Intrinsic Motivation - contents.kocw.or.krcontents.kocw.or.kr/document/week6_1.pdf · 2013. 1....
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Intrinsic Motivation4/9/2012
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Theories of Motivation
School of thought Behavioral Cognitive* Constructivist
Definition
Explanation
anticipation of reward
individual’s decision,
underlying drives, needs or
self-control
social context
performance of tasks is
influenced by external forces
6 drives: exploration, manipulation,
activity, stimulation,
knowledge, ego enhancement
- derived from our interactions with others as well as
one’s self-determination
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*Cognitive definitions
• Drive theory (Ausubel)
• Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow) : Basic physical needs --> Communal needs --> Self-actualization
• Self-control theory (Hunt): making one’s own choices
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• the “needs” concept of motivation is common to all three schools of thought (e.g. learning a foreign language- rewards, choices, social context)
• Types of motivation
1. Global, Situational, Task-oriented motivation
2. Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation3. Integrative and Instrumental orientation
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Instrumental and Integrative Orientations
• These are NOT types of motivation but orientations - within either orientation (context/purpose for learning), one can have high or low motivational intensity
Instrumental Orient. Integrative Orient.
to further a careerto read technical materials
translation...
to integrate into the culture group
to be involved in social interchange...
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• Studies on the integrative-instrumental show inconclusive, ambiguous results - There is no single means of learning a second language
• The two orientations are not necessarily mutually exclusive & both are important factors accounting for successful language learning
• There may be more than two orientations: e.g. Four orientations: Travel, Friendship, Knowledge, and Instrumental Orientations
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic orientations may help achieve long-term retention.
• We view disequilibrium as motivating - Optimal incongruity (=Krashen’s “i+1”) presents enough possibility of being resolved on one’s own.
Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsically motivated behaviors aim at bringing about internally rewarding
consequences (e.g., feeling of competence, self-determination)
...fueled by anticipation of a reward from outside and beyond
the self (e.g. money, prizes, positive feedback, to avoid
punishment)
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• Maslow (1970): intrinsic motivation is superior to extrinsic - More recently found in the “Flow theory”
• Flow theory: as a result of the intrinsically rewarding experience associated with flow, people push themselves to higher level of performance
• Bruner (1996): praised the “autonomy of self-reward” - weaknesses of extrinsically driven behavior (rewards and punishment)**
• Our ultimate quest: to build intrinsically motivated learners who strive for excellence, autonomy, and self-actualization
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• ** Example
Subjects were asked to solve an intrinsically fascinating complex puzzle with no stated reward. Halfway through the process, the experimenter informed the subjects that there would a monetary reward for solving the puzzle. - Guess what happened next?
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<Motivational Dichotomies (Bailey, 1986)>
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Integrat.L2 learner wishes to integrate with the L2
culture (e.g. for marriage)
Someone else wishes the L2 learner to know the L2 for
integrative reasons
Instru. L2 learner wishes to achieve goals utilizing L2
External power wants L2 learner to learn L2
Intrinsic motivation may not always turn out to be integrative and Extrinsic motivation are not always instrumental!
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• School curriculum
• Parental expectations
• Society’s expectations
• Tests and exams
• Immediate gratification
• Make money
• Competition
• Never fail
Intrinsic Motivation in Education
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Discuss
• Brainstorm commonly used techniques in language classrooms that you have observed or taken (e.g. reading aloud, pronunciation drill). Evaluate the technique against the 10 criteria for determining whether a technique is intrinsically motivating. (p. 93)
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