INTRO TO SKIN AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM BODY MEMBRANES AND THE SKIN.
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Transcript of INTRO TO SKIN AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM BODY MEMBRANES AND THE SKIN.
![Page 1: INTRO TO SKIN AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM BODY MEMBRANES AND THE SKIN.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6c5503460f94b6b7fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
I N T R O T O S K I N A N D T H E I N T E G U M E N TA RY S Y S T E M
BODY MEMBRANES AND THE SKIN
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BODY MEMBRANES: 2 TYPES
• Functions (overall)—Predict first! Write down in your notes!• Cover body surfaces• Line body cavities• Form protective and lubricating sheets around organs
• Epithelial membranes and connective membranes• Types classified by their tissue makeup
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QUESTION:
• What are the 4 types of tissues?
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TYPE #1: EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
• AKA covering and lining membrane• Contains both epithelial tissue and connective
tissue• Since it contains more than 1 type of tissue, what could
these membranes be considered as?• Organs!
• Contains 4 sub-categories
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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE: CUTANEOUS• Cutaneous membranes• AKA your skin!• “dry” membrane and
exposed to air• Stratified squamous
epithelium (epidermis) PLUS dense connective tissue (dermis)
• Protection
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QUESTION:
• What does “epi” mean?a) Belowb) On top ofc) Within
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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE: MUCOUS• Mucous Membrane• Lines all body cavities
open to the exterior • Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive tracts
• “wet” membrane with secretions of mucous or, in the case of the urinary system, urine
• Most have stratified squamous epithelium OR simple columnar epithelium PLUS loose connective tissue
• Function: protection, lubrication, secretion, absorption
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THINK-PAIR-SHARE
• Give 1 similarity and 1 difference between cutaneous and mucous membranes• WRITE THIS IN YOUR NOTES!
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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE: SEROUS• Serous Membranes
(serosa)• Lines body cavities closed to
the interior• Heart• Lungs• Abdominal organs
• Simple squamous epithelium PLUS areolar connective tissue (loose connective tissue) with serous fluid in between.
• Function: produce lubricating fluid that reduces friction
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A QUICK NOTE ABOUT SEROSA....• It ALWAYS comes in 2 layers• Visceral (inner) and parietal (outer) layers
• Visualize:
• There is fluid in between the two layers to allow for the membranes to easily side past one another • Think about the organs that are constantly in motion• Structure RELATES to function!
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THINK-PAIR-SHARE
• Name 1 similarity and 1 difference between mucous and serous membranes• WRITE THIS IN YOUR NOTES!
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CONNECTIVE MEMBRANE: SYNOVIAL
• Synovial Membranes• Soft aerolar
connective tissue• NO epithelial tissue
• Found in joints• Provide a smooth
surface and lubricating fluid
• Cushions organs moving against one another
• Also form small sacs called bursae
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QUESTION:
• Which of the following contains both connective AND epithelial tissue?a) Serous membranesb) Synovial membranec) Cutaneous membrane
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THINK-PAIR-SHARE
• Give 1 similarity and 1 difference between serous and synovial membranes• WRITE THIS IN YOUR NOTES
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STOP!
• Worksheet about membranes• Fill in the table and color the pictures!• With the table, be general when it comes to tissue types
• Make study materials:• Make a graphic organizer, flashcards, start rewriting your
notes• I will be around to check what you have made. This is your
ticket out the door!
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SUMMARIES
• These people need to write me a summary about cell division (found in you book)• 5th:• Aunna, Annika, Zak, Erika, Jasmin, Monica, Maria, Simona
• 7th: • Larry, Marissa, Shelby, Courtney, Dakota, Landon, Caleb,
Jessica
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WARM UP/REVIEW
• Create a web of the body membranes (be general)
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SKIN!
• Cutaneous membrane• Basic functions--predict first! (write down in your
notes!• Protection • From mechanical damage (bumps), chemical damage,
bacteria, UV, thermal damage, desiccation
• Heat retention• Excretion of urea and uric acid• How?
• Sweat! (keep in mind that that is the same type of stuff that is in our urine.....)
• Synthesize vitamin D
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STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN• Split up into 2 parts:• Epidermis• Epithelial tissue
• Dermis• Connective tissue
• The dermis and epidermis are firmly connected, but can separate if subjected to rubbing (friction) or a burn• Fluid can then accumulate
between the two layers and form a.....• BLISTER!
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JUST AN FYI
• If you get a blister, you should NOT pop it!• The fluid within is a
protective layer because there is delicate skin that is being formed underneath the blister
• If you pop your blister, you will just irritate it more, put yourself at risk for infection, and limit your footwear possibilities
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EPIDERMIS
• Split up into 5 zones known as strata
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TRUE OR FALSE
• The epidermis has great access to blood supply to supply it with a ton of nutrients.• HINT: think about the tissue that composes the epidermis
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DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL• All epidermal cells are keratinocytes• Keratinocytes contain keratin• A protein that makes cells hard so they are resistant to
damage and desiccation
• Stratum Basale• Cells have most adequate nourishment• Why?
• Lies closest to the connective tissue layer (dermis); epidermis is avascular
• Constantly undergoing cellular division and the daughter cells are pushed upward (superficial), away from the nutrients
• Stratum Spinosum• Cells take on a spindley apprearance• Develop desmosomes (what were those things again??)
• Stratum Granulosum• Keratin is packed into little “packets” or granules
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DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL
• Stratum Lucidum • Cells flatten, become very keratinized (hardened), and
die• Appear to be clear when looked at under a microscope• Think: What does it mean to be “lucid”?
• Stratum Corneum• Amounts for ¾ of epidermal cells thickness• These are shinglelike dead cells that are shed on a
regular basis• Essentially sacks of keratin
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LET’S COME UP WITH A MNEMONIC
• Take a few minutes to come up with a mnemonic with your partners to help you remember the layers of the skin
• Mnemonic example: My Very Eccentric Mother Just Served Us Nosehairs• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupier, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune• Apparently, Pluto isn’t a planet anymore
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MNEMONICS
Bottom to Top
• Brithany,• Stop• Going• Late to • Class
Top to Bottom
• Crazy• Lobsters• Gobble• Salmon• Butter
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WHY DO WE LOSE CELLS FROM THE STRATUM CORNEUM?
1. These cells are the farthest away from the nutrient source
2. Keratin limits nutrient entry
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QUESTION:
• What would happen if there was too much keratin OR the stratum corneum wasn’t easily lost?• Think-pair-share: write your prediction on the dry erase
board
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DISEASE: HARLEQUIN ICHTHYOSIS• Congenital disease• You are born with it
• Caused by thickening of keratin layer; stratum corneum builds up• Causes cracked skin and “scales” that
can crack and inhibit movement• These people have a huge risk of
bacterial infections getting into their skin
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNOjs6NBgOM
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OTHER CELLS
• Melanocytes• Found in the stratum
basale• Produce melanin• Causes there to be
pigment• Function: protect cells
from UV damage• Natural sunscreen!
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PREDICT• Why do we tan?• Put your prediction in your notes
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TANNING• When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it
stimulates the melanocytes to produce more melanin• More melanin=more protection of cells from UV damage
• Freckles and moles are patches of concentrated melanin
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QUESTION:
• Why are different races different colors?• Talk with your partner and write a prediction on the white
board
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WHY ARE THERE DIFFERENT SKIN COLORS?
• Things to consider:• Melanin protects from UV damage• We still need UV to synthesize Vitamin D (makes bones
strong)
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• Equatorial regions (think Africa and Mexico) have direct, intense sun• Primary concern is protecting stratum basale from damaging
UV rays• What do you think about skin cancer prevalence?
• Europe does not have such direct sun• We need the sun/UV rays for vitamin D• Less melanin so we can soak up the sun to get that vitamin D,
but we have an increased risk of skin cancer
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QUESTION:
• What if the melanocytes did not produce any melanin?
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ALBANISM
• A genetic disorder caused by a defunct enzyme responsible for helping the melanocytes produce melanin
• The skin appears white or very pale and usually have pale blue eyes• Also typically have poor vision
because melanin also helps in eye development
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PREDICT
• What do you predict the skin cancer frequency is among people suffering from albanism?• Think-pair-share
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WARM UP
• Draw a picture that shows why there is an increased cancer risk in lighter-skinned people
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SOCIETAL CONSEQUENCES• People with albanism typically face social and
cultural challenges• Many cultures around the word have developed beliefs
regarding people with this disorder
• Tanzania and Burundi: rise in witchcraft-killings and body parts sold to witchdoctors• It is also thought in some African cultures that relations
with an albanistic woman can cure a man with HIV
• Some ethnic groups and geographical areas have an increased susceptibility to albanism• Ironically, these groups are places where people with
albanism are the most discriminated
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zd7RRr5Eubg
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PREDICT
• Vitamin D is important for having strong bones• Our milk is “fortified” in vitamin D• What you would happen if you were vitamin D deficient?
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DISEASE: RICKETS
• “bendy” bones • Usually occurs when
we do not get vitamin D• people who live in
upper latitudes (Europe, Canada) and have dark complexions are especially at risk
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IN A NUTSHELL....
• You have 2 options:1. You will get skin cancer if you are exposed to the sun2. You will get rickets from staying out of the sun
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STOP!
• Make a model of the cell using dried beans• Each bean represents cells in a particular layer
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WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED YOUR BEANS…..
• Create some study materials• Make some flashcards• Make a graphic organizer (I think a web might be nice…..)• Color-code your notes• Write some test questions• Draw some pictures in the margins
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DERMIS
• Your “hide”• Strong, stretchy, holds you together• 2 major regions• Papillary region• Reticular layer
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DERMIS: PAPILLARY LAYER
• Uppermost dermal layer• Contains capillaries• Nutrients!• Question: which layer of
epidermis does it feed?
• Houses receptors• Pain, touch
• Uneven surface • Can be arranged in definite
patterns that are genetically determined• Provide for grip• What does this sound like?
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STOP
• Look at your fingerprints! Use pencil lead.• Question:• The papillary layer is ___________ to the stratum basale
a) Superficialb) Deepc) Whodee-whattin?
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RETICULAR LAYER
• Deepest skin layer• Sits atop a layer of adipose tissue• What is another word for adipose tissue?
• Contains:• Blood vessels,• Sweat/oil glands• nerves
• Major protein: collagen• Responsible for the toughness of the dermis; holds the
cells together• “skin glue”
• Keeps skin hydrated
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QUESTION
• Why do we get wrinkles?• When we get older, we produce less collagen so our skin
becomes less elastic • The adipose tissue in our face decreases
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QUESTION:
• What would happen if there was a deficient amount of collagen within the skin?• Write a prediction on the white board
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DISEASE: DYSTROPHIC EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA (DEB)
• Caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for making collagen• Skin is extremely fragile• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJqe40_x-TA
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HENNA VS TATTOOS
• We all know that tattoos are permanent.• Henna tattoos only last for a
few days or weeks.• PREDICT:• What layer of the skin is affected by
henna and real tattoos?
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LET’S MAKE A DIAGRAM!!!
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DRAW A PICTURE
• Make a simple drawing in your notes of the epidermis and dermis• Be sure to show each layer of the epidermis AND the
dermis
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DRAW A PIC OF THE SKIN
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APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
• Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails
• Mostly contained within the reticular dermal layer
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APPENDAGES: CUTANEOUS GLANDS
• All are exocrine glands• They release their secretions onto the cell surface
• formed by the cells in the stratum basale• Are later pushed down until they reside in the dermis
• 2 types:• Sebaceous glands• Sweat glands
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SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS• Found everywhere except
on palms of the hands and soles of the feet
• Ducts usually empty into hair follicle
• Produce sebum• Mixture of oily substances and
fragmented cells• Keeps skin soft, moist, and
prevents hair from becoming brittle
• Also kills bacteria• Become very active during
puberty (but of course you already knew that )
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STOP
• “Biore strips”
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THE SCIENCE OF ACNE
• Whiteheads• Sebaceous gland’s duct
becomes blocked by sebum
• Blackheads• The sebum that blocks
the gland oxidizes and dries
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SWEAT GLANDS• AKA “sudoriferous” glands• Come in 2 types• Eccrine glands• Found all over the body• Produce sweat
• Water, salt, vitamin C, metabolic waste (UREA!!), lactic acid
• Function:• Maintain body temp• Kill bacteria (sweat is slightly acidic)
• Apocrine glands• Axillary and genital regions
• (where are those places in plain English?)
• Secretions are a bit different• It is what makes you have stinky body odor
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QUESTION
Sudoriferous glands produce:a) Sebumb) Sweatc) Waterd) Whodee-whattin?
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QUESTION
Sebaceous glands produce:a) Sebumb) Sweatc) Waterd) Whodee-whattin?
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CREATE A WEB
• Create a web in your notes detailing the differences between sweat and sebaceous glands
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HAIR
• Produced by a hair follicle in the dermis• Made of keratinized dead material• Root and shaft
• Your hair’s texture depends on the shape of the shaft (the actual hair itself)
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HAIR TYPES
• Oval shaft• Wavy hair
• Flat shaft• Curly hair
• Round shaft• Straight, coarse hair
• Physics: Different hair types will refract light differently
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GOOSEBUMPS, ANYONE?
• Attached to the hair follicle in the dermal tissue, there is a tiny muscle• Arrector pili
• Nerves connect to it to stimulate the hair to raise
• Question: what type of muscle tissue is it? • Smooth! You can’t
control your goosebumps!
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QUESTION:
• What are the purpose of “goosebumps”? Why was it evolutionarily important that we have this little muscle?• Talk it over with your partner!
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UNDA THE DERMIS
• Under the dermis, we have the subcutaneous tissue• Also called “hypodermis”
• We have adipose tissue (fat) in this area
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STOP!• Integumentary system coloring sheet
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ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ON THE BACK OF YOUR COLORING SHEET
(QUESTION AND ANSWER):1. The dermis is made out of what kind of tissue?2. Where does the stratum basale get its nutrients
from? BE SPECIFIC!3. Create a venn diagram detailing the differences
between the two types of sweat glands. 4. State the function of the arrector pili muscle.5. Give 2 ways the body is involved in disease
prevention.
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BURNS
• Types• Thermal: contact with flame, heat, or scalding liquids• Chemical: contact with acids, bases, and other chemicals• Radiation: exposure to radiant energy from sunlight, x-
rays, or radiation from cancer treatments• Electrical: electricity or lightning
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BURNS
• Problems• Body loses supply of nutrients that seep from burned
areas• Dehydration and nutrient imbalance can lead to
circulatory shock• Not enough fluids in the system
• Susceptible to infection because of open wounds
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ACID BURNING IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xx0to6_silent-veil-a-documentary-by-depilex-smileagain_shortfilms
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SEVERITY OF BURNS
• 1st degree:• Epidermis is damaged and the area may be red and
swollen• Can heal within a matter of days• sunburn
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SEVERITY OF BURNS
• 2nd degree burns• Injury to epidermis and upper region of dermis• Skin is red, painful, and blisters appear• Usually no scarring
• 1st and 2nd degree burns = partial-thickness burns
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SEVERITY OF BURNS• 3rd degree burns• Destroy the entire thickness of the skin• Full-thickness burn• burned area appears blanched (white/gray) or blackened• Nerve endings are destroyed so there is no pain• Regeneration is not possible• Skin grafting
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BURN TREATMENT
• For minor burns (1st and 2nd degree)• Cool the burn under cool running water• Do NOT use ice
• Cover it with a sterile bandage• Do not use butter or ointments if the skin is broken (can
cause infection)
• Take over-the-counter pain reliever
• For major burns• Do not remove burned clothing• Do not immerse in cold water• Elevate burned body parts• Cover the area with cool, moist, sterile bandage
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SKIN GRAFTING
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BURNS
• Volume of blood can be estimated by determining how much area of the body is burned
• Rule of 9’s• Body is split up into 11
areas (the torso/abdomen area are usually combined), each accounting for 9% of the total body areas, plus 1% represents genital area
Total: 100%
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ADULT VS. CHILD PROPORTIONS
• Children have different body proportions than adults
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STOP!
• Calculating percent burn with Jack (Jr./Sr.) and Jill (Jr./Sr.)1) State location of burn (hello, body regions!)2) State severity (partial/full thickness, as well as if it is 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree)3) State if grafting must occur4) Calculate the percent burn
• Get with another person, read them your report and see if you both get the same burn percentage
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SKIN CANCER GRAPHIC ORGANIZER• With your group members, develop a graphic organizer
that shows the 3 types of skin cancers featured in your text, as well as integrating the ABCD rule• MUST include:• The relative prevalence (most common, least common)• The cells affected (which layer, if there is a specific cell type)• Cure rate• How it is detected (what gives you the warning signs?)
• ABCD rule (goes with melanoma)
• Therapy (if mentioned)
• You will be presenting this information and drawing this information on the board, explaining your organizer• Again, multiple ways of presenting the information = multiple
opportunities for you to find out what makes sense to you