IntoleranceandOppressioninIvano-Frankivsk

KyleLogan

Introduc9on

Oncetherewere56synagogues,nowonly1 EvenhadaJewishmayorArthurNimhin(1896-1919)

Ivano-Frankivskusetobeaethnicallymixedcity,todayitislargelyhomogeneous

Manydifferentgroupshavebeenthevic9msofpersecu9oninIvano-Frankivskoverthelastcentury,demographicallythecityhaschanged

Demographicsofthecity

1900 1921

Popula'on

Ukrainian

Polish

Armenian

German

Jewish

Czech

Popula'on

Ukrainian

Polish

Other

German

Jewish

DemographicsoftheCity

1959 1979

Popula'on

Ukrainian

Polish

Russian

Belarusian

Jewish

Other

Popula'on

Ukrainian

Polish

Russian

Belarusian

Jewish

Other

DemographicsoftheCity

1989 2001

Popula'on

Ukrainian

Polish

Russian

Belarusian

Jewish

Other

Popula'on

Ukrainian

Polish

Russian

Belarusian

Jewish

Other

Ivano-FrankivskinWWI

Ivano-FrankivskduringWWI

Russiansoccupiedthecity:September3,1914February20,1915;March4June8,1915;August11,1916July24,1917

AustriansshelledthecityinFebruary1915inordertoweakentheRussiandefensesthusdestroyingtheRatusha

RussianspersecutedtheJewsinIvano-Frankivskduringtheiroccupa9onjustliketheyhaddoneinpogromspreviouslyacrossCzaristUkraine

Thalerhof

Thalerhof

InternmentcampnearGraz,Austriafrom1914-1917forGalicianandBukovinianRussophiles

Over14,000peoplepassedthroughthecampwithat1,767deathsrecorded,thoughmanymorebelievedtohavedied

ThosethatdiedbecameknownasthemartyrsofThalerhofintheinterwareraamongRussophiles

GalicianGermans

GalicianGermans

GermansstartedarrivinginIvano-FrankivskaberGaliciabecamepartoftheAustro-HungarianEmpirein1772

MostcameabertheChernivtsi-Lvivrailwaywasfinishedin1866

Seeledalongtherailroad MostwereforcedtoleavewhentheSovietsinvadedabertheMolotov-RibbentropPactandre-seeledinmodernGermanyandGerman-occupiedPoland

Sovietannexa9on:partI(1939-1941)

Sovietannexa9on:partI(1939-1941)

Sovietsgavemostgovernmentposi9onstoUkrainiansandJews,whilerelega9ngPolestoclericalposi9onsinthenewadministra9on

SovietsencouragedUkrainianstoaeackPolesastheSovietsviewedPolesasthebourgeoisieenemy

School#5wasaninterroga9onKGB/NKVDplacewhere15bodieswerefoundduringrenova9onin2014&KGB/NKVDheadquarterswasinthenowSVUbuildingonSakharovstreet

Sovietdeported95,000peoplefromEasternGalicia(Lviv,Ternopil&StanislawowVoivodeships),with80%beingethnicPoles,10-15%Ukrainiansand5-10%Jews

Sovietskilledanother15,000people

DemianivLaz

DemianivLaz In1941theNKVDmurderedatleast524UkrainiansandPolesinPaschnichna,astheRedArmyretreatedfromtheWehrmacht

Manyvic9mswereforcedtodigtheirowngraves TheSovietsusedtheburialsiteasadumpinggroundforconstruc9onmaterialsaberthewarinordertohideevidenceoftheatrocity

Excava9onswerecarriedoutbytheUkrainianbranchoftheMoscow-basedMemorialSocietystar9ngin1989andlastedfor40days

DemianivLaz

Skeletalremainswerereburiedinadignifiedmannerlaterin1989

359men,159womenand6ofunknowngender Onlyabletoposi9velyiden9fy22of524bodies Around400vic9msnameswereiden9fied Manyvic9mswereshotthroughtheheadorbayonetedthroughthebreasts

Memorialcomplexwithchapelwasopenedin1998

GermanOccupa9on

GermanOccupa9on(1941-1944)

UndertheleadershipofHansKrgertheSSmanagedtokill70,000Jewsanddeportanother12,000Jewstodeathcampswithonly25GestapoofficersinkillingmanymembersofthePolishintelligentsia,hehadpreviouslypar9cipatedinthemassacreofPolishprofessorsinLviv

HansKrgerwasdemotedfordiscrepanciesinanauditin1943

RecruitednumerousUkrainiansaspolicementohelp,manyofwhomlaterjoinedtheUkrainianInsurgentArmy

BloodySundayofStanislawow

BloodySundayofStanislawow

Naziswiththeirlocalcollaboratorsroundedup6,000to12,000JewsatMarketSquareandeithermarchedorbusedthemtotheNewJewishcemeterynearwherethecitylakeistoday,

Jewswereforcedtojumpintoapit5metersdeepwhereatleast6,000-12,000wereshotonOctober21,1941inaspanof5hours

Perpetrators&Jus9ce BrothersJohann&WilhelmMauer,bothborninLvivandGalician

GermanswhoworkedfortheGestapoinStanislawowduringWWIIweretriedinSalzburg,Austriain1966forpar9cipa9ngintheBloodySundayMassacreofStanislawowin1941aberbeingiden9fiedbytheSimonWiesenthalCenter,bothwerefoundguiltyandgiven8and12yearsinprison

HansKrger:workedasasalesmaninDortmund,WestGermanyaberthewar,triedtobecomeapoliceofficer,butturneddownbyGermansecurityservices,failedpoli9calcandidateforLeagueofExpellees,indictedbyDortmundProsecu9onOfficein1965,admieedtobeingGestapoheadinStanislawowbelievingnovic9msweres9llalive,thisturnedouttobewrong,foundguiltyin1967andsentencedtolifeinprisonbyacourtinMnster,releasedin1986anddiedtwoyearslater

StanislawowGheeo

StanislawowGheeo GermansestablishedaJudenratorJewishcouncilonJuly26,1941

inordertoimplementGermanorders InAugusttheGermansdemandedJewssupply500skilledlaborers,

whotakenawayandkilled,theythoughttheyweregoingtogetjobs

GermansrequiredtheJudenrattoestablishalaborofficewheremenwererequiredtoshowupeverydayforforcedtasks

GheeowasestablishedabertheBloodySundayofStanislawowinOctober1941

TheGermanschosetheoldestandmostneglectedpartofthecityforthegheeo,thoseJewswhowerenotlivinginthegheeowereforcedtomoveintoitinDecember1941

Jewsonlyallowedtoleavethegheeoinordertodoforcedlabor About100JewishpoliceofficersorOrdnungdienstpatrolledinside

thegheeowithUkrainianandGermanSchutzpolizei

StanislawowGheeo Germansonlyallowed8,000Jewstoremaininthegheeo

aberMarch1942,therestweretransportedtoBelezcExtermina9onCamp,onlythosefittoworkremained

Jewsfromsurroundingcommuni9essuchasKalush,NadvirnaandTlumachthenkilledinsuccessiveexecu9onsintheSicherheitspolizeisHeadquartersandaplacecalledRudolfsMillorRudolfsmhle

BySeptember194211,000JewsremainedinStanislawow Another4,000JewsdeportedtoBelezcExtermina9on

Campinmid-September1942 Deporta9onstoBelezcstoppedinJanuary1943andthe

gheeowasliquidatedinFebruary1943 In1939therewere27,000Jewsby1944only228

CzarnyLasMassacre

CzarnyLasMassacre

About250PolishintelligentsiamembersmainlyteachersweremurderedonAugust14-15,1941

Partofthelargeropera9onintelligencetoeliminatethePolishintelligentsiabytheGermans

BroughttoaplaceintheforestnearthevillageofPawelczewheretheywerekilled

Themassgravewasnotdiscoveredun9l1988 Monumentsandplaquesplacedatthesitein1991and2011

14thWaffenGrenadierDivisionoftheSS(1stGalician)

14thWaffenGrenadierDivisionoftheSS(1stGalician)

July1943-May1945 RecruitedfromethnicUkrainiansinGalicia Onlyfoughtcommunistforces Between12,000and25,000menduringexistence PartoftheWaffenSS ServedinUkraine,Slovakia,Austria HopedthatbyworkingwithGermansUkrainewouldgainindependence SomeUkrainianna9onalistssupportedthem,othersdidnot Par9cipatedinkillingofPolesinmodernUkraine:HutaPieniacka(TernopilOblast),

Pidkamin(LvivOblast),&Palykorovy(LvivOblast) WerenotdeportedbacktoUkraineaberWWIIbecausepreviouslyPolishci9zens MostreseeledasdisplacedpersonsinCanada,UK,USA,GermanyandAustralia

aberWWII ReveredtodaybyUkrainianna9onalists UkrainianDivisionStreetinIvano-Frankivsknamedintheirhonor

Stalag371

Stalag371 PrisonersweretransferredfromaPOWCampintheLangwasserdistrictofNuremberg

August1942-January1944about2,000DutchPOWswereheldattheDubrovaPrison

5DutchPOWsdied,4areburiedintheprisongrounds,

10DutchPOWssuccessfullyescapedwiththehelpoftheUkrainianInsurgentArmy

ThePOWsweretransferredtoaanotherPOWCampinNeu-BrandenburgastheRedArmyadvancedandwereliberatedin1945

POWCamp304

POWCamp304 Around4,500Germanand500HungarianPOWswerehousedintheformerJewishgheeoinApril1945

ByAugust1945,only1600POWsremainedinIvano-Frankivsk

SeveralplacesfordeceasedPOWsarelocatedinthecity,butnomarkerisvisiblecurrentlyanywhere

CampwasformerlyclosedbydecreeonNovember29,1946andallPOWsweretransferredtootherPOWcampsintheUSSR

SovietIncorpora9on

SovietIncorpora9on

SovietsmergedtheGreek-CatholicChurchwiththeRussianOrthodoxChurch(MoscowPatriarch)

RomanCatholicChurchwasoutrightbanned Industry,businessandpropertywasna9onalized EthnicPolesdeportedtoPoland Massivere-seelingofethnicRussiansandotherSovietna9onali9estoreplacethepre-warpopula9onkilledorexpelled

UkrainianInsurgentArmycrimes

UkrainianInsurgentArmycrimes Es9mated18,400PolesweremurderedjustinStanislawow

VoivodeshipbyUPAduringWWII UPAhopedtheSovietsandGermanswouldkilleachotheroffand

PolesweremostnumerousethnicityinWesternUkraineaberUkrainians

ManyUPAfighterspreviouslyservedtheGermanoccupyingauthori9es

Frommid-1944theUPAturnedtheiraeen9ontotheRedArmy Ac9onsclassifiedasgenocidebythePolishSjem Killedbetween60,000to100,000PolesinWesternUkraine AssistedinthekillingofJewsthroughoutUkraine,manymembers

heldan9-Semi9cviews Killedaround20,000Ukrainianciviliansbetween1944-1950and

10,000Sovietsoldiers

Persecu9onofUkrainiansinWesternUkraineaberWWII

Persecu9onofUkrainiansinWesternUkraineaberWWII

Between1944-1953theSovietsinWesternUkrainekilled153,000Ukrainians,arrested134,000Ukrainiansanddeportedanother203,000UkrainianstosuchdistantplacesasKomiRepublic,IrkutskOblast,KrasnoyarskKrai,andKazakhstan.

Thisequalsabout490,000people;almosteveryfamilyinWesternUkrainehadafamilymemberkilled,arrestedordeported

Majorityofthosedeportedwerewomenandchildren Manyofthosedeportedwereneverallowedtoreturn

toWesternUkraine

PolishDeporta9ons

PolishDeporta9ons Between1944-1949:787,674peopleweredeportedfromUkrainianSSRtoPolandoutofatotalof1,517,983fromUSSRintotal

75,900PoleswerefromStanislawowVoidovship Deporta9onsdidnotapplytoethnicPoleswhohadSovietci9zenshipbeforeWWII

ThoseofmixedPolishorJewishethnicitywereallowedtochooseSovietorPolishci9zenship

482,000ethnicUkrainianswerealsoforcedtomovetotheSovietUnionfromPoland

PolishDeporta9ons

Policywascompletede-Polinisa9onofformerPolishlandswithreseelingethnicUkrainiansfromwestofCurzonlineinformerPolishterritoriesandre-namingplaces

MostPolesfromUkrainewerereseeledinWesternPoland,whichthelocalGermanpopula9onhadbeenexpelledattheendofWWII

ErasingEthnicFootprint

Erasingethnicfootprint OldJewishCemetery:burialsstartedin1662andstoppedin1930,bulldozedin

early1960sinordertobuildtheCosmosMovieTheaterwhichopenedin1963 StanislavNecropolis:burialsstartedin1782andstoppedin1955,bulldozedin

1980inordertomaketheformernecropolisintoapark,only11gravesoffamouspeoplewerespared

EvangelicalAugsburgCathedral:finishedin1885anddetonatedin1970inordertobuildtheIvano-FrankivskOblastAcademicMusicandDramaTheater

ChurchoftheVirginMarywasclosedandgiventoIvano-FrankivskOilandNaturalGasUniversityin1965andbecameanartmuseumin1980

ArmenianChurchwasamuseumofspaceandatheismfrom1971-1990 PartoftheNewJewishCemeterywasdestroyedinordertobuildtheCityLakein

the1950s ChristtheKingMonastery:school,policesta9on,furniturewarehouseandstate

archivesduringSovietperiod ChurchofChristtheKing(RomanCatholic):abandonedfrom1947-1954,thena

bookdepositoryandclothingwarehouse HolyTrinityCathedral:Sovietwarehouse

SovietJewsofIvano-Frankivsk

SovietJewsofIvano-Frankivsk OldJewishCemeteryfoundedin1662wasbulldozedinorderto

buildtheCosmosmovietheaterinearly1960s,itwasclosedforburialin1930

TheNewJewishCemeterystartedburialsin1926 1964thecitygovernmenterectedamonumentattheNewJewish

CemeterythattheNaziskilledmorethan100,000peacefulSovietci9zensandprisonersofothercountriesduringtheiroccupa9on,itdidnotmen9onthewordJewsatall

AllburialsintheNewJewishCemeterystoppedin1967withtheSix-DayWarbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighbors,theUSSRbrokeoffdiploma9crela9onswithIsrael

Since1967allJewsofIvano-FrankivskwereburiedintheoldcitycemeteryonKyivStreetandlaterinthevillageofChukalivka

Thesynagoguewasgivenin1954totheMedicalUniversityandusedasagymnasiumandlecturehallun9lthefalloftheUSSR

Post-SovietJewsinIvano-Frankivsk

Post-SovietJewsinIvano-Frankivsk 1991-themainsynagoguewasreturnedtotheJewishcommunity,buttheywereunabletomaintainthewholebuildingandsorentedoutpartsofthebuilding

2002CongressofUkrainianNa9onalistsrequestdemographicinfoonmembersofVerkhovaRadatoguardagainstcosmopolitanismacode-wordforJewishinfluence

2009Vandalsspraypaintswas9kasongravesintheNewJewishCemeteryontheanniversaryofBloodySundayofStanislaw

WarpedPost-Sovietview

WarpedPost-Sovietview Svboda,RightsSector,andCongressofUkrainianNa9onalistshavealargepoli9cal

presenceinthecity 2003:amonumentoutsidetheonlyfunc9oningsynagogueinthecitywasinstalled

tohonorthememoryofnottheover27,000Jewskilled,but15Ukrainianna9onalistsgunneddownbytheGestapoagainstthesynagoguewall,thestreetwasrenamedabertheexecutedna9onalistsin2010

2004:OleyTyahnybok,leaderofSvbodapartyischargedwithinci9ngethnichatredbythePublicProsecutorsOfficeofIvano-FrankivskOblast,heiseventuallyacquieedofallchargesunderpoli9calpressureonMarch31,2005

Noholocaustmemorialinthecenterofthecity,justatthenewJewishcemeterybytheCityLakepaidforbyAmericanandIsraeliJews

NomemorialtothedeportedGermansorPoles ManystreetsnamedaberOUN&UPAmembers:EugeneKonovalets,Stepan

Bandera,SlavaStetsko,andHeroesofUPA StatuesandplaquesadornthecitywithmembersofOUN&UPA:StepanBandera,

StepanLenkavsky,EugeneKonovalets,StepanLenkavskyandothers

Problemswithtolerance

ProblemswithTolerance July22,2015:Womanaeacksandinsultsdark-skinnedforeignersin

downtownIvano-Frankivsk August22,2015:scufflebetweenArabstudentsplayingmusicfrom

theircarandATOveterans December22,2015:2JordanianMedicalStudentsseduce2female

minorsandthengivethemtoArabmedicalstudentsinTernopilwheretheyaresexuallyassaulted,foundguiltylaterinMarch2016

January22,2016:Azovcivilianregimentalongwithotherfar-rightgroupsholdamarchofjus9cetodemandremovalofrectorfromIFMedicalUniversity,thefullweightofjus9cetobeappliedtoforeignstudentandthensmoked-bombedadormitoryatIFOilandNaturalGasUniversityhousingforeignstudents

April15,2016:MayorRuslanMartsinkivdemandsthatforeignersshouldhavelimitedaccesstosellinggoodsatthemarket

Ques9onstoanswer

Ques9onstoanswer

Whois/arethevic9msinIvano-Frankivsk? WhatshouldthecitycouncilofIvano-Frankivskdoinordertoremembertheallvic9ms?

Whatdidyoufindthemostinteres9ngaboutthispresenta9on?