Intro to Life Science What is Science? Living Things Where Does Life Come From? Classifying Life.
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Transcript of Intro to Life Science What is Science? Living Things Where Does Life Come From? Classifying Life.
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Intro to Life ScienceIntro to Life ScienceWhat is Science?
Living Things
Where Does Life Come From?
Classifying Life
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1-1: What is Science ?1-1: What is Science ?How do you define science?
Science: an organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions
Critical thinking: a process that uses certain skills to solve problems
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Solving ProblemsSolving ProblemsSolving problems requires
organization
Scientific methods: an organized way to solve a problem using a series of procedures◦requires critical thinking
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Scientific MethodsScientific MethodsState the problem/Ask a question
Gather information
Form a hypothesis:a prediction that canbe tested
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Scientific MethodsScientific MethodsExperiment:
◦Control: standard of comparison in an experiment; cannot change
◦Variable: something in an experiment that can change
An experiment should have only one variable.
tests the hypothesis
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Scientific MethodsScientific MethodsAnalyze data
Draw conclusions
Report results◦allows other scientists to repeat
same experiment
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7 Steps to Solve a 7 Steps to Solve a ProblemProblem
State the Problem
Gather Information
Form a Hypothesis
Perform an Experiment
Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions
Hypothesis Supported
Hypothesis not Supported
RepeatMany Times
ReviseHypothesis
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Developing TheoriesDeveloping TheoriesThe results can
be used to develop a scientific theory◦ an explanation of
things or events based on scientific knowledge; the result of many observations and experiments
Not just simply a guess or opinion!!!
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LawsLawsScientific law: a
statement/description about how things work in nature; seems to be true all the time◦Ex. Law of Gravity
Less likely to change than theories
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Scientific UnitsScientific UnitsMust make accurate measurements
in experiments and investigationsScientists use:
◦International System of Units (SI) Standard system of measurements used by
scientists Uses
Gram Meter Liter Second Celsius
MassLengthVolumeTimeTemperature
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Lab SafetyLab SafetyMust be safe in the lab
Follow all safety rules and teacher’s instructions at all times
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1-2: Living Things 1-2: Living Things What does it mean to be alive?Any living thing is called an
organism May have different behaviors and food needs, but all organisms have similar traits.
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life1. Organization
◦ Living things are organized◦ Made of cells: the smallest unit of
an organism that carries on the functions of life
◦ Each cell has: an orderly structure hereditary material (DNA)
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
2. Responsiveness◦ Living things respond◦ Stimulus: anything that causes
some change in an organism◦ Response: the way an organism
reacts to a stimulus Ex: Someone hitting you
◦ Homeostasis: maintaining proper conditions inside an organism
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
3. Energy◦ Living things use energy
◦ Animals get energy from food
◦ Some organisms use the sun to make energy Ex: plants
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
4. Growth and Development◦ Living things grow and develop◦ Growth
can be an increase in number of cells (multi-cellular organisms)
can also be an increase in the size of the cell (unicellular organisms)
◦ Development: changes that take place during the life of an organism
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5. Reproduction◦ Living things reproduce◦ Creating offspring◦ Without reproduction, organisms
would cease to exist
Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
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What Do Organisms What Do Organisms Need?Need?A Place to Live
◦provides for all the organism’s needs◦environment limits where organisms
can live
Raw Materials
◦Water, proteins, fats, and sugars◦Water is important for all organisms
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1-3: Where Does Life Come 1-3: Where Does Life Come From?From?Can mice come from grains? Can
earthworms come from the rain?Spontaneous generation: idea
that living things come from non-living things
Theory finally disproved by Louis Pasteur
Biogenesis: living things only come from other living things
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Life’s OriginsLife’s OriginsHow did life on Earth begin?5 billion years ago, Earth was
formed from dust and gasEarth’s atmosphere had no
oxygen but it did have◦Ammonia◦Hydrogen◦Methane◦Water vapor
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Life’s OriginsLife’s Origins
Alexander Oparin hypothesized that the gases combined to form more complex compounds found in living things
Miller and Urey tested Oparin’s hypothesis◦Found that chemicals in living things
could be produced◦Did not prove that life began this way
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1-4: Classifying Life1-4: Classifying LifeWhat is classification?
◦Grouping similar items
Organisms can also be classified into groups
Aristotle◦first classification system more than
2000 years ago◦grouped organisms into plants and
animals
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Classifying LifeClassifying Life
Carolus Linnaeus◦Developed a new system based on
similar structures of organismsScientists now study fossils, DNA,
and embryos to classify based on phylogeny◦evolutionary history of an organism◦shows how an organism has changed
over timeToday, we have 6 kingdoms of
classification◦Kingdom—Phylum—Class—Order—
Family—Genus—Species
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Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms
Kingdoms are the first and largest category
Smallest classification category is a species◦Organisms belonging to the same
species can mate and produce fertile offspring
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A. Bow-Head whale family Balaenidea
B. Ganges dolphin family Platanistidae
C. Killer Whale family Delphinidae
D. Right whale family Balaenidea
This is the classification of the bottle-nosed dolphin. Which of the following organisms from the order Cetacea is most closely related to the bottle-nosed dolphin?
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Scientific NamesScientific NamesCommon names can be
extremely misleading
Binomial nomenclature◦Two-word system used by Linnaeus
to name species; used today◦First word identifies the genus: group
of similar species◦Second word tells something about
the species
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Haliaeetus leucocephalus
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Using Scientific NamesUsing Scientific NamesScientific names are used to:
◦Avoid mistakes◦Show that organisms in the same
genus are related◦Give descriptive information◦Allow information to be organized
easily
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Identifying OrganismsIdentifying Organisms2 types of tools used
◦Field guides: descriptions or illustrations of organisms Ex. Bird watching
◦Dichotomous keys: detailed lists of identifying characteristics that include scientific names arranged in steps with two descriptive
statements at each step
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Example:1. Does the organism have a
round body?Yes = Go to number 2No = Go to number 4
2. Does the organism have 2 eyes?
Yes = BOT TOTNo = Go to number 3
3.Does the organism have 4 antennae?
Yes = BOT FOTNo = BOT BOT
Dichotomous Key