Internet Engineering Web Application development models.

Internet Engineering

Web Application development models

Introduction

Company needs to provide various web services Hosting intranet applications Company web site Various internet applications

Therefore there is a need to develop applications We should select web application model to use Discuss on different types of applications

Content

Application development models: SSI CGI with Perl LAMP/WAMP J2EE .Net

Typical web applications in an organization CMS DMS Groupware WIKI Workflow

SSI

Server Side Includes This is very simple model, not really an application

development model suitable for middle to large size applications

Web server processes such instructions and generate dynamic content

Directives that are placed in HTML pages, and evaluated on the server while the pages are being served.

Let you add dynamically generated content to an existing HTML page, without having to serve the entire page via a CGI program, or other dynamic technology.

SSI

SSI directives have the following syntax:

 It is formatted like an HTML comment so if you don't have SSI correctly enabled, the browser

will ignore it

SSI examples

Commonly used to obtain and display environment variables from the OS:



Modification date of the fileThis document last modified 

Including the results of a CGI program:

Including a standard footer:

SSI examples (cont.)

Executing commands:<pre>  </pre>

Conditional expressions:



Apologetic text goes here

 Cool JavaScript code goes here

SSI conclusion

Minimize code duplications SSI for site management Creates dynamic content Can be a security problem

CGI

Common Gateway Interface Invented in 1993 by NCSA for HTTPd web server

Client requests program to be run on server-side Web server passes parameters to program through UNIX shell

environment variables Program spawned as separate process via fork Program's output => Results Server passes back results (usually in form of HTML)

Good for interfacing external applications with information servers Frequently mistaken for a language. In fact it is a standard that enables clients and servers to exchange data. Although the basis of all web applications, it is most often considered when

a file is executed rather than read. it is language independent CGI programs are most often written in PERL, C/C++, VB, Java, or UNIX

shell scripts.

CGI

Run CGI program………print $result

Request service

HEADERS

BODY

CGI with Perl

Write a standard Perl Program Program's output (to stdout) is sent back as HTTP

Response You must write out everything

Headers Blank Space Body

CGI with Perl Some CGI programs are in machine code, but Perl programs are

usually kept in source form, so Perl must be run on them A source file can be made to be “executable” by adding a line at

their beginning that specifies that a language processing program be run on them first

For Perl programs, if the perl system is stored in /usr/local/bin/perl, as is often is in UNIX systems, this is: #!/usr/local/bin/perl

The file extension .cgi is sometimes used for Perl CGI programs An HTML document specifies a CGI program with the hypertext

reference attribute, href, of an anchor tag, <a>, as in <a href = “./cgi-bin/reply.cgi>" Click here to

run the CGI program, reply.pl </a>

Perl

Practical Extension and Reporting Language. Originally developed as a utility language for UNIX. Particularly well suited to manipulate patterns, especially

text. Popular because it is free, available for most operating

systems, and relatively easy to learn Exceedingly powerful, but ugly, noisy, and prone to

errors.

Perl – a simple example

“Hello World” in PERL#! /usr/bin/perl

print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";

print "<html><body><h1>Hello World!";

print "</h1></body></html>\n";

Simple concept -- the program executes, and the output is sent to the browser that called it.

Perl – a simple counter

#! /usr/bin/perlopen (INPUT,”count.txt”);@inline= <INPUT>;$count = $inline[0] + 1;close INPUT;open (OUT,”>count.txt”);print OUT “$count\n”;close OUT;print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";print "<html><body>”;print “<h1>Let’s Count! "</h1>";print “This page accessed $count times<p>”;print “</body></html>\n";

Perl – Basic syntax

Perl statements end in a semi-colon:

Comments start with a hash symbol and run to the end of the line

Whitespace is irrelevant:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Variable types:

Scalars:

Arrays:


Arrays:


Hashes:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Variable scoping:

Conditional constructs:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Conditional constructs:

While:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) for:

foreach:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Operators:

Arithmetic:

Numeric comparison:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Operators:

String comparison:

Boolean logic:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Files and IO:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) String matching:

Perl – Basic syntax (cont.) Subroutines:

CGI environment variables (%ENV)

CGI environment variables (%ENV) example- Printing environment variables:

#!/usr/bin/perluse strict; use CGI qw(:standard); use CGI::Carp qw(warningsToBrowser fatalsToBrowser);

print header; print start_html("Environment"); foreach my $key (sort(keys(%ENV))) { print "$key = $ENV{$key}<br>\n";

} print end_html;

CGI environment variables (%ENV) Example- Referrer:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;

use CGI qw(:standard);

use CGI::Carp qw(warningsToBrowser fatalsToBrowser);

print header;

print start_html("Referring Page");

print "Welcome, I see you've just come from $ENV{HTTP_REFERER}!<p>\n";

print end_html;

CGI environment variables (%ENV) Example- Browser detection:

#!/usr/bin/perluse strict; use CGI qw(:standard); use CGI::Carp qw(warningsToBrowser fatalsToBrowser);

print start_html("Browser Detect"); my($ua) = $ENV{HTTP_USER_AGENT}; print "User-agent: $ua<p>\n"; if (index($ua, "MSIE") > -1) {

print "Your browser is Internet Explorer.<p>\n"; } elsif (index($ua, "Netscape") > -1) {

print "Your browser is Netscape.<p>\n"; } elsif (index($ua, "Safari") > -1) {

print "Your browser is Safari.<p>\n"; } elsif (index($ua, "Opera") > -1) {

print "Your browser is Opera.<p>\n"; } elsif (index($ua, "Mozilla") > -1) {

print "Your browser is probably Mozilla.<p>\n"; } else { print "I give up, I can't tell what browser you're using!

<p>\n"; } print end_html;

Form processing

Form processing (cont.)

#!/usr/bin/perl use CGI qw(:standard); use CGI::Carp qw(warningsToBrowser fatalsToBrowser); use strict; print header; print start_html("Thank You"); print h2("Thank You"); my %form; foreach my $p (param()) {

$form{$p} = param($p); print "$p = $form{$p}<br>\n";

} print end_html;


#!/usr/bin/perl use CGI qw(:standard); use CGI::Carp qw(warningsToBrowser fatalsToBrowser); use strict;

print header; print start_html("Results"); # Set the PATH environment variable to the same path # where sendmail is located: $ENV{PATH} = "/usr/sbin"; # open the pipe to sendmail open (MAIL, "|/usr/sbin/sendmail -oi -t") or

&dienice("Can't fork for sendmail: $!\n"); # change this to your own e-mail address my $recipient = '[email protected]';


# Start printing the mail headers # You must specify who it's to, or it won't be delivered: print MAIL "To: $recipient\n"; # From should probably be the webserver. print MAIL "From: nobody\@cgi101.com\n"; # print a subject line so you know it's from your form

cgi. print MAIL "Subject: Form Data\n\n"; # Now print the body of your mail message. foreach my $p (param()) {

print MAIL "$p = ", param($p), "\n"; } # Be sure to close the MAIL input stream so that the # message actually gets mailed. close(MAIL);

Form processing (cont.)# Now print a thank-you page print <<EndHTML;

<h2>Thank You</h2> <p>Thank you for writing!</p> <p>Return to our <a href="index.html">home page</a>.</p>

EndHTML print end_html;

# The dienice subroutine handles errors. sub dienice {

my($errmsg) = @_; print "<h2>Error</h2>\n"; print "<p>$errmsg</p>\n";

print end_html; exit; }

Setting cookies

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;

my $cid = int(rand(1000000));

print "Set-Cookie: NAME=$cid\n";

print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";

print <<EndOfHTML; <html><head><title>Welcome</title></head> <body> <h2>Welcome!</h2> Your cookie is $cid.<p> </body></html>

EndOfHTML ;

Reading cookies

#!/usr/bin/perl use CGI qw(:standard); use CGI::Carp qw(warningsToBrowser fatalsToBrowser); use strict; print header(); print start_html("Cookie"); print h2("Welcome!"); if (my $cookie = cookie('mycookie')) {

print "Your cookie is $cookie.<br>"; } else {

print "You don't have a cookie named `mycookie'.<br>";

} print end_html;

References

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/howto/ssi.html http://learn.perl.org/ http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs193i/handoutsSum2004/

21CGI.pdf http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs193i/handoutsSum2004/

22CGI2.pdf http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs193i/handoutsSum2004/

23CGI3.pdf

What is LAMP?

LAMP refers to a set of tools: Linux Apache MySQL PHP

It allows for rapid deployment of software applications It can be defined as Open Source platform We have already discussed on Linux and Apache We should talk more about PHP and MySQL

PHP overview

Open Source server-side scripting language designed specifically for the web.

In-line scripting Conceived in 1994, now used on +10 million web sites. Now in

version 5.0 Outputs not only HTML but can output XML, images (JPG & PNG),

PDF files and even Flash movies (using libswf and Ming) all generated on the fly. Can write these files to the filesystem.

Supports a wide-range of databases (inherently or via ODBC). PHP also has support for talking to other services using protocols

such as LDAP, IMAP, SNMP, POP3, HTTP. Supports OO programming Perl- and C-like syntax. Relatively easy to learn. Website @ http://www.php.net/

Why use PHP

If you like free software or need a free solution If you need a solution that’s portable across multiple platforms (e.g.

Red Hat Linux to Windows 2000) If you want to add dynamic content to your pages If you want to make your pages easier to maintain There are a lot of open source/free packages/libraries available in

PHP. Many mailing lists/sites are dedicated to it. Examples of uses of PHP :

Surveys - Polls Small/Medium Portals Small/Medium Web-Mails Content Management

What is in a php file

PHP files may contain text, HTML tags and scripts PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or “.phtml“

Embedding PHP in HTML:<html>

<body>

<strong>Hello World!</strong><br />

<?

echo ‘This is a PHP introductory course!’;

?>

</body>

</html>

Include mechanism

<?php

include '../includes/header.html';

?>

<center>

content of your web page

</center>

<?php

include 'http://cs.ucy.ac.cy/php/footer.html';

?>

Content can be included from a local or remote source via such protocols as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and FTPS

Types

Scalar types Boolean Integer Float String

Compound types Array Object

Variables

Variables all start with a $ Case-sensitive Must start with a letter or underscore,

followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores Variables are not explicitly typed

Type of value is inferred on operator application

Uninitialised variables have value undef What undef means depends on context

Numeric context it is 0 String context it is empty string “”

Variables

To assign values to variables: $foo = ‘bar’; Data Type: String $foo = 1; Data Type: integer $foo = 5.34; Data Type: Double $foo = array(“bar”,”united”); Data Type: Array

Data Types are automatically assigned though you can force a data type by type casting. For example: $foo = ‘Hello’; $bar = (int)$foo; $bar now equals 0

Almost all variables are local (page). Globals include $_Session

Example

<html>

<body>

<p> <?php

$temperature = 5;

$conversionFactorC2K = 273;

print("$temperature °C");

echo " is ";

print($temperature+$conversionFactorC2K."°K"); ?>

</p>

</body>

</html>

Associative arrays

Java arrays are index by number, e.g. a[0] PHP arrays can also be indexed by association,

e.g.:

$phone['mark']='3497';

$phone['ian']='3098';

$people=array_keys($phone);

foreach ($people as $person)

echo "$person is on ext ".$phone[$person]."<br />";

Arrays

Actually an ordered map So you can use it like a vector, hashtable, dictionary, stack,

queue etc. May contain other arrays

You could build trees with them In fact, they can contain any PHP type They are dynamic (their size is changing at runtime)

Array Syntax

Creation with array()

<?php

$arr = array("foo" => "bar", 12 => true);

echo $arr["foo"];

echo $arr[12];

?>

Array of array

<?php

$arr = array(

"somearray" => array(6 => 5, 13 => 9, "a" =>

42));

echo $arr["somearray"][6]; // 5

echo $arr["somearray"][13]; // 9

echo $arr["somearray"]["a"]; // 42

?>

Parameters

Pass by value is deafult

<?php

function addNothing($string) {

$string .= ‘with a cherry on top.’;

}

$dessert = ‘Ice cream ’;

addNothing($dessert);

echo $dessert;

?>

Parameters

By reference

<?php

function addTopping(&$string) {

$string .= ‘with a cherry on top.’;

}

$dessert = ‘Ice cream ’;

addTopping($dessert);

echo $dessert;

?>

Servers variable array

$_SERVER is an array containing information such as

Headers Paths Script locations

The entries in this array are created by the webserver. There is no guarantee that every webserver will provide any of these; servers may omit some, or provide others

Servers variable array

Server variables

'argv' Array of arguments passed to the script. When the script is

run on the command line, this gives C-style access to the command line parameters. When called via the GET method, this will contain the query string.

'argc' Contains the number of command line parameters passed

to the script (if run on the command line).

Server variables

'REMOTE_ADDR' The IP address from which the user is viewing the current

page. 'REMOTE_HOST'

The Host name from which the user is viewing the current page. The reverse dns lookup is based off the REMOTE_ADDR of the user.

'REMOTE_PORT' The port being used on the user's machine to communicate

with the web server.

HTML Forms

When a form is submitted to a PHP script, the information from that form is automatically made available to the script There’s a few ways to do this Example:

<form action="foo.php" method="POST">Name: <input type="text" name="username"><br>Email: <input type="text" name="email"><br><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"></form>

<html><body><p> <?php print $_POST['username']; ?> </p></body></html>

$_GET $_REQUEST $_FILES: An associative array of items uploaded to the current

script via the HTTP POST method.

Session

$_SESSION An associative array containing session variables available

to the current script. A way to preserve certain data across subsequent

accesses Loads of session handling functions

name, lifetime, cache etc.

Session

The idea of a session is to track a user during a single session on a web site. This enables customized web pages, single login during a session, shopping cart applications, and tracking users behavior

Cryptographically generated to be a unique session id Session ID is stored as a cookie on the client box or passed along

through URL's. Session variable values are stored in the 'superglobal‘ associative

array '$_SESSION.' The values are actually stored at the server and are accessed via

the session id from your cookie. On the client side the session ID expires when connection is broken.

Session handling example

Page 1

<?php

session_start();

$_SESSION[‘FName'] = $_Get[‘FName'];

$_SESSION[‘LName'] = $_Get[‘LName'];

include '../includes/header.html';

?> Page 2

<?php

session_start();

echo $_SESSION[‘FName'] . “ “ . $_SESSION[‘LName'];

?>

Cookies

Cookies are little text file that a web site stores in the client’s computer to maintain information about that client

Cookies are sent along with the rest of the HTTP headers

Like other headers, cookies must be sent before any output from your script (this is a protocol restriction).

This requires that you place calls to this function prior to any output, including <html> and <head> tags

Cookies

Setting a cookie setcookie(“TestCookie", “lng=en”);

Setting a cookie with expiration setcookie("TestCookie", “lng=en”, time()+3600); /* expire in

1 hour */ Access and print a cookie

echo $_COOKIE[‘TestCookie’] Delete a cookie

setcookie ("TestCookie", "", time() - 3600); set the expiration time to an hour ago

PHP and MySQL

PHP and MySQL are a perfect companion Largely because they are both free and they have

numerous capabilities PHP as of version 3 supports inherently MySQL i.e.

specialized build-in functions handle the database interactions

Same goes with ORACLE but not with Microsoft databases (Access, SQL Server)

Example

<html><body><h1>A List of Users Who Have Signed Up For ….</h1><?$dbh = mysql_connect("localhost",“dbusername",“dbpassword")or die(“Couldn't connect to database.");$db = mysql_select_db(“dbname", $dbh)or die(“Couldn't select database.");$sql = “SELECT username, email FROM userspool”;$result = mysql_query($sql)or die(“Something is wrong with your SQL statement.");while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {

$username = $row[‘username’];$email = $row[‘email’];echo ‘<a href=“mailto:’.$email.’”>’.$username.’</a><br />’;

}?></body></html>

SQL – Structured Query Language

MySQL is a open-source, multithreaded, multi-user, SQL (Structured Query Language) relational database server

MySQL works on many different platforms—including FreeBSD, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp, Solaris, SunOS, SCO, Windows, and other OS’s.¹

MySQL is used by companies like The Associated Press, Google, NASA, Sabre Holdings, American Greetings, and Suzuki.²

What is MySQL?

Basically information organized in a structure.

Top level:Database (Excel File)

-> Tables (Excel Sheet)-> Columns and Rows

-> Data

Therefore data is organized into categories which can be stored and retrieved in an efficient manner as long as you know where to look.

Relational Database

Programming languages which can access MySQL databases include: C, C++, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl.²

You need to either compile in MySQL support when installing these languages or have access to MySQL libraries respective to the programming language (i.e. libMySQL.dll)

Programming Languages

Download installation package or source/rpms from www.mysql.com.

Run setup utility/install rpms/compile from source.

Setup administrator access using mysqladmin. This command allows you to setup root access and run administrative commands from the command prompt.

Login to MySQL daemon:Windows: c:/mysql/bin/mysql –u username –p –h host*nix: mysql –u username –p –h host

Use root user to add new users with privileges.

Installation and Setup

Privileges can be granted at four levels: Global level

Global privileges apply to all databases on a given server. These privileges are stored in the mysql.user table. GRANT ALL ON *.* and REVOKE ALL ON *.* grant and revoke only global privileges.

Database level

Database privileges apply to all tables in a given database. These privileges are stored in the mysql.db and mysql.host tables. GRANT ALL ON db_name.* and REVOKE ALL ON db_name.* grant and revoke only database privileges.²

Table levelTable privileges apply to all columns in a given table. These privileges are stored in the

mysql.tables_priv table. GRANT ALL ON db_name.tbl_name and REVOKE ALL ON db_name.tbl_name grant and revoke only table privileges.

Column level

Column privileges apply to single columns in a given table. These privileges are stored in the mysql.columns_priv table. When using REVOKE, you must specify the same columns that were granted.²

Setup Users

So a command to grant user to database test:GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test.* TO ‘user’@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY

‘password’;

Then we need to reload the privileges:FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Thus ‘user’ may access the MySQL database from ‘localhost’ (server) on all tables in the ‘test’ database.

mysql –u user –p

password: password

Setup Users

Syntax:create database databasename;

create database library;

Then we can see the database:show databases;

+-------------------+

| library |

| test |

+-------------------+

Then we need to access/use the databse:use library;

Creating Databases

Syntax:CREATE TABLE tablename (

column1 attributes,

column2 attributes,

column3 attributes);

CREATE TABLE books (

book_id INT(4) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT UNSIGNED,

title VARCHAR(255),

author VARCHAR(255),

location VARCHAR(32),

ISBN VARCHAR(16),

quantity INT DEFAULT ‘0’);

Creating Tables

We can then see what tables are in a database:Show tables;

+-------------------+| Tables_in_library |+-------------------+| books |+-------------------+

Then we can see what columns are in a table.DESCRIBE (DESC) tablename;DESC TABLE books;

+----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| book_id | int(4) unsigned | | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || title | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | || author | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | || location | varchar(32) | YES | | NULL | || ISBN | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | || quantity | int(11) | YES | | 0 | |+----------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

Creating Tables Cont…

Syntax:INSERT (IGNORE) INTO tablename (columns to insert) VALUES (values to insert);

INSERT INTO books (title, author, location) VALUES ("The Hobbit", "JRR Tolkien", “F Tolkien, J”);

INSERT INTO books (title, author, location, ISBN, quantity) VALUES (“Windows XP", “William Gates", “115.4”, “1282105242142943”, 1);

Notice I did not specify a book_id, this is because it is an auto incrementing row. Therefore The Hobbit will be book_id 1, and Windows XP will be book_id 2.

Insert Rows

If you want to rename the returned column, use an as:SELECT title as what, author as who FROM books;

+------------+---------------+| what | who |+------------+---------------+| The Hobbit | JRR Tolkien || Windows XP | William Gates | +------------+---------------+

The wildcard ‘*’ can be used to select all columns:SELECT * FROM books;

+---------+------------+---------------+--------------+------------------+----------+| book_id | title | author | location | ISBN | quantity |+---------+------------+---------------+--------------+------------------+----------+| 1 | The Hobbit | JRR Tolkien | F Tolkien, J | NULL | 0 || 2 | Windows XP | William Gates | 115.4 | 1282105242142943 | 1 |+---------+------------+---------------+--------------+------------------+----------+

ISBN is NULL for The Hobbit since we did not specify, and the quantity is 0 since that is the default value we set.

Selecting Rows Cont…

Count is a special syntax which returns a numerical amount of a select statement:SELECT COUNT(*) FROM books;

+----------+

| COUNT(*) |

+----------+

| 2 |

+----------+

Distinct is another syntax which returns unique values of a select statement:SELECT DISTINCT author FROM books;

Selecting Count

Updating rows changes values of data within rows.Syntax:

UPDATE tablename SET attribute1 = value1, attribue2 = value2 WHERE conditions;

UPDATE books SET quantity = 5 WHERE book_id = 1;

SELECT * FROM books WHERE book_id = 1;+---------+------------+-------------+--------------+------+----------+

| book_id | title | author | location | ISBN | quantity |

+---------+------------+-------------+--------------+------+----------+

| 1 | The Hobbit | JRR Tolkien | F Tolkien, J | NULL | 5 |

+---------+------------+-------------+--------------+------+----------+

WARNING! Be careful of update statements and to specify a WHERE clause. Without a WHERE clause, all rows will be updated with quantity of 5.

Updating Rows

Syntax:DELETE FROM tablename WHERE conditions;DELETE FROM books WHERE book_id = 2;SELECT * FROM books;

+---------+------------+-------------+--------------+------+----------+| book_id | title | author | location | ISBN | quantity |+---------+------------+-------------+--------------+------+----------+| 1 | The Hobbit | JRR Tolkien | F Tolkien, J | NULL | 5 |+---------+------------+-------------+--------------+------+----------+

WARNING! Be careful of delete statements and to specify a WHERE clause. Without a WHERE clause, all rows will be deleted. If you need to delete all the contents of a table:DELETE FROM books;

However, this does not reset the indexes of a table, therefore a better command is:TRUNCATE books;

Deleting Rows

Where clauses are very important to select, update, and delete statements.Where clauses can be in multiple formats and contain multiple parameters:

WHERE number (NOT) IN (0,1,2);WHERE (book_id = 1 AND ISBN IS (NOT) NULL) OR location = 0;WHERE (date > 10212004) AND (date < 11222004);WHERE (quantity + 2) = 4;

Where clauses can be quite long and complex, as the programmer you need to know how to read them as well as script them.

Where Clauses

Altering tables enables you to change the structure of a table, whether it be changing default values to removing or adding columns.ALTER (IGNORE) TABLE tablename alter_specification;

ALTER TABLE books ADD date timestamp;

ALTER TABLE books RENAME catalog;

ALTER TABLE books MODIFY author INT(11) NOT NULL;

ALTER TABLE books CHANGE ISBN price float;

ALTER TABLE books DROP COLUMN quantity;

Altering Tables

Drop syntax deletes entire tables or databases.DROP TABLE tablename;

DROP TABLE books;

DROP databasename;

DROP library;

This is for deleting databases and tables, not just clearing the entries!

Drop Statements

Select Statements can be used for multiple tables:Example:

SELECT author_id FROM authors WHERE lastname LIKE “%Rawling%”;+-----------+

| author_id |

+-----------+

| 1029 |

+-----------+

SELECT title FROM books WHERE author_id = 1029;+-----------------------------------------+

| Title |

+-----------------------------------------+

| Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone |

| Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets |

+-----------------------------------------+

More on Selects

Instead of doing two queries, combine them:SELECT b.title FROM authors a, books b WHERE b.author_id = a.author_id AND a.lastname LIKE “%Rawling%”;+-----------------------------------------+

| Title |

+-----------------------------------------+

| Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone |

| Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets |

+-----------------------------------------+

Even better, we can use a ‘left join’:SELECT b.title FROM books LEFT JOIN authors ON b.author_id = a.author_id WHERE a.lastname LIKE “%Rawling%”;

Join’s are generally better.This can also be applied to multiple UPDATES and DELETES.

More on Selects

What are indexes?

When talking about databases, indexing is a technique used by most current database management systems to speed up particular kinds of queries (usually by internally generating and storing redundant information to more quickly locate table entries).

For integers, strings, and text, this is invaluable! Especially if the size of the table is large!

Indexes

Syntax:CREATE (UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL) INDEX index_name (index_type) ON tablename (column1,column2,…);

CREATE INDEX isbn_index ON books (ISBN);

You can specify a certain amount to index on, especially helpful with strings:CREATE INDEX title_index ON books (title(11));

Unique indexes help prevent duplicate entries:CREATE UNIQUE INDEX author_lastname ON author (lastname(11));

You can assign an index to multiple columns to prevent duplicate entries:CREATE UNIQUE INDEX author_ref ON books (title, authorid);

Creating Indexes

Syntax:CREATE TABLE tablename (

column1 attributes,…KEY index_name (column(size))

);CREATE TABLE books (

book_id INT(4) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT UNSIGNED,title VARCHAR(255),author VARCHAR(255),KEY title_index (title(11)),KEY author_index (author(11)),

);Note: book_id does not need an index since primary key attribute takes care of

it.

Creating Tables With Indexes

Syntax:DROP INDEX index_name ON tablename;

DROP INDEX author_index ON books;

Dropping Indexes

MySQLdump is a command which dumps defined contests of a database. This is handy in terms of backups:

Syntax:mysqldump –u username –p (databasename) (tablename)

Useful flags: -A|--all-databases – dumps all databases-a|--all – same as previous-c|--complete-insert – use complete insert statements-e|--extended-insert – use extended insert statements

--add-drop-table – add a drop table before each create table syntax-h|--host – define a host-n|--no-create-db – do not specify a create database command-d|--no-data – do not include the data-P|--port--tables

MySQLdump

A method of backing up a entire database in *nix is:mysqldump –u username –p database > date.sql

Mysqldump exports to the console screen, so it is useful to pipe it into a file, no idea how to do this in MSDOS.

There are two ways to restore a backup to mysql:1. Pipe data back into mysql server:

mysql –u username –p databasename < file

mysql –u user –p library < date.sql

2. Source data from within mysql server:source filename

source date.sql

MySQLdump

MySQL limitations

If MyISAM table types are used (default), transactional support is disabled. To enable transactions you will need to set up MySQL to use InnoDB tables and create the database tables as InnoDB type.

No views, Triggers, Stored procedures support User defined functions only possible with external C/C++

code Foreign keys supported only for InnoDB tables No support for cursors No nested select statement

References

http://php.net http://mysql.com http://www.wikipedia.net http://www.mysql.com https://ims.ecn.purdue.edu/documentation.html

Internet Engineering Web Application development models.

Documents

Transcript of Internet Engineering Web Application development models.