Internet Policy

iLaw Eurasia

eGovernance AcademyTallinn

13-17 December 2004

James X. Dempsey

GIPIGlobal Internet Policy Initiative

IP Network

Computer

IP Phone

VoIPGateway

PBX Gateway

ISPGateway

Cable Modem

Cable Modem

VoIP Router

PhoneLine

PhoneLine

WiFi Access Point

PDA Phone((GSM or CDMA))

DSL Modem

Telephone

Computer

PBX

iPBX(Gateway)

IP Phone

Cellphone

3G

Telephone

ISPGateway

CustomDialer

Telephone

Telephone

PhoneLine

The Internet Today

LaptopComputer

196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000

1968

1970

1973

1981

1990

1993

1995

1968 Advanced Research Projects Agency starts ARPANET; FCC decision in Carterphone case requires incumbent to accept other equipment

1970 French CYCLADES built

1973 First international connections to the ARPANET

1981 Minitel deployed across France

1982 TCP/IP adopted

1983 EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established

1986 NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps)

1990 CA*net (national Canadian backbone) connected

1991 Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) formed after NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use; gopher released by U. of Minnesota; World Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN

1993 NSF role ends; Mosaic Web browser released by U. of Illinois1995 Traditional online dial-up systems (e.g., CompuServe, America Online,

Prodigy) begin to provide Internet access 1997 Consumer use of Internet grows dramatically, driven by flat rate pricing

1991

19821983

1986

1997

Evolution of the Internet1966 FCC commences “Computer Inquiry” - will rule that data services are unregulated; incumbent telcos must accept competing data services

1998 US Dept. of Commerce signs off on Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers (ICANN) to develop a process for transitioning DNS management from government to private sector

1999 ICANN announces five testbed registrars for .com, .net and .org: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oleane, Melbourne IT, Register.com

1999 Wireless Markup Language (WML) and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) are released

2001 Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of web servers and e-mail accounts causing a spike in Internet bandwidth usage

2001 September 11th attack on US World Trade Center – Internet performs successfully

2003 Hundreds of Spain based web sites take their content offline to protest a new law requiring commercial web sites to register with the Spanish government

2003 SQL slammer worm takes 10 minutes to spread worldwide affecting tens of thousand of servers and applications such as bank ATM systems, air traffic control and emergency 911 systems

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

1998

1999

2001

2003

Evolution of the Internet - Recent Developments

The Protocol “Stack”

World Wide WebAccess

FileTransfer

E-mailService

DomainName Service

• TCP/IP is a software protocol that enables data networks with incompatible protocols and operating systems to interoperate– Any computer to any computer

– Any device to any device

• TCP/IP separates applications/services from transport, different from the voice network– Enables entry at edges

– The type of the network (electric, co-axial, wireless, satellite, fiber) no longer dictates the application or services

Fiber, Copper, Wireless

Packet Switching

{ IP

TCP(Transmission

ControlProtocol)

(InternetProtocol)

HTTP SMTPPOP3

DNS FTP

Many Entities Are Engaged in Internet “Governance”

• International government bodies– Standards setting - ITU– Consultative - WSIS, APEC– Advisory - OECD,

• Regional governmental or treaty-based - EU, COE, OAS• National governments• International non-governmental standards bodies

– ICANN– W3C– IETF

• Contractual or cooperative arrangements among private corporations - peering agreements

• Decisions of individual users

Internet Governance

No government All government Degree of government involvement

International

Regional

National

Company/Local

Individual

Internet standards

TaxationCensorship

Telecom regulation

Spectrum policy ITU

Domain names

Trade policy

Cyber-crime

Development aid

Spam On-line privacy

Cyber-security E-government

WTOIETF, W3C

ICANN COE

Peering

User DecisionsFiltering/Publishing

CERTs

Global ICT Policy Themes, Issues and Venues

Policy Theme Policy Issues Global Venues

Wireless and Radio Spectrum Allocation (new services, frequency harmonization, etc.)

ITU

Convergence andUniversal Access and Interoperability (bottlenecks, essential facilities, anti-trust, emerging standards, etc.)

ITU, IETF, W3C, WTO, GBDe

Digitalization Common identifiers (domain names, ENUM, Object identifiers, etc.)

ICANN, IETF, WIPO

Regulatory reforms (redefining regulatory spheres, converged agencies, etc.)

Worldbank, IMF, various others

Consumer protection (cross border redress and dispute resolution, jursdiction, etc.)

OECD, ITU, WIPO, UNCITRAL, GBDe

Networked Economy

Electronic contracts and signatures (authentication, standards, model laws, etc.)

UNCITRAL, IETF, W#C, OECD

Intellectual property (copyright, tramar, ISP liability, etc.)

WIPO, ICANN, WTO

Network security (cyber crime, hacking, critical infrastructure, etc.)

ICANN, WIPO, ITU, UNESCO, WSIS

Global Information

Language and cultural diversity (multilingual domain names, content diversity, etc.)

ICANN, WIPO, ITU, UNESCO, WSIS

Society Market conditions (ICT for Trade, pricing, affordable inputs, credit, taxation, etc.)

WTO, UNCTAD