Intro to World History Pre-History to 1500. Introduction History is necessary to human survival Must...
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![Page 1: Intro to World History Pre-History to 1500. Introduction History is necessary to human survival Must know where we came from Regardless of beliefs, history.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032205/56649e6c5503460f94b6bb12/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Intro to World HistoryPre-History to 1500
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Introduction
• History is necessary to human survival• Must know where we came from • Regardless of beliefs, history begins 2
million BC
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Dawn of History
• Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Age• “Lucy” 1959 by Leakey's in Tanzania• First people were hunters and
gatherers• Animism – spirits in everything• Neolithic Agricultural Revolution –
farming and domestication of animals
• Lead to cities and civilizations• Civilizations grew along rivers
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Features of Civilization
• Organized Government• Complex Religions• Job Specialization• Social Classes• Arts and Architecture• Public Works• Writing
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Egypt
• Along the Nile River with yearly floods
• Pharaohs seen as gods, ruled in dynasties
• Religion – polytheism, gods for nature
• Afterlife – Osiris, mummification, tombs
• Pyramids used as tombs• Hieroglyphics written on papyrus
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Sumer and Babylon
• Fertile crescent – Tigris and Euphrates
• City-states ruled by hierarchy• Built ziggurats for religion• Cuneiform – wedge writing• Sargon – 1st empire builder• Hammurabi – code, 1st written laws• Phoenicians create the alphabet
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Judaism
• Nomadic people lead by Abraham• 1000 BC King David of Israel• Monotheistic – one true God• Chosen people as covenant with God• Patriarchal society – male lead• Ten commandments given to Moses• Waiting for messiah
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India
• Grew around Indus River Valley• Polytheistic with mother goddess• Aryan society: Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
Vaisyas• Vedas – story of early Indian
civilizations
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China
• Grew around Huang He (Yellow) River
• Dynasties – Shang, Zhou• Religion – polytheism, ancestor
worship• Mandate of Heaven – divine right to
rule• Feudal state• Silk making, first books
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Greece – Early People• Minoan Civilization
– Island of Crete in Aegean Sea– King Minos and Palace at
Knossos– Disappeared, volcano and tidal
wave• Mycenae
– Sea traders, moved ideas and items
– 1250 B.C. Trojan War– Fall of Troy same time as
Mycenaean disappearance
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Greece – Rise of City-States• Mountainous peninsula• Polis – city• Acropolis – high city, temples to gods• Monarchy – King or queen rule• Aristocracy – rule by landowning elite• Oligarchy – Small, powerful, business
elite rule
• Military– Iron weapons– Phalanx – formation of armed foot
soldiers
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Greece - Sparta
• Government– 2 kings and council of elders, assembly
of citizens• From birth, trained for military• 7 – boys sent to barracks, training,
beaten• 20 – marry, 30 – move out & join
assembly• Women – trained, ran estates &
business• Isolated from trade, looked down on
wealth
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Greece - Athens
• Aristocracy became democracy• Democracy – Government by the
people• Set up legislature – lawmaking body• Cared more about art, philosophy than
war• Good navy• Women – secluded in homes, family and
kids• Education was important above all else• Greeks believed all others were
barbarians
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Greece - Religion
• Polytheistic• Many gods and goddesses• Zeus – leader, God of Gods and Humans• Many children became others• Used to explain nature• Temples built, prayers & ceremonies to
placate them
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Greece and Its Glory
• Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Developed rhetoric and logic• Architecture – columns• Sculpture of gods, goddesses,
athletes, politicians• Drama – Tragedy and Comedy• Writers – Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
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Alexander the Great• King Philip killed at daughter’s wedding• Conquered lands: Greece to India,
Germany to Egypt• Spread cultures, mixed together =
Hellenistic• Named over 20 cities after himself• Conquering more
than ruling• Traveled 10,000 miles,
men made him turn around
• Died 3 days after return
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Rome – The Beginning• Republic – government of the
people• Patricians – Upper class,
landholding, made laws• Consuls – 2 patricians,
ran daily government• Dictator – Time of war,
complete control• Plebeians – farmers,
merchants, bulk of population• Tribunes – Plebeian officials• Veto – can block laws harmful to
plebeians
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Roman Society• Women given more power, held jobs,
business• Boys and girls taught to read and write• Religions – similar to Greek but different
names• Citizen-Soldiers were part of legion
(5000)• Provided own weapons with no pay• Conquered lands treated with justice• Built roads, connected empire• People united under Roman rule
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Rome – Empire Building• Imperialism – Establishing control over
foreign lands• Corruption common, caused declines• Reformers - Julius Caesar
– Popular Military General– Public works jobs, reorganized government
of providences– Created calendar – Julian Calendar– Killed by best friend, Brutus
• Census – count people• Good and Bad emperors • Pax Romana – Roman Peace• Bread and Circuses
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Roman Achievement• Literature – Aeneid, Satirize – make fun
of• History – Livy, kept track of events• Philosophy – Emperor Marcus Aurelius –
stoic• Art – Sculpture, Mosaic – picture made of
tiles• Architecture – Huge temples, arch and
columns• Engineering – built aqueducts• Law – Civil Law and Law of Nations
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Christianity• Early Religions tolerated by Romans• Most were polytheistic, like Romans• Jews rejected Roman religion,
persecuted, revolt, fled• Jesus born in 4 B.C.• Apostles and him spread message of
peace, love• Deeply rooted in Judaism• Romans crucified him for rebellion• Seen as religion for all – everyone
welcome
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Roman Decline• 26 emperors in 50 years• Several tried to help with reforms• Invasion by several groups of nomads
hurt Rome• Causes
– Military – Mercenaries used, little loyalty– Political – Corruption, divided empire– Economic – Taxes, slaves ran away,
economic downfall– Social – Lack of patriotism and devotion
• Long, slow decline• Lead to Byzantine Empire (Western
Rome)
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The Americas - Maya• Olmecs – oldest civilization, not on a
river
• Mayas– Yucatan peninsula– Tikal – huge temples and city– Each city had ruling chief– Priests had highest power– Most people were farmers – corn, cotton,
squash– Writing system, accurate time, 365 day
calendar, zero– 900 A.D. began to abandon cities, don’t
know why
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Aztec Civilization• Late 1200s – Eagle on cactus with
snake in beak• Tenochtitlan – city in middle of lake• Chinampas – floating gardens• Conquered other tribes and demanded
tribute• Single ruler – royalty, blood letting • Nobles, warriors, commoners• Massive human sacrifice, used
conquered people• Calendar, surgery, schools• Hernan Cortes destroyed in 1519
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Early People of Peru• Chavin
– Worshipped jaguar/man– Lived high in the Andes
• Mochica– Built roads, irrigation
systems– Beautiful pottery
• Nazca– Glyphs – etched lines in the
ground– Lines, shapes – part of
calendar?
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The Inca• Pachacuti – founder and first Sapa Inca
1438• In Cuzco, Sapa lived like god, Queen –
Coya• Quipu – knotted string collection for
records• 12,000 miles of road, runners for
messages• Only runners and army could use
roads• Farmed on terraces• Best metal workers • Had anesthesia and brain surgery• Polytheistic, temples to gods• Destroyed by Pizarro in 1533
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North American Natives• Crossed Bering Land Bridge, moved
south• Diverse cultures based on
environment• Arctic, Coastal, Plains, Woodlands,
Southwest• Iroquois League – 5 nations banded
together• Hitting peak when Europeans arrived
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The Middle Ages• Europe carved up by Germanic Tribes,
Franks• Charlemagne united Europe• Wanted “Second Rome”, extended
Christianity• Feudalism – system of rule among lords
and vassals• Lord gave vassal a fief thru feudal
contract• Vassal got land and protection, Lord
got food• Knights – began at 7, protect castles• Castles were self-sufficient• Peasants poor, hard life, 35
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The Medieval Church• Church was the center of towns and
lives• Cannon Law – churches laws• Monastery – school, copied
manuscripts, hospital• Papal Supremacy – Pope had more
power than kings• Persecuted Jews – Anti-Semitism
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Medieval Economy• Iron plows, horse harnesses –
agriculture• 3 Field system – corn, wheat, fallow =
more food• New trade routes – India and China• Barter rather than money• Guilds – group of same kind of artisans
– Set prices, recipes, hours– Apprentice, Journeyman, Master
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High Middle Ages• Royal families ruled England and France• Kings conflicted with church over power• Magna Carta – nobles forced King John
to sign• King is not exempt from laws• Parliament established
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The Crusades
• “God wills it”• 200 years• Take back Jerusalem from Muslims• Rape, pillage, kill along way – got
rich• Economic expansion and grew
churches power
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Into the Darkness• The Black Death
– Rats, fleas spread Bubonic Plague– Spread thru Europe via trade– 25 million people died– No workers, blamed Jews & witches,
inflation – 100 years• Church Upheaval
– Popes lived rich lives– Church accused of corruption
• Hundred Years’ War– England vs. France in 1337 to 1453– Joan of Arc and Longbow
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Muslim Civilization
• Prophet Muhammad had vision = Islam
• Muslim Civilization was very advanced
• Art, architecture and literature was distinct
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Mongols
• Genghiz Khan crossed Persia• Burned and looted• Converted to Islam• Nomadic people• Golden Horde attacked Russia in
1236• Ruled Russia for 240 years• Fierce conquerors but tolerant
rulers
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Silk Road
• International trade network• Roads built by Chinese emperor Wu
Di• 4000 miles from China to Middle
East• Towns along the road provided
markets and lodging