Interventions for Interventions for Clients with Clients with

InfectionInfection

Types of InfectionTypes of Infection

LocalLocal

SystemicSystemic

AcuteAcute

ChronicChronic

Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections

Infections that are associated with Infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in the delivery of health care services in a health care facilitya health care facility

Point of origin Point of origin

1.1. Endogenous Endogenous

2.2. Exogenous Exogenous

3.3. Iatrogenic Iatrogenic

Risks for Nosocomial InfectionRisks for Nosocomial Infection

Poor hand washingPoor hand washing Compromised host – surgery/illnessCompromised host – surgery/illness Improper procedure technique – Improper procedure technique –

dressing, suctioning, catherizationdressing, suctioning, catherization Improper cleaning/maintenance of Improper cleaning/maintenance of

invasive devices – foley catheter, IV invasive devices – foley catheter, IV lineline

Contamination of closed drainage Contamination of closed drainage system – chest tubessystem – chest tubes

Chain of InfectionChain of Infection

Etiologic AgentEtiologic Agent ReservoirReservoir Portal of Exit from ReservoirPortal of Exit from Reservoir Method of TransmissionMethod of Transmission Portal of Entry into Susceptible HostPortal of Entry into Susceptible Host Susceptible HostSusceptible Host

ReservoirReservoir

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

HumanHuman

Animal/InsectAnimal/Insect

Method of TransmissionMethod of Transmission

DirectDirect

IndirectIndirect

Vehicle-borneVehicle-borne

Vector-borneVector-borne

AirborneAirborne

Factors Increasing Susceptibility to Factors Increasing Susceptibility to InfectionInfection

AgeAge HeredityHeredity Level of stressLevel of stress Nutritional statusNutritional status MedicationsMedications Illness – Illness –

acute/chronicacute/chronic

Nursing DiagnosisNursing Diagnosis

Risk for Infection – PRIMARYRisk for Infection – PRIMARY Potential Complications of InfectionPotential Complications of Infection Impaired Physical MobilityImpaired Physical Mobility Imbalanced NutritionImbalanced Nutrition Acute PainAcute Pain Impaired Social Interaction/Social Impaired Social Interaction/Social

IsolationIsolation Situational Low Self-EsteemSituational Low Self-Esteem AnxietyAnxiety

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Interventions to Reduce Risk of InfectionInfection

Preventing Nosocomial Infections:Preventing Nosocomial Infections:

1.1. Hand washingHand washing

2.2. Proper techniqueProper technique

3.3. Environmental controlsEnvironmental controls

4.4. Management of clients at riskManagement of clients at risk

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Interventions to Reduce Risk of InfectionInfection

Supporting Defenses of Susceptible Supporting Defenses of Susceptible Host:Host:

1.1. Hygiene 5. ImmunizationsHygiene 5. Immunizations

2.2. Nutrition 6. StressNutrition 6. Stress

3.3. FluidFluid

4.4. Rest and sleepRest and sleep

Interventions to Reduce Risk of Interventions to Reduce Risk of InfectionInfection

Cleaning, Disinfecting, SterilizingCleaning, Disinfecting, Sterilizing

1.1. Cleaning inhibits growth of Cleaning inhibits growth of microorganismsmicroorganisms

2.2. Disinfecting with chemicals – Disinfecting with chemicals – bacteriostatic vs. bactericidialbacteriostatic vs. bactericidial

3.3. Sterilizing – destroys all microorganisms Sterilizing – destroys all microorganisms – including spores/viruses – moist heat, – including spores/viruses – moist heat, gas, boiling water, radiationgas, boiling water, radiation

Methods of Infection ControlMethods of Infection Control

Practice hand hygiene and proper Practice hand hygiene and proper hand washing.hand washing.

Artificial fingernails create poor Artificial fingernails create poor hand hygiene.hand hygiene.

Gloves should be worn.Gloves should be worn. The CDC provides guidelines for The CDC provides guidelines for

disinfection and sterilization, disinfection and sterilization, outlining standard precautions for outlining standard precautions for all modes of transmission. all modes of transmission.

Hyperthermia InterventionsHyperthermia Interventions

Eliminate the underlying cause Eliminate the underlying cause of hyperthermia and destroy the of hyperthermia and destroy the causative microorganism.causative microorganism.

Manage fever by:Manage fever by:– Drug therapy: antimicrobial, Drug therapy: antimicrobial,

antipyretic therapyantipyretic therapy– External cooling, fluid External cooling, fluid

administration, and fansadministration, and fans

Health TeachingHealth Teaching

Education on these topics is vital Education on these topics is vital to client’s understanding of to client’s understanding of transmission prevention transmission prevention precautions:precautions:– Infection controlInfection control– Drug therapyDrug therapy– Psychosocial supportPsychosocial support– Health care resourcesHealth care resources