INTRODUCING VEHICULAR LNG IN THE NETHERLANDS

Ros Roca Indox Cryo-Energy S LRos Roca Indox Cryo-Energy, S.L.

Ros Roca Indox Cryo-Energy S LTurn-Key Natural Gas FUELLING STATIONS

Ros Roca Indox Cryo-Energy, S.L.

2000: Indox (Lleida-Spain) L-CNG + LNG2006: GasNatural (Lleida-Spain) L-CNG + LNG2007: Monfort (Castelló-Spain) LNG2007: GasNatural (Badalona-Spain) L-CNG( p )2008: Taxco (Valencia-Spain) CNG2009: MAN (Poznan-Poland) L-CNG2009: Endesa (Mallorca-Spain) CNG2010: Monfort (Castelló-Spain) L-CNG + LNG2010: Vicuña (Olaberría Spain) L CNG + LNG2010: Vicuña (Olaberría-Spain) L-CNG + LNG2010: LNGEurope (Oss-The Netherlands) LNG2011: GasNatural (Paterna-Spain) CNG2011: GasNatural (Madrid-Spain) CNG2011: FCC (Almassora-Spain) L-CNG2011: Villava (Spain) CNG2011: Via Augusta Gas (Zaragoza-Spain) L-CNG + LNG

1 How to Start with an LNG Station1. How to Start with an LNG Station- Storage and Consumption Balance

2 Main Actors Vehicle already2. Main Actors

Mercedes

Vehicle alreadyCertified Requirements

from Vehicle

Regulations

NG Vehicle

LNG Tank

VOS LogisticsVAN Gansewinkel

e cedesECONIC NGT

RRIC

ENDUSER

LNGRegulationsRRIC

LNG Station

G

MunicipalityRDWLloyd’sKi G t

LNG Europe

LNG Supply

Kiwa Gastec

LNG EuropeRequirements from Vehicle

Regulations

Requirements from UsersLNG in The Netherlands?

Boil off lineSl t k3 TANK REQUIREMENTS Slave tank3. TANK REQUIREMENTS

- Two tanks per truckto maximize rangeto maximize range

Master tank

- Optimizing tank capacity in the available space to maximize rangep g

- Working Pressure: 18 bar (gas engine requirement)

3 1 Working Pressure 18 bar: Heat transfer issue3.1 Working Pressure 18 bar: Heat transfer issue

404550

8910

C = 3,77 kJ/kgC 4 51 kJ/k

152025303540

Pre

ssur

e [b

ar]

345678

C [k

J/kg

K]

PH

C = 4,51 kJ/kg

05

10

-150 -130 -110 -90 -70

Temperature [ºC]

012

PL

6 bar; -136ºCEquilibrium Curve Cp6,31 bar; -135ºC

18 bar; -111ºC18 66 bar; 110ºC

1 kJ on 1 kg of LNG at 136ºC and 6 bar (LEC) → 0,08 bar increase

1 kJ 1 k f LNG t 111ºC d 18 b (HEC) 0 15 b i

18,66 bar; -110ºC

x 1,81 kJ on 1 kg of LNG at 111ºC and 18 bar (HEC) → 0,15 bar increase

3 1 Working Pressure 18 bar: Heat transfer issue3.1 Working Pressure 18 bar: Heat transfer issue

Available pressure increase -> Reduced range at HEC

3035404550

e [b

ar]

678910

kg K

]

05

10152025

Pres

sure

012345

C [k

J/k

PL0-150 -130 -110 -90 -70

Temperature [ºC]

0

Equilibrium Curve Cp

x 2,5LEC: Pressure Raise from-136ºC and 6 bar to -113ºC and 17 bar → 96 kJ

HEC: Pressure Raise from -111ºC and 18 bar to -103ºC and 24 bar → 38 kJHEC: Pressure Raise from -111 C and 18 bar to -103 C and 24 bar → 38 kJ

3 1 Working Pressure 18 bar: Heat transfer issue3.1 Working Pressure 18 bar: Heat transfer issue

TARGET: IMPROVE INSULATION !!!

Equivalent distance of “Square Design”: x 2

Pressure Raise HEC ∼ 1.25 x Pressure Raise LECPressure Raise HEC 1.25 x Pressure Raise LEC

3 2 Homologation Requirements3.2 Homologation Requirements

- production inspection stages- material & components certificates (R110)material & components certificates (R110) - quality checks - tests procedures mainly based on TPED, ADR, EN-1251-2 and common requirements.

FEA t k & t id i- FEA on tank & supports considering:Longitudinal: 6.6 GTransversal: 5 G

- Lateral impact: potential leakage- Lateral impact: potential leakagep p g- Insulation behaviour when loosing vaccum (accident)- Documentation: P&ID, Equipment list, Hazop or DFMEA, Declaration of Conformity according to TPED for additional components (vaporator, pressure measurement devices valves pressure relief valves) User’s

p p g- Insulation behaviour when loosing vaccum (accident)

pressure measurement devices, valves, pressure relief valves), User s Manual and Test & Inspection Plan.

3 2 Homologation Requirements3.2 Homologation Requirements

With PerliteWithout Perlite

- Lateral impact: potential leakage- Lateral impact: potential leakage

3 2 Homologation Requirements Vaccum lost 3.2 Homologation Requirements

1000 00

(accident)

100,00

1000,00

2)

1,00

10,00

Q (W

/m2

0,10

,

0,1 1,0 10,0 100,0 1.000,0 10.000,0 100.000,0 1.000.000,0Vacuum (micrHg)Vacuum (micrHg)

Perlita CRS-W

- Insulation behaviour when loosing vaccum (accident)

Working performance

- Insulation behaviour when loosing vaccum (accident)

4 FILLING STATION REQUIREMENTS4. FILLING STATION REQUIREMENTS

- FILLING HOSE + VAPOUR RETURN HOSE

- PRESSURE RAISE IN THE TANK- Normal Heat leak into the tank

Station Cooldown (heat into the tank)- Station Cooldown (heat into the tank)- Hot Gas Return from vehicle tanks (through vapour return line)

4 1 FILLING HOSE + VAPOUR RETURN HOSE4.1 FILLING HOSE + VAPOUR RETURN HOSEWHY?All stations require the gas pressure relief valve at least to start filling when vehicle tank pressure is highvehicle tank pressure is high.

One tank trucks can be refilled with just one hose (LNG filling) because of Top Filling when pressure has been relieved.

TWO TANK TRUCKS REQUIRE TWO HOSES (FILLING + RETURN): It is not possible to collapse pressure on both tanks.

4 1 FILLING HOSE + VAPOUR RETURN HOSE4.1 FILLING HOSE + VAPOUR RETURN HOSE

First tank filled up

Input FlowSecond tank filled up

Vent Flow Stop filling

4 2 PRESSURE RAISE IN THE TANK4.2 PRESSURE RAISE IN THE TANK

- Normal Heat leak into the tank

- Station Cooldown (heat into the tank)

- Hot Gas Return from vehicle tanks (vapour return line)

4 2 1 STATION COOLDOWN & VAPOUR RETURN4.2.1 STATION COOLDOWN & VAPOUR RETURN

CoolDown

P↑P

Truck filling

Cooldown increases pressure in the tank (which decreases quickly)Cooldown increases pressure in the tank (which decreases quickly)Filling reduces pressure in the tankEach cooldown/filling introduces heat in the tankAfter STOP filling pressure increases due to the introduced heatg p

BREAK-EVEN IS AROUND 200 kg / FILLING

4 2 1 STATION COOLDOWN & VAPOUR RETURN4.2.1 STATION COOLDOWN & VAPOUR RETURN

-105-100

C] 16

18

The heat increases temperature-pressure continuosly on each cooldown & stop.

-135-130-125

-120-115-110

LNG

Tem

pera

ture

[ºC

468

101214

Pres

sure

[bar

]

-145-140

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Number of Cooldowns

L

02

Temperature Pressure

Th h t i t d d ll d 15 C ld b f th LNG t tThe heat introduced allows around 15 Cooldowns before the LNG temperature reaches -116ºC, which is the equilibrium temperature for 15 bar

Tank size 30 m3LNG Density 0,42 Tn/m3Maximum tank level 85 %Mínimum tank level 5 %Mass to be consumed 10.080 kgVehicles 4 unitsMass per vehicle 2.520 kg/vehicleMass per filling/vehicle 160 kg/filling a vehicleAmount of refillings per vehicle 15,75 refillings/vehicle

ALL 4 VEHICLES AT OSS SHOULD REFILL AT SAME TIME (1 Cooldown for all)

5 HUMAN FACTOR5. HUMAN FACTOR

- Vehicle Tanks: Parallel filling → Serial Filling

Nozzles: Drivers complain → Change of Nozzles- Nozzles: Drivers complain → Change of Nozzles

- Drivers and mechanics formation

5 HUMAN FACTOR: Parallel / Serial Filling5. HUMAN FACTOR: Parallel / Serial Filling

PARALLEL SERIAL

- Close gas valve on tank 2- Open gas valve on tank 1

Fill t k 1

- Fill both tanks automatically. Driver do not touches valves

OPERATIONS: OPERATIONS:

- Fill tank 1- Close gas valve on tank 1- Open gas valve on tank 2- Fill tank 2ta

- Pressure on both tanks is independantPOSITIVE: POSITIVE:

NEGATIVE: NEGATIVE

- Easy operation: No mistakes

- Driver can close by mistake LNG valvesNEGATIVE: NEGATIVE:

- Pressure on both tanks is common

5 HUMAN FACTOR: Nozzles5. HUMAN FACTOR: Nozzles

- Mechanical design: Friction when connecting and disconnecting- Ice blocks disconnection

- Pressure do not blocks disconnection- Ice-breaker patent

5 HUMAN FACTOR: Formation5. HUMAN FACTOR: Formation

- Drivers- LNG- What is each valve for?- What to do when…?

Trouble shooting- Trouble-shooting

- Mercedes Mechanics:- LNG- How an LNG Tank works?- Main components in an LNG Tank- P&I of the systemP&I of the system- Identifying lines- Operation procedures in the station- Operation procedures for parking

T bl h ti- Trouble-shooting

6 CONCLUSIONS6. CONCLUSIONS

- LNG vehicle tanks to be designed as a vehicular application:g pp- Insulation performance still reasonable at no-vacuum- Minimize effect of a lateral impact

Balance between storage and consumption is key for an LNG fuelling station- Balance between storage and consumption is key for an LNG fuelling station- Thumb rule: Minimum 10 LNG vehicles per Station

- LNG Technology is reasonably mature, but still potential improvements:- JC Carter Nozzle improves performance of Fuelling Stations

- The different actors have to assume the leading role of these kind of projects on countries starting with vehicular LNGcountries starting with vehicular LNG.

THANKS!