Introd. Ergo

8/11/2019 Introd. Ergo

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Human Factor Engineering

Human Factors Engineering

Physical and mental work capacity Industrial design

Fatigue Work place design

Body forces, strength and posture Product designBody sizes Furniture design

Thermal comfort/ heat stress/cold stress Machine design

Vision Ventilation

Hearing Lighting

Perception AcousticsInformation processing Engineering control

Decision making (Chemical & Physical)

Performance and efficiency Building orientation

Adaptation and rehabilitation Maintenance

Behavior & social relations


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Ergonomics

Ergonomics means literally the study or

measurement of Work

In addition to work as labour for monetary

gain, work also includes

Sports

Leisure activities

Domestic workEducation and training

Health and social services


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Ergonomics considers

human operators variabilityAn automobile design has to considerRange of physical size and strengths

of users

Seats are comfortable

Controls readily identifiable andwithin easy reach

Clear visibility front and rearEasily read internal instruments

Ease of entry and egress


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AIMS OF ERGONOMICS

Ensures that human needs for safe and efficientworking are met in the design of work system

To design

Appliances

Technical Systems

Tasks

In such a way to improve

Human Safety

Health

Comfort and

Performance


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Basic aims of ergonomics

Efficiency in purposeful activity

To achieve desired result without

WasteError

Damage to persons

Working situation in harmony withthe activities of the worker


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DEFINITIONS OF ERGONOMICS

Ergonomics is a means of improving workingconditions and reducing illness at work

Ergonomics attempts to Fit the Job to the

Man rather than Fit the Man to the JobErgonomics is concerned with the design of

systems in which people carry out work

Ergonomics optimizes Efficiency, Health,Safety and Comfort of people through betterdesigns of products and work places


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Who is a human operator?

Skilled professional using acomplex machine in an artificial

environmentCustomer who has purchased a

new equipment

Child sitting in a classroomDisabled person in a wheel chair


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ERGONOMICS and DISCIPLINES

Ergonomics is a Multi-Disciplinary

Science

Ergonomics is also an Inter-Disciplinary

Science


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ERGONOMICS


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DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS

ERGONOMICS

PSYCHOLOGY

-COGNITIVE

-WORK

-SOCIAL

ANATOMY

-ANTHROPOMETRY

-BIOMECHANICS

PHYSIOLOGY

-ENVIRONMENTAL

-WORK


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DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS

ERGONOMICS

PSYCHOLOGY

-COGNITIVE

-WORK

-SOCIAL

ANATOMY

-ANTHROPOMETRY

-BIOMECHANICS

PHYSIOLOGY

-ENVIRONMENTAL

-WORK

TOXICOLOGY

ENVRONMENTAL

MEDICINE

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

OPERATIONS

RESEARCH

ENGINEERING

MANAGEMENTLAWECONOMICS


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PROFESSIONS HAVING

COMPLEMENTARY ROLES WITH

ERGONOMICS

ERGONOMICS

Safety

Officer

Civil

Engineer

Mechanical

Engineer

Architect

Industrial

DesignerSocial

Psychologist

Ind. Medical

Officer

Physiotherapist

Industrial

Nurse

Occupational

Health Officer


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ERGO-SYSTEMS

Simple ergo-systems

e e

H H M

Complex ergo-systems

e M M e M HM H M H H H


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WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?

Ergonomics is:

Higher productivity and a better place to work

The science that saves both lives and dollars Human engineering where the goal is to

optimize worker well being and productivity

A way of thinking about and planning work sothat it suits the capabilities and needs of the

people


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WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?

Ergonomics is a solution finding method for

questions like these: How can human body dimensions be applied to car seat design?

What is the proper height for kitchen counters?

How can traffic lights be programmed for optimal urban trafficflow throughout the day?

How can stereo receiver displays and controls be coded toeffectively define their respective functions?

How can the material and design of swim suits for competition beimproved for minimal water resistance?

How should computer software and screens work and look best to

fit human cognitive capabilities?


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Ergonomic needs in a workplace

Physical work environment Thermal comfort

Noise and vibration control

Adequate and proper lighting

Chemical environment Control of pollution

General and exhaust ventilation

Work physiology Control excessive physical load

Avoid physical and muscular fatigue Adequate rest pauses

Arrangement of static and dynamic work


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Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)

Anthropometry (Body sizes) Designs to fit body sizes of users

Appropriate working levels

Adequate work space

Avoid overcrowding of machines and workers

Occupational Biomechanics Appropriate work postures (sitting, standing)

Safe load lifting and carrying techniques Adopt proper techniques in manual materials

handling


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Psychological aspects

Avoid perceptual and mental loads and fatigue

Appropriate design of displays and control

Appropriate conditions for Vigilance tasks Avoid human error and stress

Job motivation and satisfaction

Social psychology

Practice good relationship among employees andbetween employer and employee


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Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd,)

Macro ergonomics Suitable working hours , intervals, holidays, leave

Appropriate shift schedules

Welfare facilities

Job rotation and incentives schemes Fair salary structure, Good administrative structure

Good work organization schemes

Fringe benefits (housing, transport, sports)

Labour union facilities Training and education

Promotional prospects


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Safety and Ergonomics

Good housekeeping

Performance feedback

Systems ergonomics Systems groups in problem solving and development

work

Participative ergonomics

User centered designs


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Benefits of ergonomics

Productivity

Product quality

SafetyHealth

Reliability

Job satisfaction

Personal development


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The Questions Employers Need

Answers For:

Developing new products

Increasing production capacity

Identifying equipment and labor needs

Identifying costs of manufacturing products

Determining work hours and shift schedules

Defining job productivity and quality standards

Setting compensation levels

Identifying skills for tasks

Structuring tasks into jobs Increasing the available workforce by reducing problematic

tasks


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TRADITIONAL AND PRESENT

DAY TOOLS AND MACHINES

Traditional Present Day

Relatively simple Increasingly complex

Made by the user Made by a manufacturer

Small number made Large number made Design error - small Design error - profound

consequences consequences

Product competitive- Marketing competitivenessness unimportant vital

Restricted user- popu- Wide variation in userlation characteristics population


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HOW CAN ERGONOMICS CONTRIBUTE

TO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN

INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

By adaptation of technology of the west

By improving working conditions through ergonomicsinterventions

By developing traditional methods

In acquiring modern technology

In modifying techniques

Need Training and Education in Ergonomics


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Ergonomic contributions to development

in industrially developing countries

Research on basic data needs

Promote special abilities

Refine simple methods

More appropriate experts

Action learning (Learning by doing, notimitating)

Better supported education and research

Re-conceptualize standard setting


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Present trend of occupational

diseases and complaints

Factors % of diseases and complaints

Ergonomics 52.9

Chemicals 22.1

Noise 12.1Biological 3.2

Other causes 9.5

WHY?

More sedentary work

Fewer distinct work types

Less muscle usage

More static than dynamic work


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Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic

Checkpoints)

Materials storage and handling

Clear and mark transport routes

Provide ramps of 5-8% inclination instead ofsmall stairs

Use mechanical devices for lifting, loweringand moving heavy material

Instead of carrying heavy weights divide theminto smaller lightweights e.g. 2x10 kg instead

of 20 kg.

Combine heavy lifting with physically lightertasks


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Checkpoints)

Hand Tools

Use hanging tools for operations repeated inthe same place

Provide hand support when using precision

toolsProvide hand tools with a grip of the proper

thickness (hand diameter 30-40 mm, handlelength 125 mm and size to fit male hands)

Provide a home for each tool (Enables goodhousekeeping)


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Checkpoints)

Production machine safety

Locate controls in sequence ofoperations

Make displays and signals easy todistinguish and easy to read

Use properly fixed guards and interlock

devices


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Checkpoints)

Improving workstation design

Adjust the working height around elbowlevel

Light work: at elbow levelPrecision work: above elbow level

Hard work: below elbow level


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Checkpoints)

Lighting

Increased use of daylight

Light up the work area evenly

Sufficient lighting for working Local lighting for precision work

Removing shiny surfaces

Avoid glare


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Checkpoints)

Premises

Prevent the exposure to excessive heat

Install effective local exhaust systems

Increase the use of natural ventilation


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Checkpoints)

Welfare facilities

Provide effective and acceptable

personal protective devices


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Checkpoints)

Work Organization

Involve worker in planning

Inform the worker the results of their

work Job enrichment (combine tasks)

Introd. Ergo

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