Introdixct - ion - UBA 9.pdfIntrodixct - ion On June 28, ... 'oefore the cOi,Ip d1 etnt were the...
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Transcript of Introdixct - ion - UBA 9.pdfIntrodixct - ion On June 28, ... 'oefore the cOi,Ip d1 etnt were the...
I n t r o d i x c t i o n -
On June 28, 19G6 t h e c o n s . t ; i t u t i o n a l p r e s i d e n t ; o f A r g e n t i n a
.;/as over throvrn by a m i l i t a r y coup dV.ei;nt, A c o u n c i l o f r ; : i l i tc i -y
cl15efs w i t h r c - p r e s e n t a n ' t ; ~ o f army, m2ri:cie and a i r f o r c o
e l a b o r a - t ed a document which stated t h e p u r p o s e o f -the Eevolu-t i o n
aild e l e c t e d G e n e r a l Juan C a r l o s Ongania a,s presic1.en-t.
P o l i t i c a l i n t e r v e n t t o n on N a t i c n a l U n i v c r s i t i e s vlas
one o f t h e first d e c i s i o n s o f t h e new government ,
FCy prirnnry p u r p o s e i s t o s t i t d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e n
t h e new A r g e n t i n e Government a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y t h r o u g h t h e
a n a . l y s i s o f c h a n g e s vrhich were inLroduced by y o l i t i c a l
i n t e r v e n t i o n ,
Soti~e ~L-C-'?T~O-L!S c o n s i d e r a - t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o
c l a r i f y t h c prob:Lerns which w i l l be in t roc iucod t h r o u g h o u t
t h e s t u d y ,
The r e l a t i o n s h i p be tween a p o l i t i c a l system agd a x
cduca-t ionz.1 system ~ ~ z y b e seen. i n t : ~ o dimenr;ions. F i r s t ; as
i n f l u e n c e o.f -tke p o l i t i c a l s g s t em on t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e
ed-uca-t i o n a l sgst ern. Secoililly, s p e c i f j.c ways i n !vhi.ch - the
e 2 . u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m affects t h e Sui?cJiioni.ng o f - t h e p o l i - t i c a l
s y s t en.
Eo th dimensions are i n y e l a t i o n -to one func-b ion O f
p o l i t i c z . 1 s y s t e m s ' I . , . t o i~ lc luce most members -I;o a c c e ~ ~ t t h e
1. . 2.1Zocal;ioi1 o f vali.!es as ~ ~ ? ~ n c ! i n s , 2% l e a s t mo$T of i;he
tine ... I 1
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VZ" *ou;ca?qoS Tap smquaqu soy
:i.n Argent. i n n . Yie a s r e f a c e d init11 a. pheno;77,eiion o f si .~yerin:iosi- t i o n
i n t h e s e n s e t h e t t h e sa.rr!e people ineet ing i n different con . tex ts
28 bu-1; i n i d e n t i c a l rc la . l ; ion o f c o n f l i c - t , Tile d i g n i t c r i e s o f
- the Church a1-e -is some ways connec ted v ~ i t h - the r~CLers o f :the
S t a t e and t h e c h i e f s o f Arrrled Forces . 29
Tlie pj?cnomcn.on o f s u p e r i m p o s i t i o n ment i o n e d above i s
r e f l e c t e d i n t e rms of and it i s e x p r e s s e d i n
r e v o l u t i ofi2r7 docwnent s . he cen t r s .1 v a l u e s a r e i n r e l a t i o n
t o na,t;ionc?l d e f e n z e a g a i n s t m ~ r x i s t i n f i l t r a t i o n and
cor~l.rnu.nis-t e c t i on. The r e v o l u t i o n a r y d.o c ~ m e n t s spealc about
keep ing t3-e na.t iolin.1 t r c . . d i t ion d e f i n e 2 i n t e rxs o f vid!; e r n -
clilrist i z z civi l i .z ,a-bi o n q s v a l u e s . 31
On. -the ui;hcr- ]?_and, t h e t e rms "nocIcr,-.,ization" 2nd
"rzt iol ia . l . iza t ion" a p p e a r a.r:i.ong t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f ~ o v e r x e n t ' s
o b j e c t i v e s amtl anlong o u t l j - n e s of the fu-Lure econorzic, s o c j - a l ,
e.nd pol; t i . c a l development .32 hny p r o c e s s o f " n o d e r n i z a t l o n "
11 o r r a t : i o l ~ a l i z ~ ; t i o n ' ~ r e q u i r e s p r o f e s s i o n a l and -t echnica.1
pers.o-nnnl, A phencmenon of' r . ec ru i tment o f e x p e r t e r s by
pub]-ic bu . r e~ .uc racy i s obsel--fed i n I";rgel?-t i nn . T h i s r e c r u i n e n t
i n v o l v e -Lhe enlergence of -t ec'::nic-j.1 cc?..dres rr!'ni ch are urider
e x c c u t i v e a con-trol . I n -the a r g e n t i c e c a s e , - the t e c h n i c i a n " ~
perfor lnancc r e i n f o r c e t h e o r e t i c a l sta.l;crzer?ts on - i ; echn ic i ans f
r o l e in p u b l i c b u r e a u c r a c i c s .
"The t c.chnicj.r~:is concc ivc t h e i r r o l e a.s merely t h a t
hedged a b o u t lvi-t;l? sen-Limem-t , i s e x y r e s s e d i n t h e
f o r m u l a : t h e policy-malccr s u p p l i e s t h e g o a l s ( e n d ,
o b j e c t i v e s ) ancl tile t ech . i i i c i . ans , on. t l i e b a s i s o f
d. e x p e r t lii+io~:;ledge, imcn-L e a.1-t e r n a t i v e rneaiis f o r
r e a c h i n g ' these e n d s " 33
F o r o u r p u . r p o s e s , i t i s o n l y impor ta .n t t o p o i n t out
- t h a t the t e ~ 3 e n c y o f b e c o n i n g a t cch.:rlocra.cy i n some
econon;-ic, s o c i a l , and p o l i t i c a l 2 rea . s i s a ,no the r f e a t u r e
of - the new g o v e r l m e n t i n A r g e n t i n e I!eplvtblic.
I i n t e n d t o show i n l:/ha-t s e n s e , a.nd t h r o u g h which
mec',lan.i.sm, t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e new r e g i m e n a n d
p o l i - t i c a l c u l t u . r c a r e r e f l e c t e d oil na.tiona.1. u n i v e r s i t i e s l
chilngcs.
The TJniyrersit:; -- -- b e f o r e t h e Coixn clletal;
The p z - i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f u n i v e r s i t y gover;?ment
'oefore t h e cOi,Ip d 1 e t n t were t h e fol . lo~. ' i ing: autonomy, au'tarlcy
cogove~-maen-t c?;;nd extra:t; errs i t , o r i a l i t y . 34
The n a t i o n a l universities ha.d t h e riglrl-L t o d i c t a . t e - t ; ' r~eir
O V I ~ I sta'i; ut e w i t h o u t approval from t h e execu-klve poTi.:er, T h e y
e x e r t ed abso1u.i; e c o n t r o l . o n t h e i r si;~,~i?.i. c s - g o a l s , p roEre .ns ,
a p p l i c a . t i o n r u l e s , pro!:!otion, e t c . - ar,d o n t h e ad7gi.ni.s t r z t io i .1
o f t h c i r pa.trimoiiy. They r e c r u i t e d and removed a u t h o r i t i e s ,
c7.r~cl f ,? .c~?I . t>- i:'1~.~;7.01.11; -?ny i i ? t , e r ~ e g ! ; i o n o f t h e e x e c u t i v e poT;lcr,
Or~~?.nis-;li!s of tke ~ ? 1 i 7 < r : . s ~ - s _ i t ~ G O V ? ! . - - ~ Z I : ' ; ~ ~ ~ ~ v;c:r3e fg r ; t~cd . by
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uado ue SE jTasqr .Cqys~a~run ayT paJapTsuo3 atxi 31
New q u e s t i o n s a r i s e , t o v!ha't e x t e n t t h e s e groupr;, such
as workers u n i o n s had ota.bl ' ishcd real corr~nunica. t ions
p r o c e s s e s be-tvleen them and u n i v e r s i t y g roups? o r $Yas t h e
u n i v e r s i t y ' s b e h a v i o r on ly a n a.d.fiesion t o p o l i t i c a l dcmaizds
exp res sed t h r o u g h o-tiler means, vlorlcers s t r i k e , f o r inr; ta .nce?
These q u e s t i o n s b r i n g u s L o wide r probleiris s u c h as t h e
r e l a t ' i o n s h i p between i n t e l l e c t u a l s , u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s
and v o r k i n g c l a s s , vrhich a r e no t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
purposes o f this paper .
I f we a . s s m e d t h e e x i s t e n c e of' r e a l coirvnunica.tion
p r o c e s s e s between u n i - v e r s i t y g roups and cor;~muni-ty groups
we 1;:ould be a b l e t o firlcl -tha.t fiot al-1. wants f r o a t h e
, cowrnl~.nity oi- from ccr-Lain g roups x e r e co~i -vcr ted j.xto
demands f o r t h e u.niversj . ty. There would be a se l ec -L ive
p r o c e s s t h r o u g h u n i v e r s i t y g a t e keepers3' t h a t viould
r e g u l a - t e t h e f l o ~ i n t o t h e u n i v e r s i t y .
Studen- ts or-g3,~iz-;a-t i o c s , lor ii?st,?.?ce, p e r f o r c ~ e d su.ch
r o l e accordi .ng t o t h e i r i i i co log ie3 , ink crests and c o a l s .
,111 ana. lyses o f t l i e e v o l u t i o n o f general p o l i t i c a l . - t r ends
a.nlon~g s tuc ' en t orcaniza,i;i.oi:.s v:o:..~lcI y~rovirle us w i t h one 3 0
a s p e c t f o r 'iPLe unrlel-:;-t r~.:;dil?g o f t h e i r g z t e ! i e q c r s r o l e .
.The r e l ? . t i o n be-Lween t h i s e v o l u t i o n and n a t i o n a l as
wel.1 as i n t e r n a t i o i l a l :xl"f'izirs ivoulrl be m o t h e r csvec-t
n o t O Z L X ~ for u i 1 C e r ~ t ~ . ~ ~ ! i i ~ g t h e g a t e k e c q c r ro1.e bui n.lso
t h e 7:o:-;,.;ibj.l.i-kies 01:' -tho ~.i?i..l.ver:;i-ty i n i '~:.c'ii0,1j.,~ :?:; a
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- 17 -
"If a s y s t e m is u x a h l e t o meet a minimal number o f
demandc o f most o f - t h e r e1evag . t members n i t h s o x e
minir,,al. El-equency, it w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e t o
p r e v e n t -thcr:e rr,en!ber..c; frorn d e v e l o p i n g f e e l i n g
o f d e e p d e a c o n t e n t . I n i z t i a l l y , t h e d i s c o n t e n t
mi&-t be d i r e c t e d t o w a r d t h e au thors i -L ies , But i f
t h u s h z p p e n s aga , in and a g a i n , and s t i l l l i t 4 ; l e
improveri?cilt; i n o u t p u t s o c c u - r s , i t w i l l b e
i m p o s s i b l e t o p r e v e n t t h e d i s s a t i s f a c ' t i o i ? f rom
s h i f t i n g t o w a r d 1;he r e g i m e a n d e v e n the p o l i t i c a l
community. ?Jlialole t o o b t a i _ r t h e i r o b j e c t i v e s by
i l i f l i z ~ e i i c i n g the a u t l ~ o r i t i e s , t h e y a r e l i k e l y t o
f e e l t h e n e e d 'LO turn .to more ciras-l;ic rnea.sure
i n t h e form o f e f f o r t s t o ~ ~ o d i f y t h e r e g i m e
f u l i d a ~ l e n t a l . l y o r even t o hrealc up t h e con!nufli.ty t~ 43
1 . ~ 1 t h e c a s e o f I l r g c n t i i l a , t h e su.pport v ~ z s r e - t i r e d t o
, z ? ~ t h o ~ i L . e arid y o 1 i t i c ; ~ l . r e g i m e .
B e f o r e 1 3 6 6 coup r l ' e tx t t h e S u p e r i o r C o u n c i l of t h e
U n i v e r s i - t ; ~ of B:.l.enos A i r e s arid t h e D i r e c . t o r Col..1ncils o f
P i 1 o r ; o f i a y L e t r a s , C i e n . c i a s Ex:zctas 2nd hgronomia y Ve-
l; e r i n x r i a e1abora . t ed dec l .a ra t io l? . s ::gainst any ty pe o f c o u p
d' e t a t and i l l sup;?orl; . o f d e ~ o c r z t j-c i n s t i t u t i o n s . T i l e
u . n i v e r s i t y p;:.ave his ,.;upport t o c f iemocra t i c reg-ir;le lr~hic'll
h a d . no longer . t h e s u ; ~ p o r . t f r o r ; ~ -tile ~ o s - t ; povicr fu l groul3s.
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any c e r t : ? . i i ~ t y t h e i m p a c t o f t h e 5-6.312 1-avi 011 t h e x-es-t; o f
t h e popula.t ' l .on., ii.1 p a . r t i c u l a r on tl-;ore v;ho r e a , c t ed w i t h .
p a s s i v e acceptance, a c q u i . e c c n c e o r i n d i f f c r e l ? c e d u r i n g t h e
i n i t i a l n e r i o d o f new gover.nn!ent.
The 1 6 . 9 1 2 1a.w r e f l e c - t e c l s0rr.e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e p o l i - t i c a l c u l t u r e cf t h e ne71 gavel-nment.
F i r s t at all t h e l aw l e d t o an i n c r e s . s e o f i n s t i t u . t i o n a . 1
enczpsu . la ' ; i o n and t h e d e g r e e o f o b s e r v 2 . b i l i t y , which
c h a r a c t e r i za most t o t a l i t a r i a n g o v e r n x e n t s ,
I n s t i - t u t i o n a l e n c z p s u l z . t i o i i r e f e r s t o a p r o c e s s o f
incre2: ; ing c o n t r o l on i n . s . ? - i . t u t i o ~ s arid a. c o r r e s p o ~ d i ~ i g
r e d u c t i o n in t h e rates o f i i?_deyendcnt a c t i o n . 5 4
0bserva 'oi l . i t ; i r e f e r s t o th .e e x t e n t t o rh ic ' r l t h e r lorms
a.nd r o l e - p e r f orn~,.;..ac e wi.t 'llin a g r o u p a r e r e a d . i l ? j open - to
o b s e r v a t i o n by o t h c r s - s t a t u s i n f e r i o r s , p e e r s , a i ~ d ~ t a i - ~ ~ s
superiors. An increased d c p e c o f o7~.c;ervabil . i t ,y P~J,S brougl:?t
a b o u t 13.0-t o n l y by t h e l n v but a l s o by t h e i n t r o c l u c t i o n o f
p o l i c e f o r c e s in.-to t h e u n i v e r s i t : ~ . The nlain f u n c t i o n o f t h e
p o l i c e c.as -Lo o'st a i n inforno:Lion o n u n i v e r s i t y mem'ners'
b e h a v i o r .
The cen-k ra l va?u es c o z c e r f i i n g n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e against
F;';nrxist i l l f i l - 1 ; r a t ; i . o ~ and comnv.nis% ac-t i o n mere t a k e n a.s t h e
p i - i n c i p n l r ~ ~ . s o n : f o r ir;.terven-!;:ion. I-cl f:>.cf, t h e xi-!iversi.f;y
:*~z.s s e e n 3.z 3, S O ~ I I I ' C E o.? ~ 0 . ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 " t . i , . A A i r . ? . ; i:]L'?- : -~i :~r i? C .
"La u.l; . ivcrni d3.d c o n s t i t uia v.no d e l o c n f i c l eos cle
con:t2-adicci6n n4.s p a t eiit e s d e l alrila national"
I f . . . a menudo s e a . l e j a h a de n u s o'oj e t i v o s "
IfUn cs. tzdo d e s u b v e r s i 6 n i n t c r n a l a c1esgarra.ba y l a
de-t c n i a e n s7a marcha c0:lvier-t i6ndo. la a1ucha.s v e c e s
e n f o c o r le es't 6 r i l a g i t a c i 6 n . I n t e r e s e s e g o i s t a s
de p e r s o n a s o rle s e c t o r pretendio.-n u t i l i z a r l a . U n
cu-ya e x i s t e n c i a noc t r a e n o t i c i a s a. d i a r i o l a
c r 6 n t c a pe r iod- l s - t - i ca , queria c o n . v e r t i r a n u e s t r a
juvei-kud e s t u d i o s a e n p i e z a de j e g o de una lucha d e
A c c o r d i n g -Lo - the E::ecu-t;ive Poc?.er, t 5 . e 1s.w 1;~a.s n o t
in ' t ended S o Y:ren!c dona t h e u n i v e - r s i t y a ~ i t ol~om-;, but rat her
- to art? c~~1.s.- t e t h e i . ~ . ~ . i v e r s i . t y a.f :Ca.irs w i t h th .e Argent i c e
Rcvol-ut i on, 57
F=_reside.r~t 0rzgz.iiia s'ta-Led t h a t the r?.~~in pil.r;lose 0 2
16 .912 1.9.1;'1 :..:a.s .to i-evi.ev; 'tile u:-,i.versj.t;y nor:ns i l l o r d e r t o
elirnj.r,at e t h e sor.lrcc?r: o:? s u b v e r s i v e a c t i o n .
,?ie r n i ~ l ~ t point, o u t t h a t the law l e d t o a decrease t h e
* 9 role of the ai l ivcr .s~-l ; ,y , as a. c'r,;;l,n:lel o f e x p r e s s i o n o f
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-the f unc-t i o n i n g o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y ret h e r t h a n t h e p o l i t i c a l
system as a vrhole,
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c o n f l i c t a r i s i n g f rom t l i e u n i v e r s j . t y vfou.ld r e q u - i r e a l s o
t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t - t h e r e a . c t i o n o f o t h . e r g r o u p s o u t s i d e
t h e u n i v e r s i t y a.nd t h e c o n n e c t i o n be ' tv~een them a,nd
u n i v e r s i t y members, bly s u g g e s t i o n i s t h a t t h e potiler o f
t h e u n i v e r s i t y in any g i v e n c o ~ m t r y depends o n t h e n u i ~ b e r
and t y p e o f g r o u p s which a r e c o n n e c t e d lv~i~t41 - the u n i v e r s i t y
members. I n o t h e r v ~ o r d s , t h e paver o f t h e u n i v e r s i - t y
depends o n i t s c a p a c i t y f o r m o b i l i z i n g o t h e r g r o u p s f rom
t h e popula-Lion,
N e g a t i v e r e s g o n s e s ( n e g a t i v e f eedbac l r ) -Lo t h e 16 .912
law a r o s e f rom o t h e r g r o u p s o f t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l
er,vi.roament . Such as t r a d e u n i o n s , tihe Conf e 2 e r a c i 6 n
Ge l l e ra l del T r a b a j o , t r a d i ' c i o n a l p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s ,
forei .c . b~ s c i e n t i f j - c , a s 8 o c i s . t i o n s , f o r e i g n nul;!s p a p e r s , among
o t h e r . 63
Meg:?;tive r e s p o n s e s a . rosc vlireil . t he :First col i scr~uei ices
o:F ?;he 1a.w - 1-es i~r tz : j ; io :~ , cnigrz. ' t ; ion - :;,/ere p:~b'L'l '-cized,
/In a t - t enpl; t o re-:~-rcse~:+ g3;1'~;1iLi (>~.ll;i t h e diff eren-l;
fnc!!bac!i r e sponses : t o .I;;IE !.xv: ai-ld ;its coilsec;ueaccr, c a n
'12 2 :['G : 1 . ~ ~ ~ 1 . 3. ~1 (1 i ~2.g [I;:, ~ ! i 1 1
Most o f t h e i n t e r n a l g roups which e x p r e s s e d n e g a t i v e
r e s p o n s e s t o t h e 16.912 law were n o n - e f f e c t i v e groups i n
r e l a t i o n . to t h e p o l i t i ca.1 s y s t ern, 64
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e in:€om.a.tion a v a i l a b l e it seems - to
me t1ia;t it i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a rgue tha t t h e r e .;as no r e a l
t h r e a - t 8.gains-t t h e p o l i t l c d sys tem 3,s a v ~ h o l e , because
~ o w e r f u l g roups r e i n f o r c e d t h e i r p o s i t i v e s u p p o r t as a
r e s u l t o f t h e o u t p u t and on ly non-efPec t ive groups
exp res sed t h e i r ~ ~ e g a . t i v c suppor t and t h i s w a s n a i - d y
a g a i n s t t h e u n i v e r s i t y regime rather t h a n a g a i n s t poli-i;i c a l
sys tem as a r!hole.
\:!c n i g h t ask, what w a s the ou tpu t f r o x -the p o l i t j - c a l
s y s t e m in rec?d t io r~ . t o t h e feedbaclc r e s p o n s e s ?
The g o v e r ~ ~ ~ e n t coulci have rcsponcled i n -l-30 i.-!a.ys: 'oy
attemp-Ling t o compesate the consec;uences of $he law, o r by
r e i n f o r c i n g the l.al;r t h r o u g h s u ' o s e q u e ~ t decj .8ions0
The first a l t e r n a t i v e i n v o l v e s sonc k ind of baJ_,?,,rrce
of f o r c e s , w h i l e t h e second VIO~JJ-d imply -to clecpen t h e l i n e
o f c l e a v a g e ,
Some out-pu-L s on yoEi - t i c i l s y s t en ~rierc: t h e u s e o f
p o l i c e f o r c e s a g a i n s t :;;kuden:'; :-; z.nc! :~ri:):C'czsors, t h e
'adAr;. 2~q~ 'i?~d~il;3 ork a.m-cTzj croj suor;.=~:i:es a Iqwonajvrn cro
sp..r2;.ra.1 an~?.o3zz ag~aads jo ~:orqsa-?-ya'c3,e ayl s? uo-~a~aoa jo
*asuodsa~ paxrtu
amos pu~j oq. 2u~%ciuraq.?~t' L1-pu-r~ pua '~ayI;10 av,? oq. aprs auo
uo~j 2u~~-e~~?aso 'asuoS::a~ ayT Le~ap 0% 1Cpyr~: aq p-[no,u
uiaqsLs E jo sarq-c,.royq.n.e aqq. Lq.rsuaqur awes aqq. jo a~-nssa~d
-ssom jo suor~rpuoa ;rapun *L%rsuaquy ams ayq 30 amssa~d
. sa r ~~.IoT; ?,nn i;~-ys~an-pn-t pu,e Tes ~?.~'[ocl. q.aq:,?. ri:aa s p pi lo!,^ $1
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Jo Saa;cizos sno?.mn arjq 2~"uow~ a3u-e~aq r? rns!,r, aJarr,?. hjey
a~ayds 99
Lq?s.zan?un arjq ur ~aclo~cl purr qy2~~ s-ersi FBL~~A jo asuas u~io
a~rSa~ Lqrs~anrun aqq. panraa~ad lay?- asnunaq arqSa,~ arjq JO
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30 aa~sap ayq aAEr{ Tor1 prp sarqrJoyynn L%~s~an-r.un
ayq. yeqq a%EaTp-LT? 0% suaas uora~aoa jo asn ayL
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jo Apoq ayq. moq fqr~sssa~au ~ou qnq 'L~rs;ca~run au,q jo
suorq-1-9. yms
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ja3JOj Aq aaueqdaa3c ~o
pup1 y3ns jo qso3 aqT aq pyc~oi~. $-e~?f!~ 'spcro!~ Laqq.0 UI
69 ,,aAo-[ $nOi-i?.r!.!~ xaS Jo ?BIT3 09. J9TT'J.irS
sn7z.q.s any $Dr,J?.sap .e s-ey L3au-c %?Say ~~o'J,~-c~JL ~~JoJ,,
~llq.ys~an?un
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*Lqys~anrun ayq oq Lmouoq.no 30 aacrzap
awos ,~a"eq ~AES qa~y~4 r~.e~ puosas n 2u~~clroq~~a lCq uayT p-ue
' sa T$r;coy 7.~12 pue ~oosajo.rci j:o q.uau$rn;raaJ ayq. 2urpocrquo3 Lq 89
'aq p~nofi sar qrn73;3a p37q.~~ori .zo suo ?T-emTaap
.aqon ou 'aa~on i;q.TlA OSTE
qnq 6,';rl.l~~a~j 30 s~~aur-103 ~oq.aa~?p u~ Tuapnqs alro
Lpo aq pInofi acraya *paysryoqE SE~A ~uaum~a~.o3-0~ ay;~*c
sa~7~d~a~rp pa= JapJo
2u~jcn~az JOJ sT-r-eaur E SG pasn aq p~noa a3.10~ aar~od aT1L.Z
would be anpoj.11-lied by . t he un ive r s i . t ;y , The s c h o l a r s would be
e l e c t e d t h r o u g h c o m p e t i t i v e efixa;iiina-ti ons;: however , t h e
E x e c u t i v e Power viould s p p o i n t t h e f irst r e c t o r s and deans f o r
a p e r i o d o f f i v e y e a r s .
A p p a r e n t l y t h e 17 .215 l a w b i ~ a s a n o u t p u t from t h e new
g o v e r n m e n t t h r o u g h which it w a s a . t t empt e d t o a c h i e v e a
c e r t a i n b a l z x c e be tween e n c a p s u l a t i o n , o b s e r v a b i l i t y and
c o e r c i o n on t l i e one hand, and autonomy, a l a t a r l g a n d
aca.d.ernic f reedom on t h e o t h e r .
I iovrever , t h e l a w vlas never p ~ t ; i n t o e f f e c t and at
presen-I; t h e E x e c u t i v e Power s - t i l l e x e r c i s e s c o n t r o l upon t h e
n a t i o n a l u n i v e r s i t y . The " q u i e s c e n c e and peace" has b e e n
b r o k e n down p e r i o d i c a l l y by s t u d e n t r i o t s and in% e r n a l
c r i s i s . 3 - t u d e ~ t r i o t s , s t r i k e s , a.nd s t r e e t d e m o s t r a - t i o n s
t o o k p l n c e i n J u n e 1 9 6 8 , Se-tember 1 9 6 8 , Thy 1 9 6 9 , Jurie 1 9 6 3
and F e b r u a r y 1970 ,
New s'tu.deat; s g r o u p s and new clz8.-mels o f corg;nunicn.ti o n
betvlecn s t u . d e n t s and o t h e r cormunit,y g r o u p s s u c h 2.s w o r k e r
u.nions .have bee11 crea. t ed s i r r ce 1962. This phenomenon i s
c o r r e l a t e d v:i-th ne7i.I adv3.iices i n the dcvel-opmcn-t o f t h e
l a b o r r~ioverncnt a n d n i t h t h e nppearaiTce o f l e f t is+; f a c t i o n s
i.nci.de t h e Cat:-iol-ic C'ourch,
thc :fi.;.c-t; t!?.a:k -t'l:e um~i--j~:?rslt;r au-k:lorj. tic:; lost t h e su;.:port
.. ,.. - . -,? c.: :7:3:,::-!;<sy -t (3 :;.h ;:;! j.?? <;-: :,:I- (: y i:;.;.:. ;,-r?-;:xr.:.i .;; -y -,, -. . .. .- ,,:c::?:, :?I.s , 2% 1.7nll-
:9u~:~ot~oj 3~1% am ~ad.86 srqq.
qno y9no;cyq. pa ye;s acrar:, ~~TYM SUO~;~SO~~OJC'L U?CIU aq;r,
*Tapom ~ndqno - ?rnd~r
ay? 30 swaq u? L~~.cars-zc~ ep-errr swt, ss~s1I~cc-2 ayA *,Cq:rs~anrtrn
-puorT.ei: aq; pu*e quaii.iiJa,\orJ ~u?q.uaZq IA~U ayq LIaat.:ilaa,
d-p,suo~q.-epa~: ayq. aqyasap 0% paqonap SEIA ~ad~d s~q~
suorT'eJapys'uo3 Tcur.2
*ajry -[ea ~q~~ocl L??s.ranrtrn ayq. jo
ICqrt--cq.c3$san a?$ jo sJo$.eaqFpaT LIrEiU ayq. jo auo sr sry;r, *poy~ad
6gfj~-ggG~ ayq 2uy;rnp s~oq.3a~r q.rraJajj-cp aa;cyq pzq sa;crbr
souana jo Rqrsxa~ru~~ ayq qaej a1 *suorss-e~~o paq-eada~
uo STE?~TJJO $uaqwnaur ayq ,103 q.;coddns qaqq. b:ia~py$p,f
ayq. uy rriorq.uanJaq.ur jo TTi-ISaJ e s-e uaq.slCs -~~-C~TXOS
aqq. o rl. q.~oddns a~r~?soci xyaq? pa3zojuraJ sdno~2
- 37 -
p o l i t i c a l and economic changes. T h i s pr-oblem i n v o l v e s
s p e c i f i c - ques t i o n s f o r L a t i n Aner i can c o u n t r i e s : what
happens when s c i e n t i f i c , academic and t e c h n i c a l bod ie s at
t h e u n i v e r s i t y p r o v i d e a h i g h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l t h a n t h e
one r equ i r ed . by economic, s o c i a l o r p o l i t i c a l coridi-l;ions
o f -the counl;ry?
Yihich iles been t h e c o s t o f o l i t i . c a l i n t e l -ven t ions
i n Ladt in A r n e r i c ~ n u . n i v e r s i t i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r s c i e ~ + ; i f i c ,
academic amd t e c h n i c a l l e v e l ?
Yhich i s t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e u n i v e r s i - t y f o r l i lob i l i z ing
o t l i e r g roups from t h e rernsinder p o p u l a t i o n ; pa r t i c~ . i l a . ry
~ncmbers o f t h e w o s k i ~ g c l a s s p o p ~ ~ l a t i o l i ?
These c jues t ioas may be p o i n t o f depar - tu re f o r f u t u r e
F i r s t Dis r )os i . t i o n o:€ t l i c C o v n c i l o f i " , l i l i t a ry Chie f . l L
1. Const i-tuir vna. Jun-La revo1uciona . r i .a c o n 10s Cornandant es
e n J e f e d e l a s t r e s F u e r z a s -4rmo.das d e l a TTacj.6n, l a que
asme e l poder. p o l i t i c o y m i l i t a , r de l a Repdblica h a s t a
que el nu.evo P r c s i d e n t e de l a Macidn - a.1 que s e l e o f r e -
c e e l ca.re;o - i laya n c e p t n d o y t:oin.e po.a.esi6m. de 61, p r e s -
t a n d o j u r m e n t o d e o b s e r v a r f i e l r n e n t e 10s f i n e s r e v o l u -
c i o n a . r i o s , e l E s t at i l - t o de l a Revoluc ibn y l a . C o n s t i t u c i 6 i l
A r g e n t i n a a n t e l a junta, l u e g o de la . c u a l s e c o n z i d e r a
d i m - e l t a . ( a r t s . 1, 11, y 1 4 )
2. D e s - t i - t u i r de sus c a r g o s 23- P r e s i d . e n t e jr Vi.cepi-esiden'ie
d e 1z Repf ib l i ca y 10s G o b e r n a d o r e s y V i c e s r ~ % e r n a d o r e s
de t o d . 2 ~ las PI -ov inc ias ; d i s o l v e r e l Congresc Na.ciona1. y
l a s l e g i s l a t u r z s provj .nci i? , les ; s e p a r a r de s u s c a r g o s a
10s Elinis-tl-os de l a , C o r t e Suprema de l a ila.ci6n y a1
Procurador General d e l a Nncj.6n y d e s i g n a r ~1.1s reempla-
zan t e s , q u i e n c s jurarhn desempeEar sus o b l i g a c i o n e s ad-- . . m l n l s t rn:.ldo j i ~ s t i c i - a , 'oi c?n y 1egal.rnent e jr er: zonforr:idczd
a 1-0 que prescribei .1 l a s l e g e s fv.~rrJ.~.rric.nt a l e s c.;iei?cion:?.da,s
e n e l p d r r a f o ?.:2tezi.i.or. (:..rtr,. 2 , 3 , : i , 9 , y 10)
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E l g o b i e r n o p r o v e e r a l o c o n c e r n i e n t e a 10s g o b i c r n o s
e j e r c e r j n l a s f acu l . t ade5 c o n c e d i d a s p o r las r e s n e c t i v a s cons-
t i t u c i d n e s p r o v i n c i a l e s a 10s P o d e r e s e j e c u t i v o s y l e g i s l a t i-
v o , y desernpeEarAn s u comet ido s u j e t o a 10s p r i n c i p i o s ex-
~ u e s t o s en 10s art;s. 3 y 5 del pr-esente Ests . tu- to y a, las
i n s t r u c c f o n e s del G o b i e r n o Xz.ciona1.
7 1 . . . asegurar e l b i e n e s t a r s o c i a l y a f i m z a r n u e s t r a t r a d i c i 6 n
e n p i r i t u a l i n s p i r a d a en 10s i d e a l e s de 1 i b e r t c . d y dignidad de
l a p e r s o n a h m a n a , qile s o n pa'irinlonio' cie l a c i v i l - i z a c i 6 n o c c i -
d e n - t a l y c r i s ' t i a n a ... 11
I I , . . m a t e n e r c o n f i rmeza 3.a s o b e r a ~ l i a i l a c i o n a l , d e f e n d i e n d o
su i n t e g r i d a d . t e r r i t o r i a l , 10s v a l o r e s e s p i r i t u a l - e s , e l e s t i-
l o d e v i d a 3; 10s grai-ldes f i n e s n o r a l e s yue hace i i a l a e:;el.rcia
d e l a n a c i - o n a l i d a d . I '
I I . . . aswci r c o n d e c i n i 6 n ' i rz -evoca .b le , p o r p r o p i a y l i b r e de-
t e r m i n a c i 6 n , co;nfor.me a sus o r l g e n e s y d e s t i n o , e l compromise
de p a r t i c i p a r e_r, l a de:Pensa d e l mil.ndo.libre o c c i d e n t a l y' c r i s -
tiano, I I
I I , . , pronover l a ~ 0 i 1 s o l i d n ~ l 6 ~ de una, c u l t u r a ~lacioi:a,l i n s p i -
1.3.de escencri.alment e ei-1 I.as L1-acIli. c i o n e s del. @is, p e r o a b i e r t o
a 1e.s e:c~~rerjio-ccss u n i v e r s a l e s ? r o p i a s de l a civi l izaci .6r-1 c r i s -
k L ~ ~ . n a . occide;l-tid r7e l n que e:: .i.ntest-a.iz.Lc,"
" R e e s t r u c t u r a r y a c t u a l i z a r l a ense5nxza en t o d o s s u s n i v e l e s
y c a r p o s , p ropend ie l ido & la c o n s o l i d a c i 6 n de l a c u l t u r a n a c i o -
na l . I'
"FTeu t rn l i za r l a i n f i l t r a c i . 6 n m a r x i s t a y e r r a d i c a r l a a c c i 6 n
del corfiunismo.. . "
( ~ r o r n " L 2 i ~ o m a l f ~ s e x i s t en+; es" ) ". , . f o r n a c i 6 n m o r a l , c ~ i l t ~xra , l ,
c i en - t i f i c a , t h c n i c a 7~ a r t f s t i c a s i n m a o r i e n t a c i 6 n d c f i n i d a
y d e s v i n c u l a d z , d e l aceiovo r e l - i g i o s o e h i s ' t 6 r i c o de l a Kaci6i1,
de l a s v e r d a d e r a o n e c e s i d a d e s d e l nomento y d e l d e s : ? r r o l l o
del po te !?c i s l hurnano ... 11
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( U n i 6 n Fe r rov ia r i a , Uni6n Obrera L!ei;alf~rgica,, Emplea-
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a n t e 1.a bl'~i.ta1 r e p r e s i 6 n c o n t r a las U ~ i . v e r s i d a d e s
FTizci~i iales . En e l cloc~~inent o s e d ice : " e s I n d u d e b l e que
las f u e r z a s de l a r e .= .cc i6n ? r e t e n d e n coil c s t e g o l p e
a l a u n i v e r s i c l a d , s ena ra r l a ciel pueblo y e s p e c i a l m c n -
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p o r sus i n e v i t a n l e s r e p e r c u s i o n e s a n i v e l n a c i o n n l e
i n t e r n a c i o l i a l , S e E a l a n e l a l t o n i v e l a lcz lzzado p o r
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T.ri . l i tary R e v o l t s in ,2rt?ent i n 2 duri! ig t h e Tf;:cnt j . e t l ~ Century.
The l i s t o f r e v o l t s used i s t h e one compiled by L i i s a
~ ! o r t h ~ ' f r o m various s o u r c e s ; we added t o it t h e j u n e 1966
coup d' e t a t .
Year
1905 Pr e-s i dent :."i.arr~l.el Quin'c a.na U
1930 (Dec.) P r e s i d ~ n t G e n e r a l J'os6 P 6 l i x Uribu-ru
1931 ( ~ u l - y ) Same as above U
1932 (Jan. ) Saxe 2s above U
Prcsiden-t R p p s t i n P, Jus t o
1333 (Jan*) Sane as above U
1933 t Same a.3 above U
-- 7533 ( ~ e c , ) Sarrle a.s above I?
Presic1.en-b Rob er.t I.:. C r t i z
anoqe ss awes
aAoq.3 s-e anas
anoqe se acres
3:Aoq-e s-e aiuss
