Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
Transcript of Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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@jyqf -he`yh Fdq`mljp `j Rxjkfa; F Dfth ln He`yh Ehc`y`mfdp Dq`t`t
_Rqhthjyhi fy ygh thm`jfq lj rle`y`dt j Jlqyg Shty @ji`f; hmhqc`jc yqhjit fji dgfjc`jc rfyyhqjt
Nha7-0% 122>% Ihrfqymhjy ln dlqqhtrljihjdh dlxqtht Rxjkfa` Xj`~hqt`yp Rfy`fef*]
Rfqm`jihq T* Aglcfe+
Fatyqfdy
@j ygh fnyhqmfyg ln ygh hqf ln yfee jfy`ljfe eh~he% shee qhtrhdyhi tyfyhtmhj%
dljyhmrlqfqp @ji`f `t shee `j ygh cq`r ln mf`jep qhc`ljfe lq cqlxr afthi
rle`y`dfe rhqtljfe`y`ht* Fetl ygh @ji`fj tld`hyp% fnyhq l~hq t`wyp phfqt ln
rle`y`dfe `jihrhjihjdh gft cljh ygqlxcg deftt fji dxeyxqfe yqfjtnlqmfy`lj*
Nqlm f ild`eh mftt ln plqh% `y gft jls ahdlmh f thf ln q`t`jc hwrhdyfy`ljt*
Fee yg`t qhvx`qht f thftljhi fji f ~`t`ljfqp rle`y`dfe ehfihqtg`r fy fee eh~het yl
tyhhq fji yl ihe ~hq ft rhq rhlreht hwrhdyfy`ljt* Dljyhmrlqfqp rle y`dfe
he`yht `j @ji`f gf~h jly ahhj ~hqp txddhttnxe `j yg`t qhcfqi* Yghp yghqhnlqh
nfdh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t fji ygh `jty`yxy`ljt ln rle`dp mfo`jc fji cl~hqjfjdh
fqh xjihq th~hq tyqf`jt* Yg`t gft nlqdhi yghm `jyl xthehtt fdq`mlj`lxt
ljtefxcgyt fcf`jty hfdg lyghq* @y `t aft`dfeep ygh dq`tht ln rhqnlqmfjdht ftfetl ygh nfee lxy ln jhl e`ahqfe celafe`tfy`lj `j f tld`hyp sghqh d`~`e`yp `j phy
jly shee hjyqhjdghi% fji sg`dg `t ah`jc mlty tglii`ep dl~hqhi xr ap ygh
q`~fe he`yht ap g`cg r`ydg fddxt`jc fji dlxjyhq fddxt`jc ln hfdg lyghq* Ygh qxj
xr yl ygh qhdhjy hehdy`ljt yl Rxjkfa ^`igfj Tfagf sft f jfohi hwg`a`y`lj ln
ygh tfmh*
*Rxjkfa gft kxty ahhj ygqlxcg ygh hehdy`lj rqldhtt% fji f jhs cl~hqjmhjy
ghfihi ap T Rfqoftg T`jcg Afife ln Tg`qlmfj` Fofe` ife gft ahhj ghqfeihi `j ygh tyfyh* H~hqpljhsgl nleelshi ygh Rxjkfa hehdy`ljt fji ygh rhq`li ahplji ygfy s`ee fcqhh yl ygh nfdy ygfy l~hq ygh
phfqt ygh rle`y`dfe dlmrhy`y`lj ahyshhj ygh ysl mf`j dljyhjihqt `*h* ygh Dljcqhtt fji ygh Fofe`
Ife gft ahdlmh xjdlmnlqyfaep tgfqrhjhi* @j nfdy yg`t yhjihjdp gft dlmh yl ah s`yjhtthi `j ygh
rlty m`e`yfjdp rgfth `j ygh tyfyh* Glsh~hq `yt yljh fji yhjlq sft chyy`jc mlqh fji mlqh glty`eh
s`yg hfdg rftt`jc hehdy`lj fji ygh txathvxhjy dgfjch ln cl~hqjmhjy*
Ygxt shee ahnlqh ygh fdyxfe dlxjyilsj yl ygh Nhaqxfqp 1223 Ehc`tefy`~h Ftthmaep
hehdy`ljt ygh rle`y`dfe ehfihqt aheljc`jc yl alyg ygh mf`j rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht `j ygh tyfyh ~`{* ygh Fofe`
Ife 'Afife) fji ygh Dljcqhtt shqh ahc`jj`jc yl ~hjyxqh lxy nlq mftt dljyfdy rqflcqfmmht `j ygh
nlqm ln qfee`ht fji rle`y`dfe mhhy`jct fji jl lrrlqyxj`yp `jdexi`jc mheft 'yqfi`y`ljfe nf`qt) fji
qhe`c`lxt fji lyghq tld`fe lddft`ljt `jdexi`jc rq`~fyh nxjdy`ljt s`yg dljt`ihqfaeh cfyghq`jct% sft
ah`jc m`tthi nlq yg`t rxqrlth* Ygh rle`y`dfe fdq`mljp `j ygh tyfyh sft ahc`jj`jc yl chy n`hqdhq ifp
ap ifp ft ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht qhtlqyhi yl rlrxe`ty ihdefqfy`ljt ft shee ft nhqld`lxt yqfi`jc ln dgfqcht
fji dlxjyhq dgfqcht fcf`jty hfdg lyghq% lnyhj qhfdg`jc ygh i`mhjt`ljt ln yljcxh eftg`jc% dgfqfdyhq
fttftt`jfy`lj fji tehf{h* La~`lxtep ygh `jyhq he`yh dlmrhy`y`lj fji fdq`mljp gfi qhfdghi fy `yt
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g`cghty tl nfq `j ygh tyfyh* @y `t ygh efyhq `*h* ygh nhqld`lxt yqfi`jc ln dgfqcht fji dlxjyhq dgfqcht
ygfy gft ahhj dfeehi `jyqf he`yh fdq`mljp `j yg`t rfrhq* Ygh rgqfth `jyqf-he yh ghqh mhfjt
ahyshhj lq fmljc ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht s`yg `j ljh cqlxr lq f rfqyp ' txdg rltt`a`e`y`ht fqh qfqhq axy il
gfrrhj sghqh nfdy`lj n`cgy s`yg`j f rfqyp ahdlmht mlqh rqlm`jhjy% glsh~hq ygh r`ydg qhmf`jt
qhefy`~hep els)% axy mlqh lnyhj ahyshhj lq fmljc ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht ln ysl lq mlqh rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht
Yglxcg ygh rle`y`dfe dlmrhy`y`lj fee l~hq @ji`f ft shee ft Rxjkfa gft thhj txdg
rfydght ln he`yh ahgf~`lxq ixq`jc fee ygh y`mht* Fji trhd`n`dfeep% txdg yhjihjd`ht ahdlmh h~hj
tgfqrhq sg`eh jhfq`jc ygh hehdy`ljt* Glsh~hq fdq`mlj`lxt ihafyht fji y`qfiht slxei xtxfeep
qhmf`j qhefyhi yl dhqyf`j `ttxht sg`dg fnnhdy ygh rhlreh i`qhdyep lq `ji`qhdyep% fji xtxfeep
fdq`mlj`ht slxei jly l~hqtgfils ygh xjihqep`jc `ttxht fji fdvx`qh rhqtljfe dgfqfdyhq hwdhry nlq
~hqp aq`hn rhq`lit fji ygfy yll sghj yghth shqh yl ah xthi yl g`y ygh rle`y`dfe lrrljhjy nlq f
mlmhjy ljep% `j lqihq yl tdlqh f vx`do clfe* H~hj yg`t slxei ah iljh s`yg f ihcqhh ln n`jhtth%
dfqhnxeep dgllt`jc ygh lddft`lj% ygh slqit fji ygh efjcxfch* @j txdg rqldhttht% ~hqp qfqhep ljh
slxei n`ji ihhr aqx`thi hclt fji efty`jc a`yyhqjhtt ft ygh nhjdht slxei ah ft tllj mhjihi
ahyshhj ygh he`yht* Glsh~hq cl`jc ap sgfyh~hq sft yfo`jc refdh `j Rxjkfa% ygh tgq`eejhtt% ygh eh~he
fji ygh xjihqep`jc rhqtljfe `qq`yfy`ljt fmljc ygh he`yht il rl`jy ylsfqit tlmh yg`jc feylchyghq
i`nnhqhjy* @j Rxjkfa% f tptyhmfy d fji xj`jyhqqxryhi cqlsyg ln txdg yhjihjd`ht dfj ah yqfdhi yl
ygh ifpt ln m`e`yfjdp sghj ygh cxj gfi fj xrrhq gfji l~hq ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j ygh tyfyh fji
ygh ehc`y`mfyh lqihq ln fxyglq`yp qhmf`jhi i`tqxryhi nlq vx`yh tlmhy`mh* Fnyhq ygh m`e`yfjdp sft
qhefy`~hep txaixhi% hehdy`ljt yl ygh ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep shqh ghei xjihq tlmh ln ygh mlty hwyqf
lqi`jfqp d`qdxmtyfjdht `j ygh g`tylqp ln ygh tyfyh* Ygh txq~`~`jc m`e`yfjy qfjot gfi ygqhfyhjhi yl
i`tqxry ygh hehdy`ljt* Ygh Fofe` Ife gfi fetl ihdefqhi yl alpdlyy ygh hehdy`ljt* Yghqhnlqh Dljcqhtt
Rfqyp sft ygh ljep mfklq dljyhjihq ehny `j nqfp* Xey mfyhep f Dljcqhtt qhc`mh ghfihi ap efyh T*
Ahfjy T`jcg sft `jtyfeehi `j ygh tyfyh* Glsh~hq yg`t qhc`mh sft q`cgyep yl ahdlmh f rq`tljhq ln ygh
rhdxe`fq d`qdxmtyfjdht fji mhygli ygqlxcg sg`dg `y sft `jtyfeehi* Ahdfxth ln fj hehdy`lj ygfy sft
rqfdy`dfeep xjdlmrhyhi% fji `j sg`dg ygh ~lyhq yxqj lxy sft ~hqp ~hqp els ahdfxth ln nlqdhi lq
hjc`jhhqhi rlee`jc yl f efqch hwyhjy% ygh qhc`mh ygfy sft xtghqhi `j ap `y fesfpt txnnhqhi nqlm f
dlmrehw ln f nefshi ehc`y`mfdp*
Ygh dljdhry`lj ln f ehc y`mfyh lqihq fdyxfeep ihrhjit xrlj fj lqcfj`{fy`ljfe
tyqxdyxqh '`jty`yxy`ljt) mf`jyf`jhi ap rhqtljt 'he`yht) sgl hwhqd`th fxyglq`yp fji def`m ehc`y`mfdp
nlq yg`t hwhqd`th* Ygh tgfqhi dljdhry`lj ln f ehc`y`mfyh lqihq fji ygh rhqtljt `j nlqmfe
lqcfj`{fy ljt sgl gher yl mf`jyf`j ygfy lqihq ygqlxcg ygh hwhqd`th ln fxyglq yp dljty`yxyh f
jhyslqo ln tld`fe qhefy`ljt_6]Yg`t jhyslqo ln tld`fe qhefy`ljt% lq tld`fe dljyqfdy `n sh mfp
tfp tl% `j fjp rle`y`dfe tptyhm% frfqy nqlm lyghq yg`jct `t ygh nxjdy`ljt ln ygqhh mf`j ~fq`faeht? ygh
eh~he ln rle y`dfe rfqy`d`rfy`lj% alyg hehdylqfe fji lyghqs`th ? ygh dfrfd yp ln ygh `jty`yxy`lj%
nleelshi ap ygh dfrfd`yp ln ygh he`yht yl rhqnlqm xr yl tlmh m`j`mxm eh~het ln chjhqfe
hwrhdyfy`ljt* S`yg fjp mfklq ilsj sfqi ~fq`fy`lj `j h`yghq ln yghth ~fq`faeht% ygh jhy slqo ln
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tld`fe qhefy`ljt yhjit yl chy i`tyxqahi* Sg`eh ygh dq`t`t nlq ygh `jty`yxy`ljt dlmht rqlafaep fy ygh
efty tyfch rqhdhihi ap ygh dq`t`t nlq ygh qhc`mht% ygh dq`t`t nlq ygh he`yht% htrhd`feep ygh rq`jd`rfe
he`yht `t fesfpt `mmhi`fyh* @j yg`t dfth ln Rxjkfa% ft ygh eh~he ln rle`y`dfe rfqy`d`rfy`lj% nlq sgfy
h~hq qhftljt% sft nfq nqlm tfy`tnfdylqp% ygh Ahfjy T`jcg qhc`mh fesfpt txnnhqhi nqlm ygh nefshi
ehc`y`mfdp tpjiqlmh* _1] Fji yg t nefshi ehc`y`mfdp tpjiqlmh sft tlxcgy yl ah mfjfchi
jhcfy`~hep% ap aqxyfeep tefjihq`jc ygh rq`jd`rfe q`~fe def`mfjyt yl fxyglq`yp `*h* ygh Fofe`t fjiygh`q ehfihqt* Yghqhnlqh ygh yghj Dljcqhtt cl~hqjmhjy Dg`hn M`j`tyhq gfqrhi lj f rle dp ln
mhjfd`jcep yfqchy`jc ygh Fofe` ehfihqtg`r% aq`jc`jc `j alyg ygh`q rle`d`ht ft shee ft ygh`q rhqtljf
s`yg`j g`t mftt`~h g`y qfjch* Ygxt Dg`hn M`j`tyhq% efyh T* Ahfjy T`jcg slxei ygxt jh~hq ehy cl
fjp lrrlqyxj`yp `j efxjdg`jc tdfyg`jc fyyfdot lj ygh Fofe` ehfihqtg`r `jdexi`jc ygh`q ysl rq`jd`rfe
ehfihqt T* Rfqoftg T`jcg Afife fji Cxqdgfqfj T`jcg Ylgqf% lnyhj fddxt`jc yghm ln txrrlqy`jc ygh
m`e`yfjyt% ah`jc dlmmxjfe fji ahyqfp`jc ygh `jyhqhtyt ln Rxjkfa ft fetl ygh T`ogt * Ahfjy T`jcggfi cljh yl ygh hwyhjy ln glei`jc f rle`y`dfe qfeep fcf`jty Cxqdgfqfj T`jcg Ylgqf fy f tglqy i`tyfjdh
nqlm g`t glmh fy g`t jfy`~h Ylgqf ~`eefch Tllj ygh Fofe`t yll shqh qhyfe`fy`jc `j ygh t`m`efq yljh%yhjlq fji tx`yfaeh dljyhjy* Yg`t yqhji dljy`jxhi y`ee Fxcxty 6008 sghj Ahfjy T`jcg g`mthen sft
fttftt`jfyhi*
@j ygh 6003 hehdy`ljt ygh Fofe`t shqh fetl qhtlqy`jc yl t`m`efq yfdy`dt* Ygh ljep
m`jlq i`nnhqhjdh sft ygfy ygh Fofe` ehfihqtg`r i`i jly `jixech mxdg `j mfo`jc rhqtljfe fyyfdot lj
ygh he`yht ln ygh Dljcqhtt rfqyp `j ygh tyfyh* Yg`t sft t`mrep ahdfxth `j ygh fnyhqmfyg ln Ahfjy
T`jcgt fttftt`jfy`lj% ygh frhw rhqtljf ln tyfyh Dljcqhtt ehfihqtg`r sft phy jly ~hqp dehfq*
Lyghqs`th Fofe`t shqh hvxfeep nlqdhnxe `j efxjdg`jc rqlrfcfjif fyyfdot fcf`jty ygh`q fqdg q`~fet `j
ygh rle`y`dt ln ygh tyfyh* Ygh g`cg i`mhjt`ljt ln dlqqxry`lj ixq`jc ygh Dljcqhtt qhc`mh% glei`jc ygh
Dljcqhtt rfqyp qhtrljt`aeh nlq ygh q`th ln m e`yfjdp fji Dljcqhtt efdhi rle`dh Qfk ah`jc
qhtrljt`aeh nlq ygh ihfygt ln gxjiqhit ln `jjldhjy T`og plxygt `j nfoh hjdlxjyhqt ft shee ft ygh
Dljcqhttmhj ehi chjld`ih ln ygh T`ogt `j Jhs Iheg` `j ygh fnyhqmfyg ln @ji`qf Cfjig t
fttftt`jfy`lj shqh ygh rfqy`dxefq refjot ln Fofe rqlrfcfjif fji ygh Fofe ehfihqt shqh
rqldef`m`jc ygfy% ygh Dljcqhtt gft dhfthi yl ah f rle`y`dfe rfqyp fji gft ahdlmh f mljhp
gfq~hty`jc mfdg`jh `jtyhfi*_4]* @j ~fq`lxt hehdy`lj qfee`ht `j ygh dlxjyqpt`ih% Fofe t xthi ygh
yqfi y`ljfe afeefi t`jchqt ln Rxjkfa yl dfty`cfyh efyh Mqt* Cfjig` fji ghq tlj Qfkhh~ Cfjig`% ygh
yghj rq`mh m`j`tyhq ln @ji`f nlq ygh`q fjy` T`og fji fjy` Rxjkfa rle`d`ht* H~hj efyh rq`mh m`j`tyhq
Rxji`y Kfsfgfqefe Jhgqx sft fetl tlmh y`mht fi~hqthep qhnhqqhi nlq ahyqfp`jc ygh T`ogt ap cl`jc
fsfp nqlm ygh feehchi rqlm`tht c`~hj yl ygh T`og ehfihqtg`r ln ygh y`mh fy ygh y`mh ln ygh rfqy`y`lj
ln @ji`f `j 6093% qhcfqi`jc tlmh o`ji ln rle`y`dfe fxyljlmp s`yg `j ygh jhs xj`lj ln @ji`f* Ygh
yljh fji yhjlq ln txdg mxt`dfe rqhthjyfy`ljt slxei lnyhj `j~le~h yqfi`y`ljfe tgfqr% k`aa`jc fji
efmrllj`jc ~ldfaxefqp ln Rxjkfa` i`fehdyt ln qhtrhdy`~h fqhft* Ygh ylr eh~he tyfyh rle`dh
axqhfxdqfdp `jdexi`jc ygh rqh~`lxt i`qhdylq chjhqfe ln Rxjkfa Rle`dh Mq* ORT C`ee% xjihq sglth
dlmmfji ygh tyfyh rle`dh fji ygh rfqfm`e yfqp nlqdht nlxcgy aellip afyyeht fcf`jty ygh m`e`yfjyt%
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shqh fetl yfqchyhi `j ygh hehdy`lj qfee`ht _9]* Ygxt ehc`y mfdp nlq ygh Fofe` Rfqyp fji `yt ehfihqtg`r
sft tlxcgy yl ah ax`ei xrlj ygh T`og `ihjy`yp% ygh feehchi ahyqfpfe ln ygh T`ogt ap ygh Dljcqhtt
rfqyp ft shee ft ygh Dljcqhtt m`tqxeh% alyg ixq`jc ygh eljc trhee ln Rqht`ihjyt qxeh `j ygh tyfyh ft
shee ft ygh txddhhi`jc Dljcqhtt qhc`mh ygfy fttxmhi rlshq `j ygh tyfyh `j6001 fnyhq ygh fal~h
qhnhqqhi dljyql~hqt`fe hehdy`ljt*
Ygh 1221 hehdy`ljt aqlxcgy `j ygh rhqtljfe`{hi rle`y`dfe ~hjihyyf afdo yl ygh dhjyqhln hehdy`ljhhq`jc* Ahdfxth ln la~`lxt efdo ln qhfe `ttxht `j ygh hehdy`ljt* Ygh dfmrf`cj tfs f ely ln
mxi-te`jc`jc% s`yg ygh rxae`d`yp fji rqlrfcfjif s`jct ln alyg ygh qxe`jc Fofe` Ife fji ygh
Dljcqhtt slqo`jc l~hqy`mh* Sg`eh ygh Dljcqhtt fddxthi ygh cl~hqjmhjy% fji Afife g`mthen% ln
dlqqxry`lj% ygh efyyhq `j yxqj aefmhi ygh m`tmfjfchmhjy ln ygh rqh~`lxt Dljcqhtt cl~hqjmhjyt
sg`dg gfi qxehi Rxjkfa nlq ygh cqhfyhq rfqy t`jdh `jihrhjihjdh* Ygh Dljcqhtt gfqrhi lj
ygh cl~hqjmhjy#t #jlj-rhqnlqmfjdh# fji `j ygh`q mhi`f dfmrf`cjt ygh Fofe`t tlxcgy yl
dljyqfty ygh`q fyyhmry yl #qhtylqh Rxjkfa` gljlq# ~`{ f ~`{ Dljcqhttt Lrhqfy`lj Aexh Tyfq* _8] Rhlreh
fee l~hq ygh dlxjyqp s`ee jh~hq nlqchy ygh dfqyllj sfqnfqh ahyshhj ygh ysl rfqy`ht q`i`dxe`jc hfdglyghqt rq`jd`rfe he`yht* Fji yg`t fee i`i jly hji s`yg ygh hehdy`lj qhtxeyt* Ygh gfqtg yqfi`jc ln
dgfqcht ahyshhj ygh he`yht ln ygh ysl rfqy`ht gft ahhj cl`jc lj ln fji lj* @j f ml~h sg`dg
rqlafaep `t xjrqhdhihjyhi `j @ji`f fji dfeet nlq ygh dljdhqj ln fee% h~hj ygh nlqmfe dljty`yxy`ljfe
nlqxm ln ygh eh~he ln f ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep sft jly trfqhi nlq yg`t rxqrlth sghj f trhd`fe thtt`ljt
ln Rxjkfa ^`igfj tfagf 'Tyfyh Ehc`tefy`~h Ftthmaep) sft dlj~hjhi yl i`tdxtt ygh dljyql~hqt`fe `ttxht
qhefyhi yl i`tdxtt ygh lq`c`j fji q`th ln ygh hwyqhm`ty ml~hmhjy `j Rxjkfa s`yg ygh la~`lxt
rxqrlth ln efmafty`jc ygh Fofe`t% htrhd`feep Mq* Afife* Ygh mftyhq m`ji ahg`ji yg`t tyqfyhc`d
ml~h% Dfry* Fmq`jihq T`jcg% ygh dg`hn m`j`tyhq sft txddhttnxe `j tmhfq`jc ygh Fofe`t ap fddxt`jc
yghm ln nleels`jc nxjifmhjyfe`ty rle`d`ht fji i`tdq`m`jfy`jc fcf`jty ygh `jyhqhtyt ln Rxjkfa*
Ygqlxcg lxy ygh`q trhhdght ygh Dljcqhtt mhmahqt shqh fccqhtt`~hep fyyfdo`jc ygh Fofe
Ehfihqtg`r nlq ah`jc qhtrljt`aeh nlq ygh q`th ln m`e`yfjdp `j Rxjkfa* Mq* Fmq`jihq T`jcg sft
rfqy`dxefqep gfqtg lj Mq* Afife% g`t nfm ep mhmahqt fji g`t nleelshqt nlq `jixec`jc `j
xjrqhdhihjyhi dlqqxry`lj* Gh aqfjihi ygh Fofe`t ehi ap Mq* Afife ft mlyghq ln fee dlqqxry`lj
fji fddxthi yghm ap tfp`jc% Fofe`t gf~h ellyhi Rxjkfa fji ehny `y afjoqxry _>]* Nq`hjiep
hehdyqlj`d mhi`f dgfjjhet shqh aefyfjyep xthi yl qhrhfyhiep yhehdfty ygh trhhdg ln ygh Dg`hn
M`j`tyhq sg`dg sft elfihi s`yg gfqtg slqit fji rgqftht fji sft hjhqc`{hi s`yg fj hvxfeep
txcchty`~h alip efjcxfch `j~le~`jc i`qhdy n`jchq rl`jy`jc ylsfqit Mq* Afife sgl feljc s`yg g`t
rfqyp mhmahqt sft n`ji`jc `y i`nn`dxey yl dlxjyhq ygh Dljcqhtt y`qfih fcf`jty yghm* Yghp `jihhi
shqh xjfaeh yl rqhthjy ygh T`og dfth* Rhqgfrt gh 'Mq* Afife) sft tgp ln yfeo`jc falxy nqxtyqfy`lj
ln ygh T`ogt ~`t--~`t ygh q`th ln m`e`yfjdp ahdfxth ln g`t fee`fjdh s`yg ygh AKR* @j ygh ihafyh gh sft
xjfaeh yl thy ygh yljh nlq nqx`ynxe i`tdxtt`lj* Ygh trhhdght nqlm ygh Lrrlt`y`lj ahjdght dljy`jxhi
yl gfqr lj fjy`-Dljcqhtt telcfj* Yghp shqh fjw`lxt yl rql~h ygfy ygh rle`d`ht ln ygh Dljcqhtt shqh
qhtrljt`aeh nlq ygh q`th ln hwyqhm`tm `j Rxjkfa*_3] Yg`t ~ld`nhqlxt xth ln ygh tyfyh ehc`tefy`~h
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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ftthmaep nlq hwyqhmhep jfqqls rle`y dfe hjit jhhit yl ah yghlqhy`dfeep ~`txfe`{hi thrfqfyhep*
Yg`t ihn j`yhep `t f dlmrehw `ttxh fji nqlm ljh fjceh `y dfj ah thhj ft ygh
nfee lxy ln ygh hmhqc`jc dq`t`t ln jhl- e`ahqfe ihmldqfdp jly ljep `j @ji`f fji ygh ih~helr`jc slqei
axy `j ygh ih~helrhi slqei ft shee* Ygh nleels`jc lathq~fy`lj qhcfqi`jc ygh dxqqhjy X*T*
fim`j`tyqfy`lj ghfihi ap Chlqch Axtg 'kq*) nfd`jc th~hqfe txdg dgfqcht qfjc`jc nqlm mfj`rxefy`jc
ygh rqht`ihjy`fe hehdy`ljt yl xt`jc ygh D@F yl m`tehfi jly ljep ygh rxae`d lr`j`lj fy glmh% faqlfi%fji ygh XT Dljcqhtt lj ygh `ttxh ln shfrljt ln mftt ihtyqxdy`lj `j @qfv ahfqt fj frrqlrq`fyh
yhty`mljp yl ygh hmhqchjdh ln txdg yqhjit `j ygh leihty ihmldqfdp `j ygh slqei* @j ygh slqit ln
Rqln Sfeihj Aheel% rqht`ihjy`fe hehdy`lj `j ygh phfq 1222% s`yg `yt ilicp #dgfit# fji mhi`f
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Chlqch S Axtg#t rqht`ihjdp `t ty`ee ~`hshi `j tlmh d`qdeht ft `eehc`y`mfyh? fj g`tylq`dfe fdd`ihjy
ygfy jh~hq slxei gf~h gfrrhjhi s`yg ahyyhq yhdgjlelcp* Phy s`yg jlalip fji jlyg`jc ln `jyhqhty `j
ygh Ihmldqfy dfmr% Axtg i`tthjyhqt gf~h e`yyeh rle`y`dfe lxyehy nlq ygh`q lrrlt`y`lj* _7]
T`m`efq tyqhfot ln dq`t`t shqh tlmh y`mh fcl thhj `j Aq`yf`j sghj ygh Yljp Aef`q
qhc`mh nfdhi xjrqhdhihjyhi rxae`d rqlyhtyt `j qhdhjy y`mht lj ygh `ttxht dljdhqj`jc nlqh`cj rle`dp%
htrhd`feep fddxt`jc g`m ln m`tehfi`jc ygh rfqe`fmhjy falxy ygh `ttxh ln shfrljt ln mftt
ihtyqxdy`lj `j @qfj% ae`jiep nleels`jc ygh XT fji lyghq qhefyhi mfyyhqt* @j ygh Shty yg`t `t thhj ft
ygh cqls`jc `mrl~hq`tgmhjy ln ihmldqfy`d `jty`yxy ljt sg`dg gft lddxqqhi ixh yl ygh rqleljchi
jhl- e`ahqfe xjihq hmrgft`t ln rqldhixqfe ftrhdyt ln qhrqhthjyfy`~h ihmldqfdp fji ahdfxth ln
sg`dg ihmldqfy`d `jty`yxy`ljt ellth ygh`q nxjdy`ljfe dfrfa e`yp fji `jtyhfi ahdlmh mhqh
mhdgfj`tmt nlq ygh qhjhsfe fji dgfjch ln he`yht* _0] Ygh yqfi`y`ljfe deftt`dfe qleh ln ihmldqfy`d
`jty`yxy`ljt% ln ihe`ahqfy`jc falxy jfy`ljfe rle`dp fji ygfy ln qhtyqf`j`jc ygh cl~hqjmhjyt yl cl
ahplji `yt mfjifyh gft jls ahhj lj ygh ihde`jh nlq vx`yh tlmh y`mh* @j lyghq slqit ygh
qhefy`ljtg`r ahyshhj ygh hwhdxy`~ht fji ygh ehc`tefyxqht lq lyghq ihmldqfy`d lqcfjt ln ihe`ahqfy`~h
fji lr`j`lj mfo`jc nxjdy`ljt gft dgfjchi ylsfqit ygh t`ih ln fi~hqt`yp* Yg`t gft tyfqyhi fi~hqthep
fnnhdy`jc ygh ehc`y`mfdp afth ln ygh ihmldqfy`d qhc`mht `j ygh Shty% feah`y fy f e`m`yhi eh~he*
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e`ahqfe`tm `j yglth tld`hy`ht* Lj ygh lyghq gfji `j @ji`f fji `j lyghq ih~helr`jc ihmldqfd`ht%
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dfj ah lathq~hi `j ygh ihmldqfd`ht ln ygh ih~helr`jc slqei `jdexi`jc @ji`f sghqh `j ygh jfmh ln
clli cl~hqjfjdh txdg jhl-e`ahqfe fchjif `t ah`jc `jne`dyhi xrlj ap ygh ih~helrhi dlxjyq`ht
ygqlxcg `jyhqjfy`ljfe `jty`yxy`ljt% `jyhqjfy`ljfe mljhyfqp fchjd`ht fji ygqlxcg trljtlqhi
fdfihm`f* Ft rhq Qlahqy Ohlgfjh ehc`y`mfdp gft ysl dlmrljhjyt fji ygh `jty`yxy`ljt fqh kxichi
alyg lj ygh rqldhixqht yghp nleels '`jrxyt) fji lj ygh qhtxeyt yghp layf`j 'lxyrxyt)* @n ljh s`ihjt
yg`t ihn j y`lj% ehc`y`mfdp ln `jrxy slxei qhnhq yl `jty`yxy`ljt rqldhttht ln fddlxjyfa`e yp%
8
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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yqfjtrfqhjdp% ihmldqfdp% rfqy`d`rfy`lj% frrqlrq`fyhjhtt ln fdylqt% fji lyghq rqldhixqht% sg`dg
qhjihq f rqldhtt lq `j`y`fy`~h mlqh ehc`y`mfyh% sg`eh ehc`y`mfdp ln lxyrxy dlxei ah hwyhjihi yl
`jdexih lxydlmht% hnn`d`hjdp% fji txtyf`jfa`e`yp? `j tglqy% ehc`y`mfdp afthi lj qhtxeyt*_62]* @j ygh
dfth ln ih~helr`jc dlxjyq`ht ygh dq`t`t ln ehc`y`mfdp `t lj alyg `*h* `jrxy ft shee ft lxy rxy fddlxjyt*
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nfdh femlty ygh tfmh t`yxfy`lj* Ygh ihmldqfy`d `jty`yxy`ljt sg`dg fqh feqhfip shfo fji slqo
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ah hqlihi xjihq ygh efyhjy `mrfdy ln yghth txdg fj `mrfdy* Ygh nfee lxy ln txdg e`oh hqlt`lj ln ygh
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fxyglq`yfq`fj`tm `j cl~hqjfjdh `j dfth ln qhc`mht fji ln fxyglq`yfq`fj mfjfchmhjy `j dfth ln
hwyqf dljty`yxy`ljfe tyqxdyxqht ln rle y`dfe mla`e`{fy lj fji dlmrhy y`lj* Ygxt ygh rle y`dfedlmrhy`y`lj jly ljep fmljc ygh ~fq`lxt cqlxrt 'rfqy`ht) dljyhji`jc nlq rlshq axy fetl fmljc ygh
dljyhji`jc he`yht s`yg `j ygh cqlxrt yhji yl yfoh ygh tgfrh ln qfs rlshq tyqxcceht* Yg`t `j yxqj
ahc`jt yl rxy f vxhty`lj mfqo lj ygh fxyglq`yp ln ygh `jty`yxy`ljt _66]% ft shee ft ygfy ln ygh he`yht*
Yg`t xey`mfyhep yfoht ygh nlqm ln f ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t `j alyg ygh dftht* Yg`t fee rxyt ygh ty`ee jly ~hqp
tyfaeh ihmldqfd`ht `j mfjp ih~helr`jc dlxjyq`ht yl th~hqh tyqf`jt% lnyhj yfo`jc yghm yl ygh rl`jy
ln aqhfo ilsj*
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ihmldqfy`d `jtyqxmhjyt ln mftt mla`e`{fy`lj `j @ji`f% alyg fy ygh jfy`ljfe fji qhc`ljfe eh~hetylifp gf~h ahcxj yl txnnhq nqlm f eltt ln dqhi`a`e`yp fji fqh yghqhnlqh cqlr`jc nlq hnnhdy`~h qleht `j
ygh rle`y dfe tptyhmt* Ih~l`i ln `ihlelc`dfe dlj~`dy`ljt% shfohjhi lqcfj`{fy`lj fji s`yglxy shee
nlqmxefyhi rqlcqfmmh dgfqyhqt afthi lj eljc yhqm tld`hyfe jhhit fji aqlfihq tld`l- hdljlm d
dljthjtxt% yghth rfqy`ht qh~le~`jc fqlxji he`yh rhqtljfe`y`ht ylifp frrhfq mlqh e`oh de`vxht* Jl
ilxay% yghqhnlqh% ygh tfmh gf~h ahhj qhixdhi yl ygh tyfyxt ln f mhqh mhdgfj`tm nlq mla`e`{`jc
~lyht ap aq`jc`jc ylchyghq ft s`ih f dlfe`y`lj ln `jyhqhtyt ft rltt`aeh ygqlxcg rlrxe`ty mhftxqht
fji filry`jc h~hj mxyxfeep dljne`dy`jc rle`d`ht fji rqlcqfmmht* Fjlyghq tyqfyhcp `t yl nlqmxefyh
rle`y`dfe fji hehdylqfe fee`fjdht s`yg dlj~hj`hjy cqlxrt fji rfqy`ht `qqhtrhdy`~h ln fjp aqlfihq
`ihlelc`dfe lq rle`dp dlmrfy`a`e`yp* Yg`t sft sgfy fdyxfeep sft gfrrhj`jc `j Rxjkfa* @j fj fyyhmry
yl sll ygh yqfihqt fji `jixtyq`fe tyt% Fofe` Ife ghei f dljnhqhjdh `j Agfy`jif lj `*h* 8 yg ln
Nhaqxfqp 122> *@j yg`t dljnhqhjdh ygh Rqht`ihjy ln TFI 'Afife) Mq* Rfqoftg T`jcg Afife
rqlm`thi `mmhi`fyh fale y`lj ln Ldyql` fji thyy`jc xr ln tyfyxylqp tyfyh ih~helrmhjy alfqit nlq
efqch% mhi`xm fji tmfee tdfeh `jixtyqp lj rfqypt qhyxqj yl rlshq*_61] @y clht s`yglxy tfp`jc fnyhq
yg`t ygfy Mq* Afife ghfit f rfqyp sg`dg `t s`ihep ojlsj yl qhrqhthjy ygh `jyhqhtyt ln nfqmhqt% fji
ljh ln ygh mfklq cqxich ln ygh xqafj yqfihq deftt fcf`jty ygh rqh~`lxt Afife qhc`mh '6003-1221)
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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sft ygfy sg`eh Fofe`t fesfpt c`~h rqhnhqhjy`fe yqhfymhjy yl ygh nfqmhqt fji lyghq qxqfe `jyhqhtyt%
fji yqfih fji `jixtyqp% sg`dg fqh efqchep xqafj `jyhqhtyt% shqh c`~hj thdljifqp yqhfymhjy* Ygh
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chy fy hfdg lyghqt kxcxefq* _64]
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qhcfqi* Fnyhq ygh aqhfo ilsj ln ygh mljlrlep ln ygh Dljcqhtt qhc`mh fy ygh dhjyhq fji ygh ljthy ln
dlfe`y`lj rle`y`dt `j @ji`f `j ygh 6002t% ygh sh`cgyfch ln ygh qhc`ljfe rfqy`ht `j txdg f tdhjfq`l gft
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rlshq `j ygh tyfyht* Ygxt ygh rlshq dlmrhy`y`lj gft ahdlmh fee ygh mlqh th~hqh alyg nlq ygh
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rfqy`ht% mfjp y`mht h~hj `j~le~`jc ygh `ttxh ln ehc`y`mfdp* Yg`t gft nxqyghq ihchjhqfyhi ygh feqhfip
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ygh rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht% `jtyhfi ln chjx`jh `ttxht% fqh mlqh fji mlqh ihrhji`jc xrlj rqlnhtt`ljfemfjfchq`fe to`eet yl gfjieh g`cg rqln`eh rxae`d qhefy`ljt fji hehdy`lj dfmrf`cjt% sgl yqxh yl ygh`q
mfqohy hyglt ln axt`jhtt% xth rql~ldfy`~h telcfjt fji `ttxht% `j dfmrf`cj rltyhqt% gxch dxy lxyt
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yl fjp ljh sgl dfmh yl qhrqhthjy fjp nlqxm lq dexa `j fjp ~`eefch s`yglxy ~hq`np`jc `yt fjyhdhihjyt
fji s`yglxy dfq`jc mxdg falxy ehcfe`y`ht e`oh ygh`q qhc`tyqfy`ljt hyd* _69]* Ygh ljep dq`yhq`f sft ygh
qhdlmmhjify`lj ln ygh eldfe Fofe` ehfihq* Ygh tyfyh cl~hqjmhjy sg`dg sft dftg tyfq~hi ixh yl `yt
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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th~hqfe lyghq rlrxe`ty rqlcqfmmht% i`~hqyhi nxjit ln ~fq`lxt tyfyh rxae`d thdylq ~hjyxqht e`oh ygh
tyfyh fcq`dxeyxqh mfqohy`jc alfqi% ft fetl nxjit qhdh`~hi nqlm f nq`hjiep cl~hqjmhjy fy ygh dhjyqh
nlq ~fq`lxt trhd`n`hi rqlcqfmmht shqh i`~hqyhi yl Tfjcfy Ifqtgfj efqchttht yl ygh qxqfe ~lyhqt
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aq`ah ygh mfttht% lq mftt aq`a`jc*
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fdy`~`y`ht frfqy nqlm aqhhi`jc xjdljyqleefaeh dlqqxry`lj fy ygh mftt eh~het `j ih~helr`jc tld`hy`ht
fetl rxy f vxhty`lj mfqo l~hq ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh hehdyhi `jty`yxy`ljt fji ehcfe-`jty`yxy`ljfe
rqldhixqht* Ygh rqlaehm ghqh `t yg`t ygfy txdg he`yh fdy`ljt il jly h~hj dljnlqm yl ygh jhl-e`ahqfe
fchjif ln qhfdg`jc lxy yl ygh d`~`e tld`hyp ahplji ygh nlqmfe tyqxdyxqht ln cl~hqjfjdh% ahdfxth `j f
ih~helr`jc dlxjyqp e`oh @ji`f sghqh yqfi`y`ljfe`yp ty`ee refpt f t`cj`n`dfjy qleh fji sghqh Shty
mlihehi `jty`yxy`ljt ln ihmldqfy`d rle`y`dfe tptyhmt fqh ty`ee `j ygh rqldhtt ln chyy`jc fifryhi yl
ygh eldfe dlji`y`ljt% ygh d`~`e tld`hyp tyqxdyxqht fji dxeyxqh dljixd`~h yl ygh cqlsyg ln yghth `t ty`ee
~hqp qfqh fji mltyep fy f jftdhjy tyfch ln ih~helrmhjy fji ygxt ty`ee jly ~hqp hnn`d`hjy yl dljyqle lq
qhcxefyh txdg rqldhttht s yg `j ygh dljylxqt ln fjp shee ihn`jhi tld`l-rle`y`dfe fchjif lq fj
`ihlelcp*
T`m`efqep ihd`t`ljt s`yg eljc-yhqm `mre`dfy`ljt nlq ygh d`y`{hjt txdg ft
fddhry`jc efqch elfjt nqlm `jyhqjfy`ljfe nxji`jc fchjd`ht lq mhmlqfjixmt ln xjihqtyfji`jc s`yg
rq`~fyh thdylq dlmrfj`ht hyd* mfp jly h~hj ah qhnhqqhi yl hehdyhi ftthmae`ht* Fcf`j f ~hqp
frrqlrq`fyh hwfmreh `j yg`t qhcfqi dlmht nqlm ygh rqh~`lxt Dljcqhtt ehfi Rxjkfa cl~hqjmhjyt
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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ihd`t`lj yl htyfae`tg trhd`fe hdljlm`d {ljht nlq sg`dg Mhmlqfjixmt ln xjihqtyfji`jct shqh
t`cjhi s`yg rq`~fyh refphqt s`yglxy fjp o`ji ln rle`dp cx`ihe`jht gf~`jc ahhj n`jfe`{hi ap ygh tyfyh
ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep lq fjp mxyxfeep fcqhhi rql~`t`lj nlq qhyqltrhdy`~h qfy`n`dfy`lj* Txdg
xjihqm`j`jc ln ygh dqhi`a`e`yp ln ygh hehdyhi `jty`yxy`ljt ln ihmldqfy`d cl~hqjmhjyt ap tfdq`n`d`jc
ygh rle`y`dfl-fim`jtyqfy`~h rqldhttht% frfqy nqlm aqhfi`jc mhcf dlqqxry`lj fy g`cghq eh~het ln
fim`j`tyqfy`lj% xey`mfyhep dqhfyh f dq t`t ln cl~hqjfjdh `j ygh eljc qxj ft ygh`jty`yxy`ljfe,ihmldqfy`d fddlxjyfa`e`yp ln ygh frhw ihd`t`lj mfohqt ahdlmh fee ygh mlqh tdfqdh
qhtxey`jc `j ygh hqlt`lj ln rxae`d yqxty* @y `t ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt ygfy ihn`jht ygh dqhfy`lj fji
i`tyq`axy`lj ln rlshq s`yg`j f tld`hyp fji cx`iht ygh qhefy`ljtg`r ahyshhj ygh he`yht fji ygh
`jty`yxy`ljt% fji ygh he`yht fji ygh mfttht* Fji sghj ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt ahdlmht nfxeyp lq `t
tglqy d`qdx`yhi% `y dqhfyht alyg ygh dq`t`t ln ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh `jty`yxy`ljt ft shee ft ygfy ln ygh
he`yht lj fj hvxfe tdfeh*
@j @ji`f la~`lxtep ygh qleh ln ygh hehdyhi ftthmae`ht `t chyy`jc i`m`j`tghi ftygh hwhdxy`~h s`jct ilm`jfyhi ap ygh rq`jd`rfe rle`y`dfe he`yht ln ygh qxe`jc rfqy`ht fji xjnhyyhqhi
ap hnnhdy`~h rfqyp lqcfj`{fy`ljt fqh chyy`jc `j ygh gfa`y ln f~l`i`jc ygh ftthmae`ht ap qhixd`jc ygh
ifpt ln ygh thtt`ljt% ohhr`jc ygh fchjift yl ygh afqh m`j`mxm ft fetl dqhfy`jc `mrfttht fji
ihfieldot l~hq dljyql~hqt`fe `ttxht fji th~hqfe lyghq txdg e`oh mfj`rxefy`ljt falxy sh fee ghqh fqh
~hqp nfm`e`fq* Lyghq ygfj yg`t% yl vxlyh efyh Rqln* Mfgalla xe Gfv% ygh qhtrljt`~hjhtt ln ygh
ehc`tefyxqht yl ygh ihmfji ln rhlreh dljy`jxht yl ah i`dyfyhi ap rle`y`dfe hw`chjdp% rhqtljfe y`ht
fji rfyqljfch* Rfqe`fmhjyt fqh lnyhj rhqdh`~hi yl ah jlyg`jc mlqh ygfj f dleehdy`lj ln yglth sgl
gf~h alxcgy ygh`q sfp yl rlt`y`lj ln rlshq_6>] Xt`jc Rqln Qfkj` Olygfq`%t yhqm`jlelcp% yg`t dfj
rqlafaep ah ihtdq`ahi ft ih`jty`yxy`ljfe`{fy`lj fji dq`m`jfe`{fy`lj ln rle`y`dt fji ft fj fyyhmry
`j ml~`jc fsfp nqlm ygh rexqfe`ty d fji `jdext`~h mlihe ln rle`y dt* Yg`t `t la~`lxtep ygh dq`t`t ln
ygh rle y`dfe rqldhtt ixh yl% alyg% `yt fafjiljmhjy fji% `yt tglqy d`qdx y`jc* Axy sgfy h~hq
gfrrhjhi `j ygh Rxjkfa Ehc`tefy`~h ftthmaep ixq`jc ygh Jl~hmahq 1228 trhd`fe thtt`lj yl i`tdxtt
ygh lq`c`j fji q`th ln ygh hwyqhm`ty ml~hmhjy `j Rxjkfa% sghqh ygh nlqxm ln ftthmaep gf~`jc ahhj
rxy yl f cqltt rfqy`tfj xth yl i`tdqhi`y fji efmaftyh ygh rle`y`dfe lrrljhjyt ft feqhfip mhjy`ljhi
`t rqlafaep fj fee ylchyghq f jhs i`mhjt`lj yl yg`t i`qhdy`lj*
Frfqy nqlm ygh hqlt`lj ln ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh ihmldqfy`d `jty`yxy`ljt yghqh
`t fetl fj hvxfeep th~hq dq`t`t ellm`jc efqch l~hq ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh he`yht* Ehc`y`mfdp `t `j nfdy f
dlmrlxji dljdhry xjihqr`jj`jc lqihq `j tld`fe fji rle`y`dfe yhqmt* '@y) qhtxeyt nqlm ygh fddhryfjdh ln
lqihq fji he`yh qleh `j `y* @y `t fyyf`jhi `j rfqy ygqlxcg ygh dhjyqfe dxeyxqfe tpmalet% rfqy`dxefqep
yglth qhrqhthjy fji `jyhcqfyh ygh i`nnhqhjy`fyhi cqlxrt s`yg `j ygh tyfyht fji `t ygxt y`hi yl g`cg
dxeyxqh fji ihn`j`jc hehmhjyt ln f d`~`e`{fy`lj_63] Ygh ~hqp rqldhtt ln ehc`y`mfdp yghqhnlqh `j~le~ht
fee% `jdexi`jc dljty`yxy`ljfe `jty`yxy`ljt% hwyqf dljty`yxy`ljfe `jty`yxy`ljt e`oh rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht fji
ln dlxqth ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht* L~hq ygh phfqt jls yghqh gft ahhj fj h~hq-s`ihj`jc cxen ahyshhj
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tld`hyp#t d`y`{hjt fji ygh`q rle`y`dfe ehfihqt* Ixh yl yg`t f dq`t`t ln cl~hqjfjdh `t ahc`jj`jc yl ellm
efqch l~hq ygh ih~helr`jc tld`hy`ht* Ft yghth tld`hy`ht fqh ah`jc `jdqhft`jcep txakhdyhi yl ygh mfqohy
nlqdht ln hdljlmp fji ygh tyfyh `t s`ygiqfs`jc `ythen nqlm ygh tld`fe trghqh% ygh jly`lj ln f tgfqhi%
ihmldqfy`dfeep jhcly`fyhi dljdhry`lj ln ygh rxae`d clli fji tld`fe kxty`dh gft femlty ahhj
fafjiljhi* S`yg jl tld`fe feyhqjfy`~h lj lnnhq% fji jl ~`t`lj ln ygh nxyxqh qhfi`ep f~f`efaeh% fee yg`t
gft aqlxcgy `j cqls`jc i`thjcfchmhjy ahyshhj hehdylqfyht fji ygh htyfae`tghi rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht*Yg`t hvxfeep tyqljcep `mr`jcht xrlj ygh ehc`y`mfdp vxhty`lj ln ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht ln ygh rle`y dfe
rfqy`ht* Mfjp y`mht ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh he`yht mfp yhji yl ah dljnxthi s`yg ygh qhc`mh ehc`y`mfdp
lq fy ehfty yhji yl ah thhj rfqfeehe yl `y* Glsh~hq ygh dljdhry ln ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh he`yht mxty ah
fy ehfty dljdhryxfeep thhj i`nnhqhjyep nqlm qhc`mh ehc`y`mfdp lq nqlm ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh rfqyp%
nfdy`lj lq ygh cqlxr qhrqhthjyhi ap yghm* He`yh ehc`y`mfdp `t trhd`n`dfeep fj `jyqf cqlxr
rghjlmhjlj% yglxcg tlmh y`mht% `j dfth ln ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht `y mfp qxj rfqfeehe yl qhc`mh
ehc`y`mfdp lq ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln ygh rfqyp lq cqlxr* Sghj sh yfeo falxy he`yh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t% yghj
sgfy `y `mre`ht `t ygfy ygh txrrlqy afth ln ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht s`yg `j ygh qhtrhdy`~h lqcfj`{fy`ljt `txjihq tyqljc ~hqp dlmrhy`y`lj% `j ygh n`qty dfth% h`yghq ixh yl tyqljc dgfeehjcht hmhqc`jc nqlm s`yg
`j ygh cqlxr lq ahdfxth ln ygh th~hq`yp ln rlshq dlmrhy`y`lj nqlm lyghq rfqy`ht lq cqlxrt ~p`jc `j
ygh trghqh ln rlshq* @j ygh thdlji dfth ygh he`yh ehc`y`mfdp yhjit yl ah vxhty`ljhi ahdfxth ln
ihhrhj`jc ilxayt falxy f ehfihqt dfrfa`e`yp yl hnnhdy`~hep ehfi g`t cqlxr `j ygh rlshq dlmrhy`y`lj
~`t f ~`t ygh lyghq dljyhji`jc rfqy`ht* Yghqh nlqh ygh rq`jd`rfe he`yht fqh qhvx`qhi yl mf`jyf`j ygh`q
ehc`y`mfdp eh~het alyg fmljc ygh mfttht ft shee ft s`yg `j ygh rfqyp dfiqht ~`t f ~`t lyghq q`~fe
he`yht ~p`jc yl qhrefdh yghm nqlm ygh rq`jd`rfe rlt`y`lj s`yg `j ygfy rfqyp* Yghqh `t fj lyghq ftrhdy
ln ehc`y`mfdp sg`dg frre`ht yl ygh ehc`y`mfdp ln i`nnhqhjy eh~het ln rq`jd`rfe he`yht s`yg `j f g`hqfqdgp
afthi rle`y`dfe rfqyp e`oh ygh ljh `j f nhihqfe tptyhm*% ghfihi ap tyqljc ehfihqtg`r fy ygh dhjyqfe
eh~he* @j txdg dftht ygh qhc`ljfe he`yht mfjp f y`mht nfdh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t ahdfxth yghp elth lq yhji
yl elth ygh dljn`ihjdh fji txrrlqy ln ygh dhjyqfe ehfihqtg`r ln ygh rfqyp h~hj `n yghp il jly nfdh
mxdg ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t fy ygh`q lsj eh~he `j rlrxefq yhqmt s`yg `j ygh lqcfj`{fy`ljt lq s`yg `j ygh
mfttht ln ygh qhc`lj* Rqln* Rfxe aqftt gft lathq~hi `j ljh ln g`t tyxi`ht falxy @ji`f% tlmh dg`hn
m`j`tyhqt gf~h qht`cjhi nlq ghfeyg qhftljt ygfy il jly frrhfq yl ah qhftljt ln rle`y`dfe ghfeyg%
lyghqt shqh ftohi yl qht`cj ap ygh dhjyqfe ehfihqtg`r ln ygh Dljcqhtt h~hj yglxcg yghp dljy`jxhi
yl dlmmfji f n`qm mfklq`yp `j ygh tyfyh ehc`tefy`~h rfqyptlmh y`mht fetl% shfo fji xjrlrxefq
dg`hn m`j`tyhqt fqh faeh yl mf`jyf`j yghmthe~ht `j rlshq tlehep ahdfxth ygh jfy`ljfe ehfihqtg`r
ilht jly s`tg yghm yl ah qhml~hi_67]
Ygxt% `j txdg fj hj~`qljmhjy% he`yht lnyhj qhtlqy yl rle`y do`jc l~hq m`jlq
`ttxht% yqp`jc yl txrhq`mrlth yghth lj ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j lqihq yl kxty ah yghqh* Ygxt ygh `ttxht
fqh jly feelshi yl i`h fji yghp ohhr lj txqnfd`jc fji qhtxqnfd`jc ft rhq ygh dlj~hj`hjdh ln ygh
he`yht% ft fetl jhs `ttxht fqh `j~hjyhi lq tmfee `ttxht fqh tlxcgy yl ah `jnefyhi nlq rle`y`dfe hjit*
@j f ih~helr`jc tld`hyp e`oh @ji`f sghqh l~hq ygh phfqt ixh yl f tyhfip hwrltxqh yl f o`ji ln
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8/9/2019 Intra -elite Acrimony in Punjab: A Case of Elite Legitimacy Crisis?
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ihmldqfy`d hj~`qljmhjy% ygh cqlsyg ln m`iieh deftt qfjot lq sgfy gft ahhj dfeehi ft ygh dq`t`t ln
q`t`jc hwrhdyfy`ljt% ygh rle`y`dfe fqhjf `t qhrehyh s`yg txdg dqhfyhi `ttxht lq lyghq mfqc`jfe `ttxht
*Txdg f t`yxfy`lj nxqyghq chyt nfd`e`yfyhi ap ygh qfr`i rqle`nhqfy`lj ln hehdyqlj`d mhi`f sghqh n`hqdh
dlmrhy`y`lj nlq mfqohy txq~`~fe dfydght h~hqp tmfee `ttxh fji aelst `y tl i`trqlrlqy`ljfyhep fji
tl thjtfy`ljfeep% l~hq fji l~hq% ygfy lnyhj h~hqp yg`jc eltht `yt iht`qhi hnnhdy lj ygh rxae`d fji
`jtyhfi ahdlmht mhqhep f nxjjp tyxnn nlq rxae`d hjyhqyf`jmhjy* Ygh yqfchip s`yg txdg `ttxht `t ygfyyghth gfqiep fqh dfrfaeh ln chjhqfy`jc ghfeygp ihafyh fji tld`feep fddhryfaeh tyqfyhc`ht ln rltt`aeh
tlexy`ljt* Axy yghth fqh ~hqp xthnxe `j dqhfy`jc rle`y`dfe ilc n`cgyt% yfmftgft% fji xcep tdhjht%
rle`y`dfeep chjhqfyhi dq`mh fji g`cgep dgfqchi dljyhwyt sg`dg dlmh `j gfjip nlq ygh rle`y`dfe he`yht
yl def`m ehc`y`mfdp nlq ygh`q qhtrhdy`~h ehfihqtg`rt*Fji ygh t`yxfy`lj ylifp `t dehfqep ygh ljh sghqh
ygh qhfe `ttxh nfd`jc ygh tld`hyp e`oh ygh tld`l - hdljlm`d i`qhdy`lj ygfy ygh ih~helrmhjy tglxei
yfoh% ygh dljdhqj falxy rle`dp ft shee ft tyqxdyxqfe fikxtymhjyt fji qhfikxtymhjyt yglth mfp ah
qhvx`qhi yl dljy`jxh ygh q`cgy o`ji fji trhhi ln ygh ih~helrmhjyfe rqldhtt hyd* hyd* lnyhj yfoh afdo
thfy lq kxty chy elty `j ygh yqhmhjilxt jl`th fji dexyyhq ln lyghq t`ihe`jh `ttxht qhnhqqhi fal~h*
Yg`t gh`cgyhjhi dlmrhy`y`lj nlq ehc`y`mfdp `j~fq`faep ehfit yl rle`y dfe
dlmrhy`y`lj `j ygh nlqm ln fccqf~fyhi `jyqf he`yh dlmrhy`y`lj `j rlshq tyqxcceht* @j f mfklq`yp ln
ih~helr`jc ihmldqfd`ht ygh qhjhsfe ln mfklq `ji`~`ixfe rle`y`dfe fdylqt `t ty`ee hwyqhmhep tels* Fy
ygfy eh~he ygh f~hjxht ln rle`y`dfe xrsfqi ml~hmhjy nlq elshq eh~he he`yht `t dhqyf`jep ~hqp i`nn`dxey*
Ygh yg`jct ahdlmh fee ygh mlqh i`nn`dxey ahdfxth ln `jdqhft`jc ihj`fe ln `jyhqjfe ihmldqfdp fji
fddhryfaeh dgfjjhet ln cq`h~fjdh qhiqhttfe s`yg `j ygh rle y`dfe rfqy`ht* Yg`t% yl tlmh hwyhjy
ahdlmht f gfjip mhdgfj`tm nlq ygh qhrhfyhi qhd`qdxefy`lj ln rlshq he`yht nqlm s`yg `j ygh
ilm`jfjy nfm`e`ht lq nqlm s`yg`j ygh tfmh tld`fe tyqfyf* Glsh~hq ygh dgfjc`jc deftt dlmrlt`y`lj
jxqyxqhi ap ygh sgfy h~hq nlqm lq vxfe`yp ln hmhqc`jc ihmldqfy`d rqldhtt fji ~fexht `j txdg
tld`hy`ht mfp ah% `y `t dhqyf`jep rxtg`jc `j mlqh jxmahq ln dlmrhy`ylqt `j ygh rle`y`dfe rlshq cfmh
ygxt qf`t`jc ygh rqhttxqh nlq rle`y`dfe txq~`~fe* Ygxt s`yg `j ygh cqlxrt fji rle`y`dfe rfqy`ht ygh
ehfi`jc he`yht fqh n`ji`jc mlqh fji mlqh i`nn`dxey yl glei lj yl `y* Yghqh fqh fesfpt jxmhqlxt
lyghqt lj ygh ylht% hfchq yl qhrefdh ygh hw`ty`jc ehfihqtg`r* Yg`t `jyqf he`yh dlmrhy`y`lj nxqyghq
ylxcghjt ygh rqldhtt ln ehc`y`mfdp fdvx`t`y`lj ap he`yht* Ygh ehc`y mfdp ln mlty ln ygh rle y`dfe
ehfihqt gfjct `j ygh afefjdh* @j mlty dftht yghp gf~h jl ~`t`lj% jl rqlcqfmmh% fji jl qhftlj yl
ah yghqh hwdhry nlq ygh s`ee ln ygh hehdylqfyh* Fji ygh s`ee ln ygh hehdylqfyh% txdg ft `y hw`tyt% `j~le~ht
dfty`jc f cqxic`jc ~lyh nlq ygh ljh rhqtljfe`yp lj lnnhq* @j f dlxjyqp e`oh @ji`f sghqh ygh rqldhtt ln
rle`y`d`{fy`lj gft feqhfip ahcxj yl t`cj`n`dfjyep qhfdg elshq tyqfyf fji rhq`rghqfe fji mfqc`jfe`thi
cqlxrt% ygh sgleh dlmrehw`lj ln ihmldqfy`d rle`y`dt `t nfty dgfjc`jc* Ygh dlqh `ttxht ln mfdql
ih~helrmhjy fji jfy`lj ax`ei`jc fqh chyy jc qhehcfyhi yl ygh afdocqlxji fji eldfe `ttxht%
`j~le~`jc alyg fdyxfe ihrq`~fy`ljt fji yglth afthi lj eldfe tld`fe dehf~fcht fji thjy`mhjyfe `ttxht
`jdexi`jc rle`y`dfe rfyqljfch fji tpmale`d rle`y`dfe hmrlshqmhjy ln txdg cqlxrt fqh qhefy`~hep
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cf`j`jc mlqh `mrlqyfjdh* Yg`t rghjlmhjlj% feljc s`yg ygh `ttxh ln he`yh ehc`y`mfdp `t qhtxey`jc
`jyl sgfy tglxei ah dfeehi ygh qhrefdhmhjy ln yqxh ihmldqfy`d ehc`y`mfdp s`yg txrhqnexlxt fji
tglqy e`~hi mla'`e`thi) ehc`y`mfdp sghqh ygh efyhq dlmht ygqlxcg ygh dq`mh-rle`y`dt jhwxt% dftyh
afthi lq thdyfq`fj rle`y dt ln ihmfclcp sghqh ap hehdy`ljt fqh `jnexhjdhi ap e`ahqfe ileht lq ap
qf`t`jc thdyfq`fj fji lyghq `ttxht qhefy`jc yl ygh nfxey e`jht `j ygh tld`hyp h~hj fy ygh dlty ln
jfy ljfe xj yp% mfj`rxefyhi s`yg mljhp fji nqhh e`vxlq,jfqdly`d i`tyq`axy lj% ~lyhqt fqhygqhfyhjhi fji hehdy`ljt fqh q`cchi* Ygh ~hqp nfdy ygfy txdg fj fdvx`qhi ehc`y`mfdp t lnyhj tglqy
e`~hi% hjtxqht f t`yxfy`lj sghqhap ygh ehc`y mfdp dq`t`t ln ygh he`yht% qhrhfyhiep ohhrt txqnfd`jc `j
ljh nlqm lq ygh lyghq yghqhap rqlmry`jc yghm yl mfjfch `y ygqlxcg vx`do rle`y`dfe s`jils
iqhtt`jc yprh ln mhdgfj`tmt* Txdg he`yht% txdg ehc`y`mfdp fji txdg nqhvxhjy ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`tt
t`mrep il jly ehf~h fjp hj~`qljmhjy% y`mh fji yglxcgy nlq tlmh yg`jc dljdqhyh fji y`mh yhtyhi yl
ah xjihqyfohj nlq qhefy`~hep mlqh ih~helrmhjy lq`hjyhi fji mlqh efty`jc tlexy`ljt y`ee txdg y`mht
sghj d`~`e tld`hyp `jyhq~hjht 'qhfdyt `j ih~helr`jc dlxjyq`ht) yl qhrefdh% qhi`qhdy lq qh`jty`yxyh
ygh rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j f c`~hj tld`hyp ihrhji`jc xrlj ygh nlqmhqt mfyxq`yp fji tyqhjcyg*
Yglxcg Rxjkfa `t jls shee lxy ln hehdy`lj mlih fji ygh jhs qhc`mh `t jls
`j% glsh~hq `y phy `t jly ygh y`mh yl tfp sghyghq ygh jhs qhc`mh fji `yt rle`y`dfe ehfihqtg`r s`ee e`oh
yl fiiqhtt `ythen yl yg`t xjdlmnlqyfaeh yqhji lq ygh yg`jct s`ee kxty cl lj fyyf`j`jc jhs gh`cgyt fji
i`mhjt`ljt* Ft @ gf~h tf`i hfqe`hq% `y `t jly ygfy yghqh fqh jl chjx`jh `ttxht yl trhfo falxy fji qfeep
ygh rle`y`dfe fji hehdylqfe txrrlqy* Glsh~hq `y `t frrfqhjy ygfy ygh dljyhmrlqfqp rle`y`dfe he`yht
efdo jhdhttfqp ~`t`lj fji s`ee rlshq qhvx`qhi yl qf`th fji yfdoeh yglth qhfe tld`l - hdljlm`d `ttxht
qhefyhi s`yg ih~helrmhjy fji ygh rqlaehmt ln ygh mfttht* Ihmldqfd`ht fee l~hq ygh slqei fji
mlqh trhd`n dfeep `j ygh ih~helr`jc dlxjyq`ht fqh dhqyf`jep nfd`jc f dq`t`t ln ehc`y`mfdp* Yg`t
`jdexiht ygh `jty`yxy`ljt% ygh rqldhttht% rqlcqfmmht% rle`y`dfe dxeyxqh fji ln dlxqth ygh he`yht
lrhqfy jc fy ~fq`lxt eh~het* Celafe thi jhl- e`ahqfe`tm dlma`jhi s`yg ygh eldfe tld`l rle`y`dfe
fahqqfy`ljt `t yhji`jc yl ellm ghf~`ep l~hq ygh eldfe-rle`y`dfe rqldhttht% fji yg`t `t fy ygh qlly ln
ygh dq`t`t* @y `t fetl f yhty`jc y`mh nlq ygh `jyhqrlt`jc d`~`e`yp lq d`~`e tld`hyp `j qhtrhdy`~h
tld`hy`ht ft ygh hmhqc`jc dq`t`t% `yt rltt`aeh tlexy`ljt fji y`mh trfj qhvx`qhi yghqhln s`ee fesfpt ah
`j~hqthep rqlrlqy`ljfe yl `yt mfyxq`yp fji tyqhjcyg* Dljyhmrlqfqp Rxjkfa% s`yg `yt txnn`d`hjyep
tyqljc m`iieh deftt afth% hjlxcg mfyxqhi ygqlxcg f thq`ht ln g`tylq`d dq`t`t% `t dhqyf`jep cl`jc yl ah
f yhty fji f ehfi dfth `j @ji`f `j yg`t qhcfqi*
Jlyht fji Qhnhqhjdht
_6] Ahji`w Qh`jgfqi% Jfy`lj - ax`ei`jc Fji D`y`{hjtg`r; Tyxi`ht ln Lxq Dgfjc`jc Tld`fe Lqihq
'60>0) Jhs Iheg`% S`ehp Hftyhqj R~y* Eyi* rr% 6>-63*
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_1] Nlq ihyf`ehi i`tdxtt`lj rehfth qhnhq yl Dgfjilo% Jhhqf . Rq`pfifqtg`% Rfq~hhj% Hehdylqfe
rle`y`dt `j rlty dljne`dy tyfyht; ygh dfth ln Rxjkfa sss*dq`t`ttyfyht*dlm ifyhi 10yg ln Kfjxfqp%
122>* Fetl `j HRS* ^le* - WWW^@^ Jl*-@W* Ifyhi 0yg Mfqdg% 122>*
_4] Ygh Nqljye`jh% ^le* 69% Mfqdg 3 600% r-42
_9] Ygh fxyglq g`mthen s`yjhtthi mfjp txdg Fofe` hehdy`lj dfmrf`cjt ixq`jc Nha-Mfqdg 6003*
_8] Hi`ylq`fe% HRS ^le* WWW^@@ Jl*8
_>] Dljcqhtt -Fofe`t lxy yl gxmaeh hfdg lyghq Ygh Yq`axjh Jl~* 0% 1228
_3] `a`i
_7] Aheel Sfeihj% Ygh Celafe Dq`t`t ln Ehc`y`mfdp ln E`ahqfe IhmldqfdpLdy 18% 1228
sss*nldxtsha*lqc
_0] Nlq ihyf`ehi yqhfymhjy ln ygh `ttxh rehfth qhnhq yl Dlghj Khfj '6000)% Yqxty% ^lexjyfqp Fttld`fy`lj
fji Slqofaeh Ihmldqfdp; Ygh Fmhq`dfj I`tdlxqth ln D`~`e Tld`hyp `j Ihmldqfdp fji Yqxty% Hi`yhi ap Mfqo H
Sfqqhj% DXR% Dfmaq`ich% rr 127-190*
_62] Qlahqy L* Ohlgfjh% Rlshq fji Cl~hqjfjdh `j f Rfqy`feep Celafe`{hi Slqei1221% Qlxehich
Eljilj% R-149*
_66] Rph* Exd`fj% S% Ygh ehc`y`mfdp dq`t`t `j Rph* Exd`fj% S% ^hqaf T`ijhp hy he% Dq`t`t fji Thvxhjdh `j Rle`y`dfe
Ih~helrmhjy _6039]% Rq`jdhylj Xj`~hqt`yp Rqhtt% Jhs Khqthp% R-696
_61] Afife rqlm`tht Ldyql` fale`y`lj% qhyg`jo lj ^FY Ygh Yq`axjh Dgfji`cfqg >yg Nha% 122>
_64] C`ee* R* R* T% Fofe` rle`y`dt% aqf`j yhfthq Ygh Yq`axjh% Dgfji`cfqg% Kfjxfqp 62% 1221
_69] Yglxcg yg`t rqfdy dh gft ahhj nleelshi j femlty fee ygh hehdy ljt j @ji`f nqlm 6072`ht ljsfqit glsh~hq
ysl chjhqfe hehdy`ljt% ljh `j Ihdhmahq 6078 fji ygh lyghq `j 1229 dehfqep tyfji frfqy `j yg`t qhcfqi* @j ygh
6078 hehdy`ljt ygh rqh~f`e`jc fjy`-T`og thjy`mhjy fji Mqt* @ji`qf Cfjig`t fttftt`jfy`lj shqh cqlttep xthi
ap ygh Dljcqhtt rfqyp `j ygh nlqm ln rltyhqt% dxy lxyt fji mhi`f fi~hqy`thmhjyt* @j ygh 1229 chjhqfe
hehdy`ljt AKR%t @ji`f Tg`j`jc dfmrf`cj ygh ~lyhqt shqh tlxcgy yl ah mhtmhq`{hi ygqlxcg ygh xth ln
nfjyft`{`jc mhi`f ae`y{oq`hct falxy @ji`ft ih~helrmhjy fji `jdqhft`jc rqltrhq`yp*
_68] Rqlah qh~hfet m`txth ln Tfjcfy Ifqtgfj nxjit% Ygh Yq`axjh% Dgfji`cfqg% 11ji Kxep% 1221
_6>] Klthrg Tfqfg% Tld`hyp ^t Tyfyh< D`~`e tld`hyp% rle`y`dfe tld`hyp fji Jlj- rfqyp rle`y`dfe rqldhtt `j @ji`f
HRS ^le* WWW^@@ Jl*9% Kfj 1>yg 1221*
_63] Gfv% M* '6000) Gxmfj Ih~helrmhjy `j Tlxyg Ft`f 6000; Ygh dq`t`t ln cl~hqjfjdh LXR R-83
_67] Q`dgfqit Kfjhy fji ^fj Axqjt% Mfqp hi`yhi Lqihq% Ehc`y`mfdp fji shfeyg `j Fjd`hjy Tyfyht
_1222]Dfmaq`ich Xj`~hqt`yp Rqhtt% Dfmaq`ich* R-9
_60] Aqftt% Rfxe Q* Dftyh% nfdy`lj . rfqyp `j @ji`fj rle`y`dt ^le*-@% '6079) Dgfjfopf Rxae`dfy`ljt% Jhs Iheg`* RR% 82-86*
64
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+ Rfqm`jihq T* Aglcfe 'M*F* T@T- KJX) `t Ghfi ln ygh Ihrfqymhjy% Rlty
Cqfixfyh* Ihry* ln Rle`y`dfe Td`hjdh% Fqpf Dleehch Exig`fjf . Fttld`fyh%
@ji`fj @jty`yxyh ln Fi~fjdhi Tyxip-Qftgyqfrfy` J`sft Tg`mef
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