Introduccion Al Usp de Oracle Version 1995

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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

I

Introduction



I-2 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should beable to do the following:

• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspectsof a relational database

• Describe the Oracle implementation of theRDBMS and ORDBMS

• Describe how SQL and PL/SQL are used in

the Oracle product set

• Describe the use and benefits of PL/SQL




System Development Life Cycle

Strategyand

AnalysisDesign

Buildand

Document

Transition

Production




Data Storage on Different Media

Electronicspreadsheet

Filing cabinet

Database

SALGRADE

GRADE LOSAL HISAL--------- --------- ---------

1 700 1200

2 1201 1400

3 1401 2000

4 2001 3000

5 3001 9999

DEPT

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

--------- -------------- ----------

10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO

40 OPERATIONS BOSTON




Relational Database Concept

• Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational modelfor database systems in 1970.

• It is the basis for the relational database

management system (RDBMS).• The relational model consists of the following:

– Collection of objects or relations

–

Set of operators to act on the relations – Data integrity for accuracy and consistency




Relational Database Definition

A relational database is a collection ofrelations or two-dimensional tables.

Database

DEPTNO DNAME LOC


20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO


Table Name: DEPT

EMPNO ENAME JOB

DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT

10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER

10

7566 JONES MANAGER 20

Table Name: EMP




Data Models

Model of

systemin client’s

mind

Entity model ofclient’s model

Table modelof entity model

Tables on disk

Server




•

Create an entity relationship diagram frombusiness specifications or narratives

• Scenario

– “. . . Assign one or more employees to adepartment . . .”

– “. . . Some departments do not yet haveassigned employees . . .”

Entity Relationship Model

EMPLOYEE#* number* nameo job title

DEPARTMENT#* number* nameo location

assigned to

composed of




Entity Relationship Modeling

ConventionsEntity Soft boxSingular, unique nameUppercaseSynonym in parentheses

Attribute Singular nameLowercaseMandatory marked with “*” Optional marked with “o”

Unique Identifier (UID) Primary marked with “#” Secondary marked with “(#)”

EMPLOYEE#* number* name

o job title

DEPARTMENT#* number* name

o location

assigned to

composed of




Relational Database Terminology

1

2 3 4

5

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- -------------- -----------

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 207369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

6




Relating Multiple Tables

• Each row of data in a table is uniquelyidentified by a primary key (PK).

Table Name: EMP Table Name: DEPT

Primary key Primary key

• You can logically relate data from

multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).

Foreign key

EMPNO ENAME JOB

DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT

10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER

10

7566 JONES MANAGER 20

DEPTNO DNAME LOC


20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO





Relational Database Properties

A relational database

• Can be accessed and modified byexecuting structured query language(SQL) statements

• Contains a collection of tables with nophysical pointers

• Uses a set of operators




Communicating with a RDBMS

Using SQL

Database

SQL> SELECT loc

2 FROM dept;

SQL statementis entered Statement is sent to

database

LOC

-------------

NEW YORK

DALLAS

CHICAGO

BOSTON

Data is displayed




Relational Database

Management System

User tables Datadictionary

Server




Oracle8: Object Relational

Database Management System• User-defined data types and objects

• Fully relational compatible

• Support of multimedia and large objects

• High-quality database server features




Defining an Object

An object• Is a person, place, or thing

• Knows things about itself and performs

actions• Has an identity

I am a clock. I knowmy time zone , and I

can display time.




Using an Object Model

•

Objects model a problem to solve.• The model is stated in terms of the

interactions between objects.

• Object models closely resemble the realworld.

Customers Business

Buy

Sell




Characteristics of Object systems

• Present information in object form

• Classify objects into object types

• Inherit attributes and code

• Hide data, code, and attributes

• Interact with other objects

• Recognize different objects without

analysis• Interpret the same command in

different ways




Oracle Complete Solution

SQL PL/SQL

Oracle7/8

Applications

HRFinancialsManufacturing... Designer 2000

Developer 2000

Data tables

Datadictionary

Database

SQL* Plus

Discoverer




SQL StatementsSELECT

INSERTUPDATEDELETE

CREATE

ALTERDROPRENAMETRUNCATE

COMMIT

ROLLBACKSAVEPOINT

GRANTREVOKE

Data retrieval

Data manipulation language (DML)

Data definition language (DDL)

Transaction control

Data control language (DCL)




About PL/SQL

• PL/SQL is an extension to SQL withdesign features of programminglanguages.

• Data manipulation and querystatements of SQL are included withinprocedural units of code.




PL/SQL Environment

PL/SQLblock

PL/SQL engine

Oracle Server

ProceduralStatementExecutor

PL/SQL

SQL

SQL Statement Executor

PL/SQLblock




Benefits of PL/SQL

Integration

Application

Oracle ServerSharedlibrary




Benefits of PL/SQL

Application Other DBMSs

Application Oracle withPL/SQL

SQL

SQL

SQL

SQL

SQLIF...THEN

SQLELSE

SQLEND IF;SQL

Improve Performance




Benefits of PL/SQL

Modularize program development

Anonymousblock

Applicationtrigger

Storedprocedure/

function

Databasetrigger

Applicationprocedure/

function

Packagedprocedure

DECLARE

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;




Benefits of PL/SQL

• It is portable.

• You can declare identifiers.

•

You can program with procedurallanguage control structures.

• It can handle errors.




Tables Used in the Course

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 1500 10

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

EMP

DEPT

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

--------- -------------- ----------


20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

GRADE LOSAL HISAL

--------- --------- ---------

1 700 12002 1201 1400

3 1401 2000

4 2001 3000

5 3001 9999

SALGRADE




Summary

•

Relational databases are composed ofrelations, managed by relationaloperations, and governed by dataintegrity constraints.

• Oracle Server allows you to store andmanage information by using the SQLlanguage and PL/SQL engine.

•

PL/SQL is an extension to SQL withdesign features of programminglanguages.

Introduccion Al Usp de Oracle Version 1995

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