SOVIET OBJECTIVES POST-WWII

Into the Whirlwind

Introduction

‘…conditions are rather gloomy here- almost mid-war conditions, overcrowding, poverty. As for Communism- my dear [friend] a shrot visit here is enough to make one decide that Capitalism is worth fighting for. Black as that may be, with all its bloodstains, it is less gloomy and arid and hopeless than this inert ghastly police state.” Lawrence Durrell writing a friend from Belgrade

(late 1949s)

Introduction

“Say what you will- the Communists were more intelligent. They had grandiose program, a plan for a brand-new world in which everyone would find his place…From the start there were people who realized they lacked the proper temperament for the idyll and wished to leave the country. But since by definition an idyll is one world for all, the people who wished to emigrate were implicitly denying its validity. Instead of going abroad, they went behind bars.” Milan Kundera

Introduction

“Stalinism means the killing of the inner man. And no matter what the sophists say, no matter what lies the communist intellectuals tell, that’s what it all comes down to. The inner man must be killed for the communist Decalogue to be lodged in the soul.” Alexander Wat

Postwar Foundations

Soviets marched through E. Europe, deaths totaled over 30 million, while 157,000 soldiers were executed for failing orders or deserting

Russian lands destroyed, farms and villages gone, roads, railways, bridges destroyed

Thousands of horses, pigs, cows killed 1950s harvest worse than those in 1929

Russian Age-Sex Pyramid- 1994

Wartime Centralization

Soviets became adept at manufacturing war machines, regardless of human life and welfare

Party bureaucrats equated power and success with large-scale production (Brezhnev era)

War against Nazis became war of Soviet Patriotism – Leninist metaphors of class struggle could be linked to real-world

Soviet Security

Soviets invaded through Eastern Europe- sought to strengthen their frontier lands

E Europe lived under cloud of Germany prior to WWII

Soviets took over where Germans left off (1945)

Eastern Europe attached to Soviets like a surrogate

Soviet Practices/Manipulations

Soviets sought to replicate their gov’t in Europe

Institutions and Practices were dictated to Soviet lands

Each country would have constitution, reformed economy, police state, governed by Communist puppet master in Moscow

Artists, painters, professors/teachers, sculptors closely monitored

Europeans more concerned for peace, prosperity than democracy- Soviet subservience taken as a better alternative to Nazi fascism

Lenin Socialism

Lenin more concerned with ownership, not social relations

Large-scale businesses (state run), state services and redirecting public lands

Allegiance needed to be assuredSoviet aggression can grow tiresome and not

guaranteedMiddle-class needed to be eliminated

Soviet Methods of Guaranteed Allegiance

1. Secure monopoly of power2. Secure monopoly over economic reforms-

state control3. Secure monopoly on thought

Churches closed (except Poland) Open confrontation with Catholic Church Protestant Church of Bulgaria tried for

conspiracy Communists even put on trial (too friendly to Tito

communism, not Stalinist enough)

Soviet Economic Reforms

Emphasized heavy industry investment at expense of consumer products/services

Agricultural employment dropped steadily throughout Czechoslovakia and Germany

Farms collectivized by state, property-ownership declined

Countries ordered to produce goods outside of their specialization

Eastern Europe became ‘like’ a colonized people Czechs ordered to make abundance of shoes,

Hungarians- trucks Pre-WWII Czechs had higher industrial output than

France, ahead of Austria (by 1956 they trailed Austria)

Quote from Postwar by Judt

“…Russian rather than a German solution cut Europe’s vulnerable eastern half away from the body of the continent. At the time this was not a matter of great concern to western Europeans themselves. With the exception of Germans…western European were largely indifferent to the disappearance of Eastern Europe. Indeed, they became so accustomed to it, and were…preoccupied with remarkable changes in their own countries, that it seemed quite natural that there should be an armed barrier running from the Baltic to the Adriatic. But for the peoples to the east of that barrier, thrust back into a forgotten corner of their own continent, history itself ground slowly to a halt.”