Current Trends of Topology Discovery in OpenFlow-based Software ...
Internet measurements: topology discovery and dynamics
Transcript of Internet measurements: topology discovery and dynamics
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Internet measurements: topology discovery and dynamics
Renata Teixeira MUSE Team
Inria Paris-Rocquencourt
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Why measure the Internet topology?
§ Network operators – Assist in network management, fault diagnosis
§ Distributed services and applications – Select the best paths to use
§ Researchers – Properties of Internet structure, dynamics – Economics of the Internet
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Internet: network of networks
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AS 0
DT
AS 1
AS 3
AS 2
§ Internet = interconnection of Autonomous Systems (AS)
– Distinct regions of administrative control
– Routers/links managed by a single “institution”
– Service provider, company, university, etc.
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Hierarchical routing
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AS 0
DT
AS 1
AS 3
AS 2
Intra-AS routing (Interior Gateway Protocol) Most common: OSPF,IS-IS
determines path from ingress to egress
Inter-AS routing (Border Gateway Protocol)
determines AS path and egress point
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Outline § Router-level topologies
– Common network designs
– Measuring with access to routers: OSPF/IS-IS monitors
– Measuring without access to routers: Traceroute
§ AS-level topology – Business relationships between ASes
– BGP: Internet’s inter-domain routing
– Inferring AS topology from BGP and traceroute
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Router topology
§ Node: router
§ Edge: link
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DT
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Hub-and-spoke topology
§ Single hub node – Common in enterprise networks – Main location and satellite sites
– Simple design and trivial routing
§ Problems – Single point of failure – Bandwidth limitations
– High delay between sites – Costs to backhaul to hub
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Simple alternatives to hub-and-spoke
§ Dual hub-and-spoke – Higher reliability – Higher cost
– Good building block
§ Levels of hierarchy – Reduce backhaul cost – Aggregate the bandwidth
– Shorter site-to-site delay
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• …
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Backbone networks § Multiple Points-of-Presence (PoPs)
§ Lots of communication between PoPs
§ Accommodate traffic demands and limit delay
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Points-of-Presence (PoPs)
§ Inter-PoP links – Long distances – High bandwidth
§ Intra-PoP links – Short cables between racks or floors – Aggregated bandwidth
§ Links to other networks – Wide range of media and bandwidth
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Intra-PoP
Other networks
Inter-PoP
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Measuring router topology
§ With access to routers – Topology of one network – Routing monitors (OSPF or IS-IS)
§ No access to routers – Multi-AS topology or from end-hosts – Monitors issue active probes: traceroute
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Router topology from routing messages
§ Routing protocols flood state of each link – Periodically refresh link state – Report any changes: link down, up, cost change
§ Monitor listens to link-state messages – Acts as a regular router
• AT&T’s OSPFmon or Sprint’s PyRT for IS-IS
§ Combining link states gives the topology – Easy to maintain, messages report any changes
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Inferring a path without access to routers: traceroute
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A B
TTL = 1
A.1 A.2 B.2 B.1
TTL = 2
TTL exceeded from A.1
TTL exceeded from B.1
Actual path
Inferred path A.1 B.1
m t
m t
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A traceroute path can be incomplete
§ Load balancing is widely used – Traceroute only probes one path
§ Sometimes taceroute has no answer (stars) – ICMP rate limiting
– Anonymous routers
§ Tunnelling (e.g., MPLS) may hide routers – Routers inside the tunnel may not decrement TTL
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Traceroute under load balancing
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L
B
A C
D
L
A
D
C
TTL = 2
TTL = 3
B
E
E
Missing nodes and links
False link
Actual path
Inferred path
m
m t
t
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Errors happen even under per-flow load balancing
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L
B
A C
D
TTL = 2 Port 2
TTL = 3 Port 3
E
§ Traceroute uses the destination port as identifier – Needs to match probe to response – Response only has the header of the issued probe
Flow 1
m t
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Paris traceroute
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§ Solves the problem with per-flow load balancing – Probes to a destination belong to same flow
§ Changes the location of the probe identifier – Use the UDP checksum
L
B
A C
D
TTL = 2 Port 1
TTL = 3 Port 1 E Checksum 3 Checksum 2 m t
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Traceroute measures the forward path
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§ Paths can be asymmetric – Load balancing – Hot-potato routing
m
t probe
reply
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Reverse traceroute
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§ IP options work on forward and reverse path
– Record Route (RR) option: 9 hops
§ Leverage multiple monitors – Get baseline paths – Assume destination-based routing
§ Spoofing to select best monitor – Spoofer sends spoofed probe with
source address of the monitor m
t
Spoofer
m
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Topology from traceroutes
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4 2 1
1
§ Inferred nodes = interfaces, not routers
§ Coverage depends on monitors and targets – Misses links and routers – Some links and routers appear multiple times
1 A
D
3 B 2
3
2
3 1 m1
t1
m2
t2
C
Actual topology
A.1 m1 t1
m2 t2
Inferred topology
C.1 D.1
C.2
B.3
2
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Alias resolution: Map interfaces to routers
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§ Direct probing – Probe an interface, may receive
response from another – Responses from the same
router will have close IP identifiers and same TTL
§ Record-route IP option – Records up to nine IP
addresses of routers in the path
§ CAIDA’s MIDAR tool – Large scale alias resolution
A.1 m1 t1
m2 t2
Inferred topology
C.1 D.1
C.2
B.3
same router
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Large-scale topology: coverage
§ Few monitors, lots of destinations – Deploying monitors is hard – Can probe any destination connected to the Internet
§ Example: CAIDA’s Ark – Monitors: 94 – Destinations: All routed /24 IPv4 prefixes (9.5 million) – Optimization: Group of monitors split destination list
• Measures full destination list in 2/3 days
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Increasing the number of monitors
§ Low cost monitors – E.g.: Ark’s Raspberry Pi monitor,
RIPE Atlas
– Advantage: more control
– Problem: Need more user engagement
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§ Peer-to-peer monitoring software – E.g.: Dimes (~400); EdgeScope (~900K)
– Advantage: Easy deployment
– Problem: little control
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Inferring topology of one AS
§ Rocketfuel topologies – Only one traceroute that enter in
one ingress and leave via the same egress
– Alias resolution with IPID – DNS names to map routers to
PoPs
§ Topology errors – Missed links: lack of vantage
points, incomplete traceroutes – Added links: incorrect alias
resolution, adding reverse links
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A
D
B
C
E
F
m1 m2
t1 m3
t2 t3
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Measuring topology dynamics
§ Probing a large topology takes time – E.g., probing 1200 targets from PlanetLab nodes
takes 5 minutes on average (using 30 threads) – Probing more targets covers more links – But, getting a topology snapshot takes longer
§ Snapshot may be inaccurate – Paths may change during snapshot
§ Hard to get up-to-date topology – To know that a path changed, need to re-probe
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Faster topology snapshots with tree assumption
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§ Probing redundancy – Intra-monitor – Inter-monitor
§ Doubletree – Assume tree structure – Combines backward and
forward probing to eliminate redundancy
§ Topology errors – Load balancing and traffic
engineering violate tree assumption
A
D
B
m1 t1
m2
t2
C
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Tracking large number of paths with multi-path detection
§ Observation: Internet paths are mostly stable – Repeatedly probing paths waste probes
§ Dtrack: Probe according to path stability – Change detection: lightweight probing for speed
• Allocates more probes to unstable paths
– Path remapping: accuracy with Paris traceroute • Local remapping
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Summary: Router-level topologies
§ With access to routers – Topology of one AS – Observe routing messages
§ Without access to routers – Traceroute + alias resolution – Challenges
• Incomplete traceroutes • Cover all routers and links in Internet • Probe fast enough to observe fine-grained dynamics
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Outline § Router-level topologies
– Common network designs
– Measuring with access to routers: OSPF/IS-IS monitors
– Measuring without access to routers: Traceroute
§ AS-level topology – Business relationships between ASes
– BGP: Internet’s inter-domain routing
– Inferring AS topology from BGP
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AS topology
§ Node: AS
§ Edge: relationship between ASes
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AS 0
DT
AS 1
AS 3
AS 2
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Hierarchy of ASes
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Free FT
Renater
Inria
Wanadoo
§ Large, tier-1 provider with a nationwide backbone
– At the “core” of the Internet, don’t have providers
§ Medium-sized regional provider with smaller backbone
§ Small network run by a single company or university
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Connections between networks
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BT
FT DT
Wanadoo
commercial customer
broadband access
IXP
access router gateway router
IXP Internet exchange point
private peering
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Customer-provider relationship
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§ Customer needs to be reachable from everyone – Provider exports routes learned from customer to everyone
§ Customer does not want to provide transit service – Customer does not export from one provider to another
Inria BT
FT DT
Wanadoo
Inria is customer of DT Wanadoo is a customer of FT and BT traffic to/from
Inria
transit traffic is not allowed
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Peer-peer relationship
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§ Peers exchange traffic between customers – AS exports only customer routes to a peer – AS exports a peer’s routes only to its customers
Inria BT
FT DT
Wanadoo
FT and BT are peers FT and DT are peers
customers exchange traffic
FT doesn’t provide transit for its peers
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
§ Inter-domain routing protocol for the Internet – Prefix-based path-vector protocol – Policy-based routing based on AS Paths
– Evolved during the past 20 years
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BGP route
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§ Destination prefix (e.g,. 128.112.0.0/16) § Route attributes, including
– AS path (e.g., “2 1”) – Next-hop IP address (e.g., 12.127.0.121)
AS 1
128.112.0.0/16 AS path = 1 Next Hop = 192.0.2.1
AS 2 AS 3
192.0.2.1
128.112.0.0/16 AS path = 2 1 Next Hop = 12.127.0.121
12.127.0.121
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Passive BGP measurements
§ Passive measurements: public BGP data – RouteViews, RIPE RIS
eBGP update feeds
Data Collection (RouteViews, RIPE)
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§ Example: AS path = 3 2 1 – Nodes: 1, 2, 3 – Edges: (1,2), (2,3)
AS topology from BGP data
38 38
AS 1
128.112.0.0/16 AS path = 1
AS 2 AS 3
128.112.0.0/16 AS path = 2 1
128.112.0.0/16 AS path = 3 2 1
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Problem: Each router’s view is unique
Myth: The BGP updates from a single router accurately represent the AS.
C
A B
D BGP data collection
dst
6 12 10
7
AS 1 AS 2
No change
The measurement system needs to
capture the BGP routing changes
from all border routers
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Problem: Route aggregation hides information
A BGP data collection
Myth:BGP data from a router accurately represents changes on that router.
12.1.1.0/24
12.1.0.0/16
The measurement system needs to
know all routes the router
knows.
No change
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Using traceroutes to improve AS topologies
§ IP to AS mapping – Internet registries:
Whois
– Origin AS of BGP prefix
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1 169.229.62.1
2 169.229.59.225
3 128.32.255.169
4 128.32.0.249
5 128.32.0.66
6 209.247.159.109
7 *
8 64.159.1.46
9 209.247.9.170
10 66.185.138.33
11 *
12 66.185.136.17
13 64.236.16.52
AS25
AS25
AS25
AS25
AS11423
AS3356
AS3356
AS3356
AS3356
AS1668
AS1668
AS1668
AS5662
Berkeley
CNN
Calren
Level3
AOL
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Challenges of Inter-AS Mapping § Mapping traceroute hops to ASes is hard
– Need an accurate registry of IP address ownership – Whois data are notoriously out of date
§ Collecting diverse interdomain data is hard – Especially hard to see peer-peer edges
FT Free
Sorbonne ??? UPMC t1 t2
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Inferring AS Relationships § Key idea
– The business relationships determine the routing policies – The routing policies determine the paths that are chosen – So, look at the chosen paths and infer the policies
§ Example: AS path “1 7018 88” implies – AS 7018 allows AS 1 to reach AS 88 – Each “triple” tells something about transit service
§ Collect and analyze AS path data – Identify which ASes can transit through the other – … and which other ASes they are able to reach this way
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Paths you should never see (“Invalid”)
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Customer-provider Peer-peer
two peer edges
transit through a customer
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Challenges of relationship inference
§ Incomplete measurement data – Hard to get a complete view of the AS graph – Especially hard to see peer-peer edges low in hierarchy
§ Real relationships are sometime more complex – Peer is one part of the world, customer in another – Other kinds of relationships (e.g., backup and sibling) – Special relationships for certain destination prefixes
§ EdgeScope: more complete AS topologies – Traceroutes from Bittorrent clients + sophisticated heuristics
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Summary: AS-level topologies
§ Sources of AS paths – Public BGP repositories – Traceroutes + IP-AS mapping
§ Challenges – Can’t always model one AS as a node – Hard to observe links closer to the edge
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REFERENCES
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Router-level topology from inside
§ IS-IS monitoring – R. Mortier, “Python Routeing Toolkit (`PyRT')”, https://
research.sprintlabs.com/pyrt/
§ OSPF monitoring – A. Shaikh and A. Greenberg, “OSPF Monitoring: Architecture,
Design and Deployment Experience”, NSDI 2004
§ Commercial products – Packet Design: http://www.packetdesign.com/
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Traceroute
§ Original traceroute tool – V. Jacobson, traceroute, February, 1989.
§ Tracing accurate paths under load-balancing – B. Augustin et al., “Avoiding traceroute anomalies with Paris
traceroute”, IMC, 2006. – D. Veitch, B. Augustin, R. Teixeira, and T. Friedman, " Failure Control
in Multipath Route Tracing", in Proc. of IEEE Infocom, April 2009.
§ Reverse traceroute – E. Katz-Bassett, H. Madhyastha, V. Adhikari, C. Scott, J. Sherry, P.
van Wesep, A. Krishnamurthy, T. Anderson, “Reverse traceroute”, NSDI, 2010.
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Router-level topology with traceroute
§ Use of record route to obtain more accurate topologies – R. Sherwood, A. Bender, N. Spring, “DisCarte: A Disjunctive Internet
Cartographer”, SIGCOMM, 2008.
§ Large-scale alias resolution – K. Keys, Y. Hyun, M. Luckie, and k. claffy, "Internet-Scale IPv4 Alias
Resolution with MIDAR'', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 383--399, Apr 2013.
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Optimizing router-level topology discovery
§ Reducing overhead to trace topology of a network and alias resolution with direct probing
– N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and D. Wetherall, “Measuring ISP Topologies with Rocketfuel”, SIGCOMM 2002.
§ Reducing overhead to take a topology snapshot – B. Donnet, P. Raoult, T. Friedman, and M. Crovella, “Efficient
Algorithms for Large-Scale Topology Discovery”, SIGMETRICS, 2005.
§ Tracking topology changes – I. Cunha, R. Teixeira, D. Veitch, and C. Diot, "Predicting and Tracking
Internet Path Changes, in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, August 2011.
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Macroscopic topology measurement systems
§ CAIDA’s Ark – http://www.caida.org/projects/ark/
§ Dimes – http://www.netdimes.org
§ iPlane – http://iplane.cs.washington.edu/
§ Northwestern’s EdgeScope – http://aqualab.cs.northwestern.edu/projects/86-edgescope-
sharing-the-view-from-a-distributed-internet-telescope
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BGP monitors
§ RouteViews – http://www.routeviews.org/
§ RIPE-RIS – http://www.ripe.net/data-tools/stats/ris/routing-information-
service
§ Cyclops: Aggregates data from multiple monitors – http://cyclops.cs.ucla.edu/
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AS-level topologies
§ Obtaining AS paths from traceroutes – Z. M. Mao, J. Rexford, J. Wang, R. H. Katz, “Towards an Accurate
AS-Level Traceroute Tool”, SIGCOMM 2003.
§ More complete AS-level topology – K. Chen, D. R. Choffnes, R. Potharaju, Y. Chen, F. E. Bustamante, D.
Pei, Y. Zhao, “Where the Sidewalk Ends: Extending the Internet AS Graph Using Traceroutes From P2P Users”, CoNEXT, 2009.
§ More accurate model of the AS topology – W. Mühlbauer, A. Feldmann, O. Maennel, M. Roughan, and S. Uhlig,
“Building an AS-topology model that captures route diversity” ACM SIGCOMM 2006.
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AS relationship inference
§ L. Subramanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. H. Katz, "Characterizing the Internet hierarchy from multiple vantage points,” IEEE INFOCOM, 2002
§ M. Luckie, B. Huffaker, k. claffy, A. Dhamdhere, and V. Giotsas, "AS Relationships, Customer Cones, and Validation'', IMC, 2013.
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AS-level topologies: Be aware
§ R. V. Oliveira, D. Pei, Walter Willinger, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, “The (in)completeness of the observed internet AS-level structure”, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 18(1), 2010.
§ M. Roughan, W. Willinger, O. Maennel, D. Perouli, R. Bush “10 Lessons from 10 Years of Measuring and Modeling the Internet's Autonomous Systems”, IEEE JSAC 29(9), 2011.
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