Intro to Jet Aerodynamics and Handling-Akg
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Transcript of Intro to Jet Aerodynamics and Handling-Akg
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Purpose
• Demonstrate aerodynamic differences
between piston and jet aircraft
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Objectives
• State 4 types of jet airplane buffet
• Identify aerodynamic properties of a
swept wing
• Define the basic types of stability
• Define critical Mach
• Know the airplane reaction in regardsto speed stability, dutch roll, and
Mach tuck.
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Compressibility and Mach
Number• At 18,000 ft, 185 KTAS:
TAT = -21C
PT = 7.7 lb/in2
TAT = -25C
PT = 5.2 lb/in2
OAT = -21C
P AMB = 7.3 lb/in2
• At FL350, Mach .78:
OAT = -54C
P AMB = 3.5 lb/in2
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Mach Number and Speed of
Sound
Mach No. =True Airspeed
Speed of Sound Altitude
Temperature (oC)
Sea level:
15 oC
36,089 ft and above:-56.5 oC
15-56.5
FL360
0
Altitude
Speed of sound (KTAS)
Sea level:
661 KTAS
36,089 ft and above:
574 KTAS
661574
FL360
0
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VMO and MMO
Crossover altitude
True Airspeed, V
Pressure
Altitude
Climb speedschedule
VMO is a typically a constant IASMMO is a constant Mach
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High Speed Buffet
• At some even higher speed,
complete flow separation can occur.
This will result in buffeting in level
flight – High Speed Buffet will befelt.
Flight Speed = Mach .798
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Critical Mach and Drag Rise
• Drag is adversely impacted by shock
wave formation
Drag
Coefficient
(CD)
Mach
Critical
Mach
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Initial Buffet Envelope
Mach
A l t i t u d e ( 1 0 0 0 f t )
.60 .68 .76 .84
20
25
30
45
40
35
.52
Increasing weight
or load factor
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Initial Buffet Envelope
Mach
A l t i t u d e ( 1 0 0 0 f t )
.60 .68 .76 .84
20
25
30
45
40
35
.52
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“Coffin” corner
Mach
A l t i t u d e ( 1 0 0 0 f t )
.60 .68 .76 .84
20
25
30
45
40
35
.52
Coffin
corner
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Stick-Shaker
• Many commercial airplane designs also
include a “stick shaker ” to artificially
augment natural pre-stall buffet in regions
where it is not naturally prominent… • The stick shaker is programmed to trigger
at a pre-defined margin above stall.
At low altitudes and for flaps down operation, the loweramber band shows stick shaker speed for a 1.3G
load factor, and the lower “barber pole” shows the
stick-shaker speed for current load factor .
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Jet Transport Handling
Characteristics
• Static and dynamic stability
• Wing sweep, “dihedral effect” and
“Dutch roll”
• Speed stability and speed trim
system
• Mach “tuck” and mach trim system
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Basic Stability Definitions
Airplane stability and control is critical to
safety of flight, as well as passenger
comfort.
• Stability – a tendency of the airplane toretain the same attitude in relation to it’s
flight path or it’s relative motion to the air;
the tendency to return to a state of
equilibrium.
• Control – the ability to adjust the
airplane’s attitude in relationship to it’s
flight path or it’s relative motion to the air.
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Positive Static Stability
“Static” stability – indicates the airplane’s
initial tendency to return to a trim condition if
disturbed:
In these examples, the initial tendency is
to return to the equilibrium condition –
this is called positive static stability
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Positive Static Stability
“Static” stability – indicates the
airplane’s initial tendency to return to a
trim condition if disturbed:
In these examples, the initial tendency is
to return to the equilibrium condition –
this is called positive static stability
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Positive Static Stability
“Static” stability – indicates the
airplane’s initial tendency to return to a
trim condition if disturbed:
In these examples, the initial tendency is
to return to the equilibrium condition –
this is called positive static stability
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Positive Static Stability
“Static” stability – indicates the
airplane’s initial tendency to return to a
trim condition if disturbed:
In these examples, the initial tendency is
to return to the equilibrium condition –
this is called positive static stability
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Negative Static Stability
“Static” stability – indicates the
airplane’s initial tendency to return to
a trim condition if disturbed:
In these examples, the initial tendency is to
diverge further from the equilibrium condition –
this is called negative static stability
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Neutral Static Stability
“Static” stability – indicates the airplane’s
initial tendency to return to a trim
condition if disturbed:
In these examples, there is no initial tendency to
either return or to diverge further from the
equilibrium condition – this is called neutral static
stability
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Airplane Stability
• Airplane stability and control needs tobe evaluated in all axes:
– Pitch Longitudinal Stability
– Roll Lateral Stability – Yaw Directional Stability
• Secondary “coupled modes” also
evaluated…
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Dutch Roll
The phenomenon of “Dutch” roll is an
interesting characteristic largely
associated with swept wing airplanes,
and is caused by “roll-yawcoupling”…
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Dutch Roll
Due to primarily to wing sweep, the
advancing wing generates more lift,
causing a roll into the yaw…
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Dutch Roll
The wing generating more lift also
generates more drag. This causes the
airplane to yaw away from the bank…
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Dutch Roll
At the point where the airplane
develops significant yaw in the
opposite direction, the roll tendency
reverses also…
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Dutch Roll
The roll due to yaw continues…
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Dutch Roll
The advancing wing induces yaw in the
opposite direction…
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Dutch Roll
The yaw
continues…
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Dutch Roll
We are back to the initial yaw condition,
and one cycle of Dutch roll is
complete…
Depending on the dynamic stability of
the Dutch Roll mode, it may take
several cycles to damp this
oscillation…
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Speed Stability
Thrust,
Drag
Mach
Min Drag
Thrust
limited
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Speed Stability
Thrust,
Drag
Mach
At this Mach, the airplaneexhibits positive
speed stability
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Speed Trim
• To compensate for this natural negative speedstability when hand-flying at slower speeds, a
speed trim system is added
• This system automatically applies stabilizer trim as
necessary to oppose the unintended speed change:
• Speed trim is most likely to activate on takeoffs,
climbouts, and go-arounds, at light weights, aft
center of gravity locations, and at high thrust
increasing speed nose up trim decreasing speed nose down trim
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Mach “tuck”
Lift
Speed above Mcrit,reduces lift forward of CG, and
reduces downwash at the tailplane.
Will cause nose down movement.
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Mach Trim
• To compensate for this effect in jet
transports that cruise routinely at speeds
above MCRIT, a mach trim system is
added• This system automatically applies
stabilizer trim as necessary to counteract
the movement in the center of pressure
• Inflight failure or MEL dispatch withinoperative mach trim, if allowed, can
impact speed envelope
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Summary
• Flight characteristics of jets
• Different types of buffet
• Swept wing characteristics
• Airplane reaction to stability types,
dutch roll, and Mach tuck,
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Review Questions
Mach number is the ratio of
a) the airplane’s true airspeed to the
speed of sound at sea level.
b) the airplane’s true airspeed to the
local speed of sound.
c) the airplane’s indicated airspeed to
it’s true airspeed.
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Review Questions
The speed of sound ___ as
temperature decreases.
a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains constant
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Review Questions
Critical mach is the
a) mach number that defines the sound
barrier.
b) lowest flight speed at which local
velocity on the wing first exceeds the
speed of sound.
c) the mach number at which a wing is
designed to cruise.
d) the maximum operating mach.
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Review Questions
In cruise, flight at speeds above critical
mach
a) will induce a shock wave and
turbulent flow that increases drag.
b) can overstress the wing.
c) is not dangerous as long as high
speed buffet is not present.
d) all of the above
e) a and c only
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Review Questions
In cruise, initial buffet might be
encountered when
a) speeding up.
b) slowing down.
c) climbing to a higher altitude.
d) rolling into a turn.e) all of the above
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Review Questions
The stick-shaker is intended to
a) provide warning of impending stall at
conditions where the wing’s natural
buffet is not sufficient to act as adeterrent to further speed decay.
b) indicate that the airplane is
exceeding VMO.
c) automatically verify that controls are
free and correct.
d) wake the crew in time to eat dessert.
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50
Review Questions
Dutch roll is
a) a coupled roll-yaw oscillation that is
common on swept-wing aircraft when the
yaw damper is off or inoperative.b) the rolling tendency that occurs when an
engine fails.
c) an inherently dangerous and unstable
maneuver that must be avoided.
d) an evasive maneuver pioneered by
Anthony Fokker.
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Review Questions
True/False: A jet transport always
exhibits naturally positive speed
stability.