Intro to Cell BiologyReview

Looking at a drop of blood under the microscope you see this. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?

Made of cells

Which of the characteristics of living things are these examples of?

Reproduce

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg

Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.aspPlanaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

Which of the characteristics of living things is this frog demonstrating?

Grow and develop

Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate and become able to spread from person to person causing a worldwide epidemic.

Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?

Evolution; change over time

http://www.animationlibrary.co

Which of the characteristics of living things is this boy demonstrating?

Grow and develop

Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up.

Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of?

Respond to stimulus & homeostasis

http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

Which of the following characteristics of living things explains why birds fly south for the winter?

A. Maintain internal balanceB. Made up of cellsC. Based on a universal genetic codeD. Respond to their environment

D. Living things respond to their environment

Which of the characteristics of living things is this butterfly demonstrating?

Grow and develop

People with diabetes lack the ability to make the hormone which controls blood sugar called ______________insulin

http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly

Another name for a “living thing”

organism

Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge

proton

http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html

Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?

↑

The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy is _______________.glucose

Give an example of a monosaccharide

Glucose, galactose, fructose,ribose, deoxyribose,

A monosaccharide is a ______________

Lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate protein

carbohydrate

Many genetic diseases result from the production of enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or not at all?

Changing its shape can alter the shape of the active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects how the enzyme works

Describes molecules that try to stayaway from water or other polarmolecules

Hydrophobic; non-polar

Scale used to measure acidity

pH

Which of these molecules is a protein?

↑

Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about.

DNA and RNA

Give an example of a polysaccharide

Cellulose, glycogen, starch

Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster = ___________enzymes

Enzymes work by ____________the activation energy required toget a chemical reaction started.

increasing decreasing

decreasing

Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy

cellulose

Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose.

ATP

RIBOSEImage by Riedell

A human is a(n) ______________. autotroph heterotroph

heterotroph

Name 5 of the characteristics of ALL living things.

Made of cellsReproduceTake in and use materials and energy Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)Grow and developRespond to environmentHave a universal genetic codeAs a group, change over time

Give an example of an autotroph.

Green plant

The hereditary information inall living things is in the form of a large molecule called __________________________.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Which of these molecules stores genetic info?

↑

Give the chemical symbol for each:

Carbon _____ Sodium ion ____

Oxygen _____ Potassium ion ___

Nitrogen ____ Chloride ion ___

Phosphorus ____ Calcium ion ___

Hydrogen ___ Hydrogen ion ___

Sulphur ___

C

O

N

P

H

S

Na+

K+

Cl-

Ca++

H+

1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2O

What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?

Give an example of a heterotroph

Any animal (including humans),Most bacteria

The 3 smaller particles found insideatoms are ____________, _____________.and _____________.

protons neutronselectrons

Name this reaction

dehydration synthesis-Losing water to make a bond

http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

science

gene

A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein

Name one characteristic of water

that makes it important for living cells.

Good solvent (lots of substances dissolve in it)

Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp (good for homeostasis)Makes hydrogen bonds (water molecules stick together)Participant/product in many chemical reactions (helps metabolism)

Another name for a heterotrophconsumer

Atomic particle with a negative charge electron

A signal to which an organism responds

stimulusImage from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif

Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things

Proteins, carbohydrates,lipids, nucleic acids

Lipids that are made of many carbon and hydrogen atoms are_________________ Polar non-polar

Non polar

__________ orbit the nucleus of anatom at very high speeds in

different energy levels.

Protons neutrons electrons

Electrons

What kind of electric charge doelectrons have? negative

that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________ polar

that have gained or lost electrons so that they have an electric charge are called ______.ions

MOLECULES

ATOMS

HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES are all _____________.

Proteins carbohydrates nucleic lipids acids

proteins

Glucose is a _______________.

Protein carbohydrate nucleic lipid acid

carbohydrate

Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?

↑

Name this reaction

http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg

Hydrolysis-(adding water to break a bond)

Unfolding that happens to a proteinin extreme temperatures or pH thatcauses it to change shape

denaturing

Stimulus that comes from outsidean organism

External stimulus

Which of these molecules is an amino acid ?

Look closely! They all are.Look for the groupson the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R

If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the#1 spot?

#1

#2

#3

NO THYMINE (T)

Which of the following is TRUE?

Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.

RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.

Amino acids are made of proteins

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose.

F Proteins are made of amino acids

F Simple sugars are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars.

TRUE

TRUE

Which of these molecules combines with proteins to make cell membranes?

↑

In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of _______________

A. macromoleculesB. carbohydratesC. polymersD. monomers

D. monomers

Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?

↑

The blue part ofthis phospholipid moleculeis ____________

polar non-polar

Non-polar

The tails on this molecule are__________________hydrophilic hydrophobichydrophobic

Give a function for nucleic acids in cellsStore genetic info (DNA) transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA)protein synthesis (RNA)

Name an ion that’s important inliving cells.

Sodium (Na+) Calcium (Ca++)Potassium (K+)

Chloride (Cl-)Hydrogen (H+)

How many different amino acids areused by all living things to make

proteins? 20

This gray fish is a(n)____________

Autotroph heterotroph

Heterotroph(Gets its food by eating other organisms)

 Image from: http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

If you want to make DNA which sugar CAN BE used in the#2 spot?

#1

#2

#3

deoxyribose

The subunits that make nucleic acids are called _____________

amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides

nucleotides

Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, andstarch are all examples of ________________.carbohydrates

____________ is an important atom to living things because it can form bonds with 4 other atoms at once to make chains, rings, and many different kinds of molecules.

Carbon

Name 4 of the 6 atoms important for making molecules used in cells.

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, OR phosphorus

Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information

DNA

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide

http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html

Amino acid subunits join togetherto make _______________ Lipids carbohydrates nucleic proteins

acids

proteins

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make_____________________

polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids

Nucleotides

If you want to make RNA which sugar CAN BE used in the#2 spot?

#1

#2

#3

ribose

Name 3 of the many functions of proteins that you learned about

Act as enzymesTransport (Help move substances in & out of cells) Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes)Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)Act as hormones (insulin)Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins)Structural (make cell membranes)Fight germs (antibodies)carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin)control blood sugar (insulin)

Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?

↑

Name a function of carbohydrates in cells.

Burn for energyStore energy for laterStructural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)

Phospholipids that make up cell membranes havea polar _________.

head tail

head

Nucleic acid molecule that is singlestranded RNA

What determines the amino acid sequence in a protein?

DNA code

What ending is found at the end of the name of most enzymes?

-ase

Match the building block with the molecule it makes.Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates

Nucleic acids____________________

____________________

____________________

Proteins

CarbohydratesGlucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell

Name an atom found in DNA but not carbohydrates and lipids

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Kind of chemical reaction used to join subunits when making polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids

Dehydration synthesis

What determines the 3D folding ofa protein?

Hydrophobic R groups

Nucleic acid molecule that is doublestranded DNA

What property of carbon allows it to form so many different kinds of molecules?

Can join 4 other atoms at same time

What are some factors that can influence an enzyme’s activity?

Temperature & pH

If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the#1 spot?

#1

#2

#3

NO URACIL (U)

Name one of the properties of water that make it important for living things

Its polar so it dissolves many different substancesIt doesn’t change temperature easily

so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp)It forms hydrogen bonds

so molecules stick togetherIt is an important participant/product

in many chemical reactions

If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the#1 spot?

#1

#2

#3

A, T, C, or G (BUT NOT U)

Tell one way DNA is different from RNA

DNA RNADouble stranded single strandedContains A,T,C,G Contains A,U,C,GNo U no Tsugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribososeStores genetic info transfers info

from nucleus to out to cell

A = ________________B = ________________C = ________________D = ________________E = ________________

Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction:

enzyme

productsenyzme-substrate complex

active sitesubstrate

Image by Riedell

The process of changing from a stemcell to different looking cells withdifferent functions

differentiation

Name the 4 main macromolecules usedto make living things

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids

nucleotides

Polysaccharide used by animal cellsto store glucose for later

glycogen

http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer

autotroph

Sexual reproduction

Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents

Kind of lipid made from carbon andhydrogen joined in rings instead ofchains that make up cell

membranes andcan act as hormones

steroids

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm

Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?

↑

Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide

Scale used to measure acidity

Molecule formed when a substrate bondsto the active site of an enzyme

pH

Enzyme-substrate complex

Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide

#1 = __________________#2 = __________________#3 = __________________phosphate

#1

#2

#3

nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer

heterotroph

Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent

Asexual reproduction

http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm

Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG

macromolecule

Stimulus that comes from insidean organism

internal stimulus

Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Place in an atom where electronsorbit Energy

levels

evolution

The basic unit of life is the ________.cell

The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions

differentiation

http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg

Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types

Stem cell

Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction

substrate

Another name for an autotroph

producer

Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atomneutron

Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide

Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes

phospholipid

5 carbon sugar used to make RNA

ribose

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Image by Riedell

All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its

life processes

metabolism

Organism made of many cellsmulticellular

Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic

Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells

hemoglobin

Kind of chemical reaction used by cellsto join molecules together by removingan H and OH to make a water molecule

Dehydration synthesis

http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis

Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation

products

Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic

Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

monomer

Image by Riedell

Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule?

↑

The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy

glucose

Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

Active site

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

Molecule made of a protein withcarbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification

glycoprotein

Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen

insulin

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information

DNA

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chainpolysacchari

de

http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html

Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?

↑

Energy required to get a chemical reaction started

Activation energy

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Van der Waals forces

Substance that speeds up a chemicalreaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst

http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg

The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucosephotosynthesis

Organism made of only one cell

unicellularChemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule

hydrolysis

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged

atoms in another moleculeHydrogen

bonds

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster

enzyme

Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Which of these molecules is an amino acid?

↑

Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits

Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other

protein

polar

Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

5 carbon sugar used to make DNA

deoxyribose

An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge

ion

Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react

reactants

Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg

Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing”hydrophobic

One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides

Nitrogen bases

Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body

carbohydrate

Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits togetherpolymer

Image by Riedell

Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid

Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis

nucleic acid

If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the#1 spot?

#1

#2

#3

A, U, C, or G (BUT NOT T)

Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracilRNA (ribonucleic acid)

Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group

Amino acid Image by Riedell

Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells

to store glucose for laterstarch

The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________biology

What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

Which of these molecules is used by cellsto store and transport energy?

↑ RIBOSE