA (2005) as Systematic examination of the activities and status of an entity based primarily upon investigations of its systems controls and records. Introduction 28 Slide 29 External auditing: external auditors are appointed by the owners of an entity, who are independent and not part of it. They report to the owners and not the management. They may do detailed checking of the records (or books). They might also ensure that there is what is known as an audit trail so that transactions can be traced through the books. Internal auditing: They can work closely with the external auditors, but have a different role. They are employed by the company so are influenced by this, they are not independent, they may have a consultancy role, and perform, for example value-for money audits, and possible fraud investigations. Introduction 29 Slide 30 This is a highly complex branch of accounting, and specialists help individuals and limited companies to work out their tax affairs. They often advise entities how to pay less tax this is known as tax avoidance, which is perfectly legal. However tax evasion, or the non-payment of tax is a serious offence which can lead to imprisonment. More details about the UK tax system can be found at the tax Office or Her Majestys Revenue and Customs website at: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/ http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/ Introduction 30 Slide 31 This is a relatively new form of accounting, and financial managers are responsible for setting objectives and planning ahead. They will be involved in the management of the organisation and gaining their knowledge from more than just accounting rules and regulations, using disciplines such as economics maths and management too. Introduction 31 Slide 32 Learn how to learn Engaging in learning is more fun that not engaging Accounting is not just about numbers There are several types of accounting Accounting is a profession There are several professional bodies Look at the web sites and find out what the objectives of the accounting bodies Introduction 32