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Transcript of Intervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure Situations Module IX.3 Basic Concepts for Emergency...
Intervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure SituationsIntervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure Situations
Module IX.3Module IX.3 Basic Concepts for Emergency Basic Concepts for Emergency preparedness and Response for a nuclear preparedness and Response for a nuclear
accident or radiological emergencyaccident or radiological emergency
Concepts and objectives of Emergency Concepts and objectives of Emergency Preparedness and ResponsePreparedness and Response
LectureLecture
IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 2
Introduction Introduction Despite precautions that are taken duringDespite precautions that are taken during
Design Operations of nuclear facilities Conduct of nuclear activities
the possibility remains that the possibility remains that Failure Intentional act or Mishap
leads to emergency!leads to emergency!
Objectives of the lecture: Objectives of the lecture: Goals of emergency preparedness Goals of emergency preparedness Response in case of a nuclear or radiological emergencyResponse in case of a nuclear or radiological emergency
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 3
ContentContent
Goals of emergency preparedness Goals of emergency preparedness and responseand response
Detailed explanation of each Detailed explanation of each individual goal individual goal
Lessons learned associated Lessons learned associated with each goal with each goal
SummarySummary
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 4
Goals of Emergency ResponseGoals of Emergency Response Safety Fundamentals publication in regard to Safety Fundamentals publication in regard to radiation radiation
sourcessources
Protection objectiveProtection objective::Prevent occurrence of deterministic effects
(Keep doses below relevant threshold) Ensure all reasonable steps taken to reduce
occurrence of stochastic effects Safety objectiveSafety objective::
Protect individuals, society and environment
(establish and maintain effective defences against radiological hazards)
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 5
Goals of Emergency Response (1)Goals of Emergency Response (1)
Safety Fundamentals regarding Safety Fundamentals regarding nuclear installationsnuclear installations Radiation protection objective:Radiation protection objective:
Ensure …. mitigation of the radiation consequences of any emergency
• Technical safety objectiveTechnical safety objective:•Take all reasonably practical measures to prevent emergencies in nuclear installations and mitigate their consequences should they occur …
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 6
Practical Goals of Emergency ResponsePractical Goals of Emergency Response
Preparedness and Response Safety Requirements Preparedness and Response Safety Requirements from GS-R-2 statesfrom GS-R-2 states Regain control of the situationRegain control of the situation Take mitigatory action at the sceneTake mitigatory action at the scene Prevent deterministic effectsPrevent deterministic effects Render first aid and treat radiation injuriesRender first aid and treat radiation injuries Reasonably reduce stochastic effectsReasonably reduce stochastic effects Reasonably limit non-radiological effectsReasonably limit non-radiological effects Reasonably protect the environment Reasonably protect the environment Reasonably prepare for the resumption of Reasonably prepare for the resumption of
normal activitynormal activity
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 7
Regain Control of the SituationRegain Control of the Situation
Responsibility of the operator (people at the scene)Responsibility of the operator (people at the scene)
Immediate action to prevent or reduce the release of Immediate action to prevent or reduce the release of radioactive materialradioactive material
Prevent / limit exposures of workers and the public to Prevent / limit exposures of workers and the public to radiationradiation
Regaining prompt control of the situation requiresRegaining prompt control of the situation requires
Immediate action by operatorImmediate action by operator Direct immediate mitigatory actionsDirect immediate mitigatory actions
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 8
Take Mitigatory Action at the SceneTake Mitigatory Action at the Scene Responsibility of the operator (people at the Responsibility of the operator (people at the
scene)scene) Immediate actions Immediate actions
Prevent / reduce releases Prevent / reduce releases Prevent exposures to radiation and other hazards Prevent exposures to radiation and other hazards
associated with emergency associated with emergency Earthquake Earthquake Hurricane Hurricane Flood Flood Fire damageFire damage
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 9
Take Mitigatory Action at the Scene (1)Take Mitigatory Action at the Scene (1)
Experience shows facilities must have predefined emergency Experience shows facilities must have predefined emergency procedures in order toprocedures in order to
Recognize emergency conditionsRecognize emergency conditions
Direct immediate mitigatory actionsDirect immediate mitigatory actions
Address serious but very unlikely emergenciesAddress serious but very unlikely emergencies
Consider all aspects of mitigatory actions and Consider all aspects of mitigatory actions and conditions present during an emergency conditions present during an emergency
Have required immediate actions performed by Have required immediate actions performed by operatoroperator
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 10
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned During several emergencies staff could not mitigate During several emergencies staff could not mitigate
the problem for following reasonsthe problem for following reasons
Did not know what actions to take to solve Did not know what actions to take to solve problemproblem
Over confident or unsureOver confident or unsure
Did not have the necessary equipment requiredDid not have the necessary equipment required
Did not have the necessary protection requiredDid not have the necessary protection required
Off-site support was not obtained promptlyOff-site support was not obtained promptly
Off-site support was not preparedOff-site support was not prepared
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 11
Prevent Deterministic Health EffectsPrevent Deterministic Health Effects
Take urgent protective actions to keep the dose Take urgent protective actions to keep the dose below the deterministic effects thresholdbelow the deterministic effects threshold
Best accomplished by taking actions Best accomplished by taking actions before release or exposure when severe before release or exposure when severe conditions detected in facilityconditions detected in facility
Immediate response required by operator Immediate response required by operator
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 12
Lessons Learned (1)Lessons Learned (1)
Experience shows workers who responded to emergencies were Experience shows workers who responded to emergencies were at greatest risk because:at greatest risk because:
Did not know what to doDid not know what to do
Were not provided with appropriate equipment Were not provided with appropriate equipment (monitoring devices, dosimeters, protective (monitoring devices, dosimeters, protective clothing)clothing)
All possible people/conditions were not consideredAll possible people/conditions were not considered In plant operators
Off-site responders
People in near-by areas
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 13
Render First Aid and Treat Radiation InjuriesRender First Aid and Treat Radiation Injuries
Immediate response neededImmediate response needed
First to arrive immediately provides emergency aid to treat life First to arrive immediately provides emergency aid to treat life threatening injuries threatening injuries
Specialized treatment of contamination and radiation injuriesSpecialized treatment of contamination and radiation injuries Triage injured patientsTriage injured patients DecontaminateDecontaminate Obtain specialist assistanceObtain specialist assistance
Experience showsExperience shows Fear of radiation may interfere with initial Fear of radiation may interfere with initial
treatmenttreatment Severe radiation injuries require specialized Severe radiation injuries require specialized
treatmenttreatment
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 14
Lessons Learned (2)Lessons Learned (2)
Poor medical treatment of overexposurePoor medical treatment of overexposure
Facility and local medical staff did not gather Facility and local medical staff did not gather information to determine appropriate treatmentinformation to determine appropriate treatment
Local medical staff treated overexposure Local medical staff treated overexposure without consulting expertswithout consulting experts
Medical personnel may not be willing to treat – if Medical personnel may not be willing to treat – if not trainednot trained
Result - much unnecessary Result - much unnecessary sufferingsuffering
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 15
Reasonably Reduce Stochastic EffectsReasonably Reduce Stochastic Effects
Take actions to projected dose consistent with Take actions to projected dose consistent with international guidanceinternational guidance
Develop OILs for use during an emergency Develop OILs for use during an emergency
Taking actions at much lower levels does more Taking actions at much lower levels does more harm (psychological & economic) than good harm (psychological & economic) than good (reduction in cancer risk) (reduction in cancer risk)
Experience shows you can not develop reasonable Experience shows you can not develop reasonable criteria during an emergencycriteria during an emergency Criteria must be developed in advance as Criteria must be developed in advance as
part of preparednesspart of preparedness
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 16
Reasonably Limit Non-radiological EffectsReasonably Limit Non-radiological Effects Includes unwarranted Includes unwarranted
Relocation (loss of income and home)Relocation (loss of income and home) AbortionsAbortions Restriction on sale of local goods Restriction on sale of local goods
Caused byCaused by Developing criteria at time of emergencyDeveloping criteria at time of emergency Poor communication with the media and the Poor communication with the media and the
public public Unrealistic fears of radiation due to conflicting Unrealistic fears of radiation due to conflicting
andand non-informative information from the technical non-informative information from the technical
community community So-called experts resulting in inappropriate So-called experts resulting in inappropriate
actions taken to address radiological concernsactions taken to address radiological concerns
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 17
How to Reduce Psychological EffectsHow to Reduce Psychological Effects
Provide on-going, regular updates on the emergency toProvide on-going, regular updates on the emergency to
People who may be affectedPeople who may be affected People who think they may be affected People who think they may be affected
Give clear, simple and timely adviceGive clear, simple and timely advice
Make sure that information is consistentMake sure that information is consistent
Single authority for informationSingle authority for information Promptly correct false informationPromptly correct false information Ensure protective actions are justifiedEnsure protective actions are justified Do not compromise the recoveryDo not compromise the recovery Consider education and counsellingConsider education and counselling
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 18
A Call from CNN is an Emergency A Call from CNN is an Emergency
There will be significant media and public reaction to actual There will be significant media and public reaction to actual or or perceivedperceived risk risk
Poor response can have very severe consequencesPoor response can have very severe consequences
All facilitiesAll facilities need some preparations need some preparations
Local population and officials must be informed Local population and officials must be informed of nature and risk of the operationsof nature and risk of the operations
Must have provision for immediate response to Must have provision for immediate response to media inquiresmedia inquires
Response should be coordinated locally and Response should be coordinated locally and from single locationfrom single location
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 19
Reasonably Protect the EnvironmentReasonably Protect the Environment
Limit the spread of contaminationLimit the spread of contamination
Take actions to reduce impactTake actions to reduce impact
Control access toControl access to
Agriculture and water suppliesAgriculture and water supplies Forestry, fisheries and natural environmentForestry, fisheries and natural environment Transportation and tradeTransportation and trade Manage wasteManage waste
Do not compromise the recoveryDo not compromise the recovery
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 20
Reasonably Prepare for ResumptionReasonably Prepare for Resumptionof Normal Activityof Normal Activity
Resumption of normal life is essential to Resumption of normal life is essential to eliminating many of the non-radiological eliminating many of the non-radiological consequencesconsequences
Experience shows if there is not an existing Experience shows if there is not an existing criteria, people may delay returning back to normal criteria, people may delay returning back to normal life because:life because: concern about contaminationconcern about contamination misconceptions about risks misconceptions about risks
Experience shows we (radiation community) can Experience shows we (radiation community) can not say enough is enough not say enough is enough But need to! But need to!
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 21
Experience ShowsExperience Shows
Have procedures and training ready if immediate response is Have procedures and training ready if immediate response is neededneeded
In many emergencies – inappropriate immediate actions In many emergencies – inappropriate immediate actions resulted in emergency or made the emergency worseresulted in emergency or made the emergency worse
Examples: TMI & Chernobyl NPP accidents, San Salvador Examples: TMI & Chernobyl NPP accidents, San Salvador irradiation facility irradiation facility
Staff did not recognize the problem Did not recognize severe conditionsDid not know what initial action to take
Planning and classification (criteria, actions) are needed Planning and classification (criteria, actions) are needed Emergency Action Levels (EALs) and corresponding actions
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 22
Experience Shows (1)Experience Shows (1) Be prepared for later response if neededBe prepared for later response if needed
In many emergencies –criteria for long term In many emergencies –criteria for long term actions (e.g., relocation, compensation, medical actions (e.g., relocation, compensation, medical screening) were not justified and may have done screening) were not justified and may have done more harm than goodmore harm than good
Difficult if not impossible to develop justified Difficult if not impossible to develop justified criteria at the time of emergency criteria at the time of emergency Emotional atmosphere Loss of trust Political pressure
Develop criteria for long term action in advance Develop criteria for long term action in advance
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 23
Experience Shows (2)Experience Shows (2)
Lack of coordinated responseLack of coordinated response Many locations being used to coordinate Many locations being used to coordinate
response and make public statements response and make public statements Owner/operatorNational officialsLocal official
Result Result Confusion Confusion Inconsistent public statements Inconsistent public statements Loss of trust Loss of trust
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 24
Post-emergency Preparedness GoalPost-emergency Preparedness Goal
Preparedness goal Preparedness goal
Ensure that arrangements are in place to Ensure that arrangements are in place to Protect public health Public welfare and the environment
Develop and implement Develop and implement Justified and optimized long-term
countermeasures in a managed, controlled, coordinated and effective way
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 25
Post-emergency Response GoalsPost-emergency Response Goals
Response goals are toResponse goals are to
Reduce the occurrence of adverse health Reduce the occurrence of adverse health effects in emergency workers and the publiceffects in emergency workers and the public
Limit the occurrence of other adverse Limit the occurrence of other adverse consequences of the radiation emergency and consequences of the radiation emergency and protective actions takenprotective actions taken
Protect the environmentProtect the environment Achieve resumption of "normal" living Achieve resumption of "normal" living
conditionsconditions
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 26
Justification and Optimization of InterventionJustification and Optimization of Intervention
Measures towards undertaking interventions are governedMeasures towards undertaking interventions are governed
by the principles in Safety Fundamentals publication onby the principles in Safety Fundamentals publication on
Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation SourcesRadiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources
These principles areThese principles are
Justification of intervention Justification of intervention Any proposed intervention shall do more
good than harm
Optimization of interventionOptimization of interventionIntervention shall be optimized so net benefit
is maximized
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 27
Achieving the Goals of Emergency PreparednessAchieving the Goals of Emergency Preparedness
Goals of emergency response most likely to Goals of emergency response most likely to be achieved in accordance with the be achieved in accordance with the principles for intervention by having a principles for intervention by having a sound programme for emergency sound programme for emergency preparedness in place as part of the preparedness in place as part of the infrastructure for protection and safetyinfrastructure for protection and safety
Emergency preparedness helps to build Emergency preparedness helps to build confidence that an emergency response confidence that an emergency response would be managed, controlled and would be managed, controlled and coordinated effectivelycoordinated effectively
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 28
To ConcludeTo Conclude
Practical goal of emergency preparedness may Practical goal of emergency preparedness may be expressed asbe expressed as
To ensure that arrangements are in To ensure that arrangements are in place for a timely, managed, controlled, place for a timely, managed, controlled, coordinated and effective response at coordinated and effective response at the scene and at the local, regional, the scene and at the local, regional, national and international level, to any national and international level, to any nuclear or radiological emergencynuclear or radiological emergency
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 29
Conclusion: Why Plan and Prepare?Conclusion: Why Plan and Prepare?
Because emergencies happenBecause emergencies happen
Because planning helps to save lives and to Because planning helps to save lives and to minimize risks to health and environmentminimize risks to health and environment
Because a response with planning costs less than Because a response with planning costs less than a response without planninga response without planning
Because a response without plans can affect the Because a response without plans can affect the credibility of authoritiescredibility of authorities
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 30
SummarySummary Events requiring an immediate and planned response can Events requiring an immediate and planned response can
occuroccur Poor response can result in Poor response can result in
Significant health, psychological or financial Significant health, psychological or financial consequencesconsequences
Some planning is always needed Some planning is always needed Adequate preparations must be established and maintained Adequate preparations must be established and maintained
for response to emergencies at for response to emergencies at
LocalLocal National National International levelInternational level
Nature and extent of emergency arrangements must match Nature and extent of emergency arrangements must match the potential magnitude and nature of the hazard associated the potential magnitude and nature of the hazard associated
with the facility or activitywith the facility or activity
Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 31
Questions and Additional InformationQuestions and Additional Information
Why is planning required?Why is planning required?
What emergencies should emergency What emergencies should emergency plans be based on?plans be based on?
List the practical goals of emergency List the practical goals of emergency responseresponse
For additional information, see references For additional information, see references on the cover pageon the cover page