Internet Archive...A ft . it . Introduction to Main Characters in the Text . T . ft. LinDing Libo ....

NEW PRACTICAL CHINESE READER

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A ft it Introduction to Main Characters in the Text

T ft Ding Libo

A Canadian student,

aged 21, male.

Gubo is his father;

Ding Yun is his mother.

ikX.% Ma Ddwei

An American student,

aged 22, male.

Song Hud

A Chinese student,

aged 20, male.

id'* Wdng XiQoyun

A Chinese student,

aged 20, female.

ffcJt'J'F Chen ICioshT

A Chinese teacher,

aged 30, female.

Zhang jidoshou

A Chinese professor,

aged 48, male.

Lin Na

A British student,

aged 19, female.

f- Lu Yupfng

A Chinese reporter,

aged 26, male.

Yang l6oshi

A Chinese teacher,

aged 32, male.

- 2 -

I t . i his lesson begins by introducing some sounds unique

;. to the Chinese language, including tones. The Chinese writ¬

ing system dates back more than four thousand years, and it

is especially intriguing to see how Chinese characters devel-

j | oped since their basically pictographic origins in ancient

China. By the end of the lesson, you will know eleven Chi¬

nese characters and be able to express some everyday greet¬

ings in Chinese.

Ha—if Lesson 1 ) "* ' 'IHii-AiUMf MW-t ..V»r.v NT hao

# if

<S> Lu Yupfng: Libo, nT hao.®

& o

Libb: NT hbo, Lu Yupfng.

# if-, & ilHS

- 3 -

New Words

4ft you

good; well; fine; O.K.

(name of a Chinese reporter)

(name of a Canadian student)

<5> □bo; Lin Na, nl hao ma? ®

fi'A: & ^, ft &

Lin Na: W6 hen hao, ni ne? 0

^ tif: & «L *f, # *?

LibO: Y$ hen hao.®

1. nT Pr

2. hao a

3. Lu Yuping pn

4. Libo pn

- 4 -

/j— J=| New Words

l. ma QPt (interrogative particle for question expecting

yes-no answer)

2. w6 Pr I; me

3. h6n Adv very

4. ne MdPt (a modal particle used for elliptical questions)

5. ye Adv too; also

6. Lin Na PN (name of a British student)

CD NT hao.

Notes

“Hello!”, “How do you do?”

This is the most common form of greeting in Chinese. It can be used at any time of

day when meeting people for the first time or for people you already know. The response to

this greeting form is also “^£F”(“NT h£lO”).

(2) NT hCio ma?

“How are you?”

This is also a form of greeting, often used after you have not seen someone for some

time, and the response is usually “f^g£F”(“W6 hen hao”) or other similar formulae.

(D NT ne?

“And (how are) you?”

(D Ye hen hbo.

“(I am) fine (literally, very good), too.”

This is an elliptical sentence, with the subject “$£”(w6) omitted. In spoken Chinese,

when the context is explicit and there is no ambiguity, the subject is often omitted. One

may also say “T||£F’(“H6n hao”) to answer the question ”(“NT h6o ma? ”).

Pronunciation Drills

Initials: b p m n I h

Finals: 0 O e i U LI

ao en ie in ing uo

.1) Students are required to master the characters of the purple new words in this lesson.

- 5 -

1. Spelling

ba bo bl bu bin bTng

pa po pi pu pin pTng

ma mb mT mu

ne nao nie

le lao lie luo

he hao huo

The four tones

a a a a

nT nl nT ni

hao hao hao hao nT hao

IT II IT li

bo bo bo bo Li bo

ITn lln ITn lln

na na na na Lin Na

IQ lu lu lu

yu yu V

yu yu

Ping ping Lu Yuping

wo wo wo

hbn h6n h6n w6 h6n hao

ye ye yb ye hen hao

Sound discrimination

bo - pa nu - nu wu - hu (eight) (female) (five) (tiger)

blng - — bin pie- bie huo -WO

(ice) (left-falling strokes) (fire) (D

Tone discrimination

ma — — ma mu- mu yi -yf (horse) (mom) (wood) (one)

ye — — ye II IT men - men (also) (night) (strength) (in) (door)

- 6 -

5. Third-tone sandhi

nT hao hen hbo ye hbo ye hen hao

6. Read the following classroom expressions aloud

NT hao. NTmen hbo.

ES. giSiSS Conversation Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. NT h6o.

2. NT hao ma?

3. Wo h£n hao, nT ne?

4. Ye hen h6o.

! —) IfJ30B? Saying hello]

1. 'jcfli h #TJ i£ Complete the following dialogue

Lin Nb: Libo, nT hao!

LlbO; _.

2. WEzxiS Make a dialogue based on the picture

- 7 -

(_) [Rl!^ Greetings]

1. Complete the following dialogue

Ma LI: NT hao ma?

LuYI: _, _?

M<5 LI: W6 y6 h6n hao. '

2. titifcSituational dialogue

You run into a Chinese friend whom you haven’t seen for a long time. What will you

say to him/her?

(H) 0/f££ Listen and repeat

~F\. ioi=r Phonetics

1. Initials and finals

A syllable in the common speech of modem Chinese usually consists of an initial, which

is a consonant that begins the syllable, and a final, which constitutes the rest of the syllable.

For example, in the syllable “ping”, “p” is the initial and “ing is the final. A syllable

can stand without an initial, such as “y§”f but all syllables must have a final. In the com¬

mon speech of modern Chinese, there are altogether 21 initials and 38 finals.

2. Pronunciation key

Initials: m, n, I, h are pronounced similarly to their counterparts in the English language,

b like “p” in “speak” (unaspirated, voiceless)

p like “p” in “park” (aspirated, voiceless)

Note: Particular attention should be paid to the pronunciation of the aspirated

and unaspirated consonants: b-p.

Finals: e like “e” in “her”

ie like “ye” in “yes”

-ng (final) a nasalised sound like the “ng” in “bang” without pronouncing the “g”

Note-. The pronunciation of the “e” in a compound final is different from that

of the simple final “e”.

- 8 -

3. Tones

Chinese is a tonal language in which the tones convey differences in meaning.

A(ba) $(ba) ffi(bfl) ^(ba)

In common speech there are four basic tones, represented respectively by the following

Time marks;

for the first tone,

for the second tone,

V ” for the third tone, and

for the fourth tone.

When a syllable contains only a single vowel, the tone mark is placed directly above

i=e vowel letter as in “lu” and “hen”. The dot over the vowel “i” should be dropped if

tone mark is placed above it, as in “ni”, “nfn” and “ping”. When the final of the

^.liable is composed of two or more vowels, the tone mark should be placed above the

owel pronounced with the mouth widest open (e.g. hQO).

The openness of the mouth for the vowels, from widest to smallest is as follows;

Q O G i u u

~* Third-tone sandhi

A third tone, when immediately followed by another third tone, should be pronounced

_ the second tone, but with the tone mark “ ” remaining unchanged. For example;'

nT hGo -> nf hGo Wo hen hSo. -* Wo hen hao.

hen hao -*• hen h6o Ye h§n hao. -► Ye h<§n hao.

Spelling rules

At the beginning of a syllable, “i" is written as “y” (e.g. i<§ —> yg). “j” is written

^ yi when it forms a syllable all by itself (e.g. I —► yl).

At the beginning of a syllable, “u” is written as “w” (e.g. u6 —► w6). “u” is written

^ “WU” when it forms a syllable all by itself (e.g. U —► wu).

When -0* is at the beginning of a syllable or forms a syllable by itself, a My” is added

it and the two dots over it are omitted (e.g. U —► yu).

- 9 -

Grammar

Word order in Chinese sentences

The main characteristic of Chinese grammar is that it lacks of morphological changes in

person, tense, gender, number, and case in the strict sense. The word order, however, is

very important to convey different grammatical meanings. The subject of a sentence is usually

placed before the predicate. For example:

Subject Predicate

w NT hao.

m Wo hen hao.

($•

-x

\

7333

o

i i | 1

Libo ye hen hao.

t Chinese Characters

Chinese characters originated from pictures. The history of their formation is very long,

dating back to remote antiquity. Present-day Chinese characters, which evolved from ancient

Chinese characters, are square-shaped. Here are some examples illustrating their long evolu¬

tion;

-10-

^ Basic strokes of Chinese characters

Chinese characters are written by combining various kinds of “strokes”. These strokes

-an be divided into basic strokes and “combined” strokes.

Basic strokes of Chinese characters

stroke Name Example \ Way to Write

• ' \ ditin ! n The dot is written from top to bottom-right, as in

the first stroke of “H”.

heng _

A

The horizontal stroke is written from left to right.

i i shu The vertical stroke is written from top downward to

bottom, as in the second stroke of “yfc”.

j / pi6 % The downward-left stroke is written from top to

bottom-left, as in the second stroke of “f]n.

i nti /V

The downward-right stroke is written from top to

bottom-right, as in the second stroke of “A”.

1 - /* tf

_ 4k

The upward stroke is written from bottom-left to

top-right, as in the fourth stroke of

2- Learn and write basic Chinese characters

0) — -*

yi one 1 stroke

(2) /V / yV

ba eight 2 strokes

(3) ft nh

li strength 2 strokes

tsf

J’

(4) n men door 3 strokes

(5) 4'l y6

s* A*

too; also 3 strokes

-11 -

(6) -Sr (ft) ma horse 3 strokes

Note: is written as 99 on the left side

(7) -jtr kk-k nu female 3 strokes

Note: u-k” is written as u-k ” on the left side

(8) _S- " r WU five 4 strokes

(9)

ITIU wood 4 strokes

i

x

Note: is written as ” on the left side of a character.

do) x. ' '' x X. ih huo fire 4 strokes

Note: U')C is written as at the bottom of a character.

r i

i I

3. Learn and write the Chinese characters appearing in the

texts

Ifn

^ > 4 ^

JUbSDiR Cultural Notes

The Chinese Language (Hanyu) and “Common Speech” (Putonghua)

Scholars think Chinese writing originated almost four thousand years ago and that the

spoken language goes back to remote antiquity, making it one of the world s oldest languages.

In spite of its great age, Chinese is now one of the most widely used living languages. The

language is spoken in many dialects within China, as well as in many overseas Chinese com¬

munities , especially in Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas. And there are more than

a billion native speakers of Chinese worldwide. It is one of the languages the United Nations

uses when conducting official business.

- 12-

Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. Hanyu, literally “language of the

Han”, refers to the standard Chinese language, and is spoken by the Han, Hui, Manchu,

and other ethnic groups that constitute 94% of the population of China. There are fifty-six

recognized ethnic groups in China, using as many as eighty different languages.

Chinese includes variants from seven main dialect groups. The northern or Mandarin di¬

alect covers three fourths of China’s territory and includes two thirds of its population. Stan¬

dard Chinese is also known by its official designation, Putonghua, literally “common speech”.

Putonghua is based on the northern dialect, using the dialect of Beijing as the basis for its

pronunciation and modem vernacular literature for its grammatical structure. This is the Chi¬

nese that is taught in this textbook.

-13-

Have you ever wanted to say hello in ij

j Chinese to your friends? By the end of this

lesson, you will be able to greet others and

express your needs.

_J

( Lesson T) NT mang ma

c ^

Text

Lin Na: Lu Yupfng, nT hao ma? ^ r fa fife mfa, fa fa

Lu Yuping: W6 hen hao. NT baba, mama hao ma?®

& AMS & flL if, fa "-%?

Lin Na: Tamen dou h§n hao.® NT mang ma?

fa fa: mi fa fa -far, fa fa

Lu Yuplng: Wo bu mdng. NT nan pengyou ne?

fife mfa: A fa fao fa % MA

Lin Na: Ta hgn mang.

fa fa: fa fa fao 4'

-jjjj New Words

l. mdng A ft busy

* 2. ma QPt (a particle used for questions expecting a

yes-no answer)tlJ

3. bdba N && dad

4. mama N mom

5. tamen Pr Ml they; them

ta Pr he; him

men Suf in (used after pronouns or certain

nouns to denote plural)

6. dou Adv both; all

7. bu Adv not; no

8. nan A male

9. pbngyou N JWA friend

io. ne MdPt * (a modal particle used for elliptical questions)

iBl Ding LlbO: Gege, ni ydo kafei ma? ®

T -fl*-#-, it p-%?

Gege: W6 ydo kafei.

Didi: Wo ye yao kafei. ®

& *t p>#o

Ding Libo:

T 3]

Hao, w6men dou he kafei. ®

II] Words marked by an asterisk have appeared in previous lessons.

-15-

New Words

i. gege N -ff- elder brother

2. ydo V * to want

3. kafei N coffee

4. dldi N younger brother

5. women Pr we; us

6. he V to drink

7. Ding PN T (a surname)

— Notes

(D NT baba^ mama hao ma? “How are your mom and dad?

nl bdba - your dad, flT mo mo - your mom,

nT nbn p6ngyou - your boyfriend.

(2) Tamen dou hdn hao. “They are both fine (literally, very good).”

® NT ydo kafei ma? “Do you want coffee? ”

”(“NT ydo — ma? ”) is a sentence pattern commonly used when asking

what others want, whereas ydo •••”) is used to express what “I want”.

(D W6 ye ydo kafei. “I want coffee, too.”

(D Women dou he kafei. “We all drink coffee.”

'ronunciation Drills

Initials: d t g k f

Finals: ei ou an ang eng iao iou(-iu)

1- Spelling

de dou dan dang

te tou tan tang

ge gou gan gang

ke kou kan kang

-16-

bei ban beng bido pei pan peng piao fei fan feng diu hei han heng niu

0^ The four tones

td ta td

men men mdn tamen wo wo wd women nl nf nl ni nimen nan nan nan ndn

peng peng pdng peng

you you you ydu ndn pengyou bu bu bu bu

mdng mdng bu mdng ge ge g£ gege dl df di di didi he hd hd

ka kd

fei fei fei fei he kafei


da — - td ke — - ge kou - gou (big) (may) (mouth) (dog)

dou — — dud gen — - geng ding - ting (all) (many) (to follow) (nail) (to listen)

Tone discrimination

dao — — dao. tu tu ydu - — you (knife) (soil) (again) (to have)

nf — — nl liu liu kdn - kan (Buddhist nun) (six) (to see)

-17-

5. Neutral tone

baba mama

nTmen women

hao ma? NT ne?

gege didi

tamen

NT nan pengyou ne?

6. Practice on disyllabic words

yTnlido (drinks)

kele (coke)

hcinbao (hamburg er)

pfngguo (apple)

yeye (grandpa)

meimei (younger sister)

foyln (pronunciation)

heiban (blackboard)


Ting wo fayTn. (Listen to my pronunciation.)

Kdn heiban. (Look at the blackboard.)

E9- Conversation Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. Tamen dou h§n hao. 2. NT mang ma?

3. Wo bu mdng.

4. NT ydo kafei ma?

5. Wo ydo kafei.

6. W6men dou he kafei.

(—) [ l'°] fit tA A Greetings ]

tuTKTATJ xjif\ Complete the following dialogues

(1) A: Dd Lin, nT mdng ma?

B:__ NT ne?

A: __

(2) A; NT baba mama hao ma?

B: ___. NT gege ne?

A: _

-18-

(3) A; NT didi hdo ma?

B: . NT

A:

[l°]|fi£ Asking what someone wants]

Z3ci?i Complete the following dialogues

(1) A: Nfn yao kafei ma?

B; W6 yao kafei.

A: NT ne?

C:

(2) A: NT yao ma?

B:

A: NT ne?

C-

2. @ zs IS Make a dialogue based on the picture

0) A: _?

B:

(2) A:

B:

—) Rff listen and repeat

-19-

s. m Phonetics

1. $5^ Neutral tone

In the common speech of modern Chinese, there are a number of syllables which are

unstressed and are pronounced in a “weak” tone. This is known as the neutral tone and is

indicated by the absence of a tone mark. For example;

ma % ne men


Initials; f is pronounced similarly to its counterpart in the English language

d like “t” in “stay” (unaspirated)

t like “t” in “tag” (aspirated)

g a soft unaspirated “k” sound

k like “k” in “kangaroo” (aspirated)

Note; Particular attention should be paid to the pronunciation of the aspirated and

unaspirated consonants; d-t, g-k.

Finals; ei like “ay” in “play” (light)

OU like “o” in “so”

On like “an” in “can” (without stressing the “n”)

3. Spelling rules

The compound final “iou” is written as “-ill” when it comes after an initial and the

tone mark is placed on “u”. For example; liu (six).

j\. Grammar

1* Sentences with an adjectival predicate

Subject Predicate

# irfo NT hdo.

Co Ta hdn mdng.

m * Co Wo bu mdng.

Ml « Tamen dou hdn hao.

- 20 -

Adjectives in Chinese can function directly as predicates. This kind of sentence is

called a sentence with an adjectival predicate. Adjectives in this kind of sentence can be

modified by adverbs such as “til”, and The negative form of sentences with an

adjectival predicate is generated by placing the negative adverb before the adjective that

functions as the predicate. For example;

Note; Adverbs such as “til”, and must be placed before the adjective they modify-

2. “Yes-no” question with “IQ"

A declarative sentence can be changed into a “yes-no” question by adding the question

particle “HIJ” at the end of it.

Statement Question

im o NT hao. NT hdo ma?

m? Ta baba mama dou hao. ”

->— Ta baba mama dou hao ma?

Mtt0 Ta mang. Ta mang ma?

NT ydo kafei. NT ydo kafei ma?

"t- Chinese Characters

^ Learn and write basic Chinese characters

(1) T ding nail 2 strokes

(2) 7] 7 7] ddo knife 2 strokes

Note; *77” is written as * >j ” on the right side of a character.

<3> X. 7 SL y6u again 2 strokes

Note; “5L” was originally a pictograph of “the right hand”.

(4) ^ ifc

dd big 3 strokes

-21 -

2- Learn and write the Chinese characters appearing in the

texts

(1) ma (1%)

"5, —> a + 5, ( n denotes the meaning of speaking, “4” denotes the pronunciation)

(2) ne

% —► P + Jh ( P denotes the meaning of speaking, denotes the pronunciation)

(3) 4%4gj mama (-*.%-&£,)

4% —► *£ + ^7 ( ^ denotes the meaning of woman, “ -S7 ” denotes the pronunciation)

(4) -f-If gege

-22-

Cultural Notes

Chinese Characters and Simplified Script

The Chinese script is the only logographic writing system still in daily use in the world

today. Unlike the alphabetic systems used by most languages, Chinese script is made up of

characters, the majority of which are “pictophonetic”. Most consist of one component indicat¬

ing the sound of the character, the phonetic, combined with one semantic component, the

signific or radical, which shows the category of meaning to which the character belongs.

Chinese characters represent monosyllables, and generally each character represents a

single morpheme. The total number of Chinese characters is estimated at over fifty thousand,

of which only five to eight thousand are frequently used, while three thousand are normally

adequate for everyday situations.

A considerable number of Chinese characters are composed of numerous strokes and are

therefore complicated to wnte. With a view to facilitating writing, modern scholars have made

continuous attempts to simplify the writing system. The object of these language reforms has

been twofold: to reduce the number of characters by eliminating complex variants, and to re¬

duce the number of strokes in certain characters. What are known as “simplified characters”

refer to graphs that have been thus altered; traditional characters, on the other hand, are

those that retain their earlier forms.

The use of simplified characters is now official policy in the People’s Republic of China,

while traditional characters are restricted mainly to academic use or aesthetic purposes. Sim¬

plified characters have the advantages of being easier to learn, memorize, read and write.

Here are two examples;

mother (simplified) mother (traditional)

ll door (simplified) H door (traditional)

Simplified characters are used in this textbook, but traditional characters are also supplied

for the convenience of the reader.

-23-

Now, would you like to use Chinese to learn more l

about the people you meet? This lesson will show you how

j to ask a person’s occupation and nationality, as well as j

1 introduce friends, family and others. In addition, we will !

» create compound words from basic words.

V^ Lesson 3 J Ta riQ gu(j rgn

m & m ha ~ Text

Gege: Libo, na shl shbi?

-f-f: A ifc?

Ding Lib6: Nb shl women laoshT.

T ftA

Gege: Ta shl nb guo rbn? ®

iHh it a ^ n A?

Ding LibO: Ta shl Zhongguo rbn. ® Wbmen laoshi dou sh) Zhongguo ren.

T ft'/J$L: it A tSI A0 4:

-24-

£j=| New Words

l. ta Pr

2. shi V

3. na QPr

4. guo N

5. rdn N

6. nd Pr

7. shei QPr

8. laoshT N

*9. dou Adv

to. Zhonggud PN

it she; her

to be

which

m country, nation

a people, person

that

t£ who; whom

teacher

both; all

China

Ding LibO:

T ^7>&:

Chen laoshi:

%

Ding LibO:

T

Chbn laoshT:

Chen laoshi, nfn hbo! ® Zhb shl wo gege, ® ta shi waiyu

^ if! £5- ^ , ik 7k f

laoshT.

NT hao.

it' ifo

Zhe shi w6 pengyou.

4k MJLo

NT hao! NT yb shi laoshT ma?

# if! if* & £: #!)$ n%?

Pengyou.-

M:

Chen laoshT;

P&

DTng LibO;

T

Chen laoshT;

%

Nln hbo! Wo bu shi laoshi, w6 shi yisheng.

M if! & * A & A E£0

Libo, zhe shi nT nainai ma?

it & if MM n%?

Bu shi, ta shi w6 waipo. ®

t" it tz. 4^ ihi£-c

Waipb, nfn hao!

& if!

-25-

New Words

1. nin Pr you (polite form)

2. zhe Pr it this

*3. ta Pr it she; her

4. waiyu N foreign language

*5. nT Pr you

6. ylsheng N doctor; physician

7. nainai N iflifi grandmother on the father’s side

8. wdip6 N grandmother on the mother’s side

9. Ch6n PN ft (a surname)

z. )i# Notes

(D TO shl nfi gu6 r6n? “What’s her nationality?

There are two Chinese characters for the third person singular “ta”; one is “ ftk ”» used

for a male; the other “j|”, refers to a female.

(D Ta shl Zhonggu6 r6n. “She is a Chinese.”

To indicate the nationality of an individual, the character “A”(f6n) is usually placed

after the name of his/her country of origin. For example;

^lIKZhongguo)-^SIACZhongguo r6n)

(D Ch6n IQoshT, ntn hQo! In China, a person’s position or occupation, such as the director of a factory, manager,

section head, engineer, movie director, or teacher, is frequently used as a title to address

him/her in preference to such expressions as Mr. or Miss. Surnames always precede the ti¬

tles. It is considered impolite for a student to address a teacher directly by his/her personal

name. “Surname + teacher” is the most proper form of address frequently used for a teach¬

er, e.g., “Chen laoshld^^jfip)”.

“nin($0” is the polite form of commonly used to refer to an elderly or a senior

person during a conversation or to a person of the same generation when speaking on a for¬

mal occasion. People in Beijing are quite fond of using this form of address.

-26-

(D Zh6 shl w6 gege. “This is my elder brother.”

When introducing someone to a person, we often use the sentence pattern

( Zh6 Shi"- ). Ji”(Shi) is pronounced as a weak syllable.

® Ubo, zh§ shl nT nQinai ma?-BO shl, ta shl w6 w6ip6.

The Chinese language uses many words for referring to individuals in a family so that

their specific relationship to other members of the family is made clear. Different words are

used depending on whether a relative is on the mother’s or wife’s side or on the father’s or

husband’s side. Some examples are “y6ye” and “nflinai” used by a child to address the

parents of his/her father, differentiated from “waigong” and “waip6” used to address his/

her mother’s parents.

Pronunciation Drills

•=fcr

P* # Initials: zh ch sh r Finals: 111

ai uai ong

1* Spelling

zha cha sha zhT chi shl rl zhe che she reng zhai chai shai rang zhou chou shou

zhuo chuo shuo

zhuai chuai shuai zhong chong

2. 0^ The four tones

cha cha chb cha

ru rD ru zhe zhe zhe zhe shl shl shl shi zhb shi

-27-

lao lao Ido Ido Idoshi

chen chen chen chen Chen IdoshT

wai wai wai

yu yu yu yu waiyu

yT yi yi yi sheng sheng sheng sheng ylsheng

zhong zhong zhong

guo gu6 guo guo Zhonggud

ren ren ren Zhongguo ren


zhong - - chong l sheng - shang ri -re (middle) (to be bom) (sun) (hot)

bT >S

P' dong tong rou - ruo (dagger) (to understand) (meat)

4. Pi! Tone discrimination

shl — — shT zhe — - zhe ren — - ren (ten) (arrow) (person; thing) (this) (person)

pai — — pdi cheng —

(city)

- cheng zhuai — — zhuai

5. Half third tone

laoshT nainai women nTmen

wo gege wo pengyou wo nainai

nT waipb nT baba na guo rbn

hdo ma nT mang hdn mang

nT yao wo ydo ye ydo kele

6. Combination of tones u n / » «"•»»,« V »»

kafei Zhonggub heiban shengdiao

(tone)

O ”(1)

tamen

(1) “ ° ” here represents the neutral tone.

-28-

yisheng he chd shenti chifdn zhidao (to drink tea) (body) (to eat a meal) (to know)

<« y u y » ^ u y n H / » | M V » <« ✓ V r> u y »_^m0 *»

tushO changchang niunai hull pengyou (books) (often) (milk) (fluent)

chenggong yinhang pingguo chldao yeye (success) (bank) (apple) (late)


gongren (worker)

ShGngren (merchant)

IClShT (lawyer)

ganbu (cadre)

ChongzhOfig (factory manager)

nongmfn (peasant)

YTnggUO (England,

Deg UO ( Germany )

Meigu6 (America)

FogUO (France)

Eguo (Russia)

Rlben (Japan)

UK)


Da kai shu.

Gen wo nian.

NTmen nian.

Dong bu dong?

Dong le.

Bu dong.

(Open the book.)

(Read after me.)

(Read out.)

(Do you understand? )

(Yes, I/we understand.)

(No, I/we don’t understand.)

Conversation Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. Nd shi shdi?

2. Nd shi wdmen laoshT.

3. Ta shi nd gud ren?

4. Ta shi Zhonggud ren.

5. Zhe shi wo pengyou. 6. NT ye shi laoshT ma?

7. Wo bu shi IdoshT, wd shi ylsheng.

( —) [iAJsA Identifying people]

Tf zJtS' Make a dialogue based on the picture

(1) A; Na shi sh6i?

B: Na shi_

(2) A: Ta shi sh6i?

B; Ta shi_

( —) [I°]MII Asking someone’s nationality]

1. tuI^T ^’J zHS Complete the following dialogues

(1) A: Nin shi na guo ren?

B; _.

A: Ta ne?

B: _.

(2) A; Nin shi YTngguo ren ma?

B: Bu shi, _. Nin shi na guo ren?

A: _.

-30-

2. Make a dialogue based on the picture

ft'

A: Ta shl nG gu6 r6n?

B;

H) [ j)-%g Introducing people]

1. Complete the following dialogues

(1) A; Zh6 shl Lin ylsheng. Zh6 shl Chen laoshT.

B; _.

C; Nln h6o, Lin ylsheng.

2. fjf Situational dialogue

Introduce your teacher and classmates.

^3 ) Listen and repeat

at*.#? ¥b*jL%nt¥L&.

-31 -

Phonetics

1. — Third-tone sandhi

A third tone, when followed by a first, second or fourth tone, or most neutral tone

syllables, usually becomes a half third tone, that is, a tone that only falls but does not rise.

The tone mark is unchanged. For example:

nT gege wo ydo nT mbng ma?

2. Tone sandhi of

is a fourth tone syllable by itself. But it becomes a second tone when followed by a

fourth tone. For example;

bu he bu mang bu hbo bu shi bCi yao


Initials: Zh like j in jerk , but with the tip of the tongue curled farther back,

unaspirated.

Ch like ch in church”, but with the tip of the tongue curled farther

back, aspirated.

Finals:

sh like sh in ship , but with the tip of the tongue curled farther back.

T as in “right” in English, but with lips unrounded, and the tip of the

tongue curled farther back. Always pronounce the Chinese /r/ sound

with a nice smile! ©

ai like ay” in “sky” (light)

I lJ “i ['ll in zhi , chi’, “shi” and “ri” is pronounced differently

from the simple final “i [i]”. After pronouncing the initials “zh”,

Ch , sh and r , the tongue does not move. Care must be taken not

to pronounce the simple final “i [i]”, which is never found after “zh”,

“ch”, “sh” or “r”.

a? Chinese Characters

1. Learn and write basic Chinese characters

(i) A. J A

ren people, person 2 strokes

Note* On the left side of a character, “A” is written as “ \

-32-

2 strokes

(2) -f- --

shi ten

(3) b b

bT dagger

(4) ^ 1 ncnji

zhong middle

(5) El I n n ei ri sun

(6) ) 1 njn jh bei shell

7 ^

2 strokes

4 strokes

4 strokes

4 strokes

(7) i - * ii

yu jade 5 strokes

Note* On the left side of a character, “i" is written as “5 ”.

(8) £ ' A ^ £

ShT arrow 5 strokes

(9) 4 / h- hz %

Sheng to be bom; suffix denoting person 5 strokes

do) zh6

' + 0+0)

person; thing 8 strokes

2. Leant and write the Chinese characters appearing

in the texts

(l) ta

■kt —► -k + & (The “female” side, ”, denotes something related to a woman.)

-33-

(2) it ta

—► \ +

(The standing person” side, **4 ”, denotes something related to a person.)

(3) 4il men (tfl)

in -*• i + n (The meaning side is “i ", and the phonetic side is “f] ”-)

(4) if, nT

ft -> i + ft 5 strokes)

(The “standing person” side “ \ ” denotes something related to a person.)

P (y^u’erduo) (the “right-ear” side) T F 2 strokes

(ndzipdng) (the “that” side) 7 7 7 7 4 strokes

(5) up na

-► f + p

(6) ^ na

$F —► a + (The meaning side is “a”, and the phonetic side is “Up”.)

(7) $p na

► ■£ + #F (The meaning side is “■£ ”, and the phonetic side is “Up”.)

(8) dou

# > + F

^ (loozitdu) (the “old” top) ' + ^ 4 strokes

(jlnzir) (the “towel” character) i n ijt 3 strokes

!) (shizipdng) (the “teacher” side) 1 ') 2 strokes

-34-

(9) laoshi

& -> ^ b

# —1► !) + — + if?

0 (guozikudngXThe “country" frame, “a",

i nq (10) 't'HI Zhonggu6 (^0)

denotes the boundary of a country.)

3 strokes

S) -*• q + i

H (yizikuang) (the “doctor” frame) "HI 2 strokes

(li) E4 ylsheng (-f-^.)

n. —► c + £

(S.; ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ HL 7 strokes)

yTZ(pTzidT) (the “foot” bottom)-i—

(12) A shi

£ -► EJ + ^

5 strokes

Cultural Notes

Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet

Chinese differs from alphabetic languages in that its written form is not directly related

to its pronunciation. In order to provide phonetic notation for Chinese characters and to fa¬

cilitate the consultation of dictionaries, phonologists drafted the “Scheme for the Chinese

Phonetic Alphabet”, and in 1958 the Chinese government passed an act to promote the ap¬

plication of this scheme, commonly known as the pinyin (“arranged sounds”) system. Pinyin

adopts the Latin alphabet to transcribe Chinese sounds, and four diacritical tone marks to

indicate the different tones of Chinese characters. Pinyin is now widely used for the study of

Chinese language, and has aided the popularization of standard Chinese (Putonghua). The

use of pinyin in the study of Chinese provides many practical advantages for learning the

language.

-35-

In this lesson, you will learn how to ask someone’s

;! name politely, how to introduce yourself, and how to ask 1 ! > j for permission. The pronunciations of the Chinese initials

i introduced in this lesson are different than similar- j i f sounding initials found in English, and so may seem !

I unfamiliar to you. Don’t be discouraged, however, for with

j daily practice you will surely be able to master them.

V Lesson i> Renshi nT hen gaoxing

iUR ft ® —■ liK Text

Lfn Nh:

if:

Laoshi:

:

QTng jin! ® Y6ng laoshi, nfn hfio. Zhe shi wo pengyou,

if it JL A M&f ta shi jizhe.

iZ>#0

QTngw^n, nfn

ifW, M

[lp]ft;g] Asking

someone’s name

guixing? ®

-36-

Lu Yuping: Wo xing Lu, jiao Lu Yuping. ®

I& : A * fife, px] Ffe ft-fo

LdoshT: NT hao, Lu xiansheng, renshi nl hen gaoxing. ®

%'H1: if> -kf, Ffe iXiK ifc #. ,§7 -^0

Lu Yuping; Yang IdoshT, renshi nin, wo ye hen gaoxing.

rfe m-f-. # ikiz m, & & 4f< jtj^0

/j- New Words

l. rdnshi v iLiK Lo know (somebody)

2. gaoxing A % happy; pleased

3. keyT OpV may

4. jinlai VC to come in

jin V it to enter

Idi V £ to come

5. qTng V please

* 6. nin Pr & you (polite form)

*7. pdngyou N M& friend

8. jizhd N reporter

9. qTngwen V ifrfl May I ask...?

wdn V n to ask

io. guixing IE what’s your honorable surname?

xing V/N *fc one’s surname is~ ’/surname

11. jido V to be called

12. xiansheng N Mr.

13. Ydng PN (a surname)

Lin Na: Wo shi Yuyan Xudyuan de xudsheng. ® Wo xing Lin,

# *: & 4. #F£ ¥j & ■& *Js

jido Lin Nd. Wo shi Yingguo ren. NT xing shdnme? ®

pl1 # $Fo -& 4. t if&? -37-

Md Dawei: Wo xlng Ma, jido Mb Dawei.

: A & Vl] % At*J0

Lin Na: NT shl Jianadd rbn ma?

#■ A p-%?

Ma Ddwei: Wo bu shl Jianadd rbn, wo shi Meiguo rdn, ye shi

4 A^;: -& A 4. ^#A A, & & A, ^ £

Yuyan Xudyuan de xubsheng. Wo xuexi HdnyQ.

i&t * #3 j5U§-0

-j|=j New Words

l. yuydn N &t language

2. xudyudn N institute; college

3. de Pt (a possessive or modifying particle)

4. xudsheng N student

5. shenme QPr what

6. xuexi V to learn; to study

7. Hdnyu N Chinese (language )

8. YFnggu6 PN &® Great Britain; England

9. Md Dawei PN %*L*I (name of an American student)

io. Jianadd PN ;fa#A Canada

ll. Mbiguo PN k® the United States; America

(D Key! jinlai “May I come

1

ma? > in? ”

mxj

(D QTng jin! “Come in, please! ”

“QTng(if )•••” is an expression used for making polite requests.

- 38 -

© QTngwen, nfn guixing? May I ask what is your (honorable) surname? ”

This is a polite way of asking someone’s surname. In China, when meeting someone for

the first time, it is considered more polite to ask his/her surname rather than his/her full

name. Notice that “gui(jfi;)” can only be used in combination with “nT($;)” or “nin(^)”,

and not with “w6 (?£)” or “ta (>ftfe/#tk)’\

QTngw6n(i]f |nj) means May 1 ask... or “Excuse me, but...”, and is a polite way of

asking a question.

d) W6 xing Lu, jiao Lu Yupfng. “My surname is Lu, and my full name is Lu Yuping.”

When answering the question “Nin guixing? ”, one can either give one’s surname by

saying “WO Xing---”, or give one’s full name by saying “WO jiho---” or say both “WO Xing -, jiao

Note that in Chinese, one’s surname always comes first, and the given name comes last.

© Renshi nT hen gaoxing. “(I’m) glad to meet (literally, know) you.”

© W6 shi Yuyan Xueyuan de xuesheng. I am a student at (literally, of) the Language Institute.”

© NT xing shdnme? “What’s your surname? ”

This informal way of asking someone’s surname is appropriate when an adult is speaking

to a child, or when young people are talking with each other.

Initials:

Finals:

1. #Mif Spelling

Jl qi

jia qia

jian qian

jiang qiang

jin qln

j q x ia ian iang

uei(-ui) uen(-un) ue uan

xl

xia

xian

xiang

xln -39-

JTng qTng xing

ju qu XU

jue que xue

juan quan xuan

gui kuT hul

zhun chun tun


ji ji •v

JI ji zhe zh6 zhe zh6 jizhe

qTng qfng qTng qing

jin jin jin qing jin gui gui gui xlng xfng xlng xing guixing xian xidn xian xian

sheng sheng sheng sheng xiansheng yu yu

V

yu yu

yan yan yan yan yuyan xue xue xue xu6

yuan yu6n yuan yuan xu6yuan xl XI xT XI xuexi han han han hdn Hanyu jia jia

•• V

Jia jia Jianada

3. Sound discrimination

jiao — - qiao yue - ye dui - tui (to teach) (month) (night) (right)

tidn - ting yan - yang zhT chT (field) (to stop) (speech) (sheep) (only) (ruler)

4. Tone discrimination

sh6u — — shou xi6 — — xia shuT — - shui (hand) (thin) (down) (water) (to sleep)

- 40 -

xm xi n bai xiao btii xiao

(heart) (letter) (white) (small) (to laugh)

5. Combination of tones

44 V j u yy « V yy / yy 44 V V » 44v»»^44 \ yy « V »*_|_44 0 yy

laoshT yuyan key! qTng jin women

Beijing luxing V f V

yufa kdoshi jibjie

(Beijing) (to travel) (grammar) (exam) (elder sister)

u V yy^u~yy 4* \ »»_j_44 / yy 44 \ V yy 44 \ »_^44 \ yy 44 \ »»_^44 e yy

Libo waipo Hanyu guixing meimei

midnbao lianxf baozhT zhuyi kdqi

(bread ) (exercise) (newspaper) (to pay attention to) (courtesy)

6. Practice on

taitai (Mrs)

xibojie (Miss)

nClShl (Madam)

JingIT (manager)

tongshl (colleague)

disyllabic words

Yingyu (English)

FoyU (French)

DeyU (German)

EyU ( Russian )

RiyU ( Japanese )

7.

Zhuyi fayTn.

Zhuyi shengdiao.

Dui bu dul?

Dui le.

Read the following classroom expressions aloud

(Pay attention to your pronunciation.)

(Pay attention to your tones.)

(Is it right? )

(it’s right.)

-41 -

. mm>} Conversation Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. KeyT jinlai ma? 2. QTng jin!

3. Nfn guixing?

4. Wo xing Lu, jido Lu Yupfng.

5. R&nshi nl hen gaoxing.

6. W6 shl Yuydn Xueyuan de xuesheng. 7. W6 xuexf Hanyu.

( —) Asking for permission]

lUzcPf Make a dialogue based on the picture

A: _?

B: _.

( —) [|p]$££ Asking someone’s name]

Complete the following dialogues

(1) A: Nfn guixing?

B: Wo xing _, jiao_.

A: Wo jiao_. _wo hdn gaoxing.

. B: _.

(2) A; NT xing shenme?

B:_

(3) A; Ta jiao shenme?

B:_

(4) A; Ta xing shenme?

B: _.

-42-

( —) [ S Introducing oneself]

fSJftzHS Situational dialogue

Ask everyone to introduce himself/herself in a meeting by imitating Dialogue II in the text.

( E3 ) B/f Listen and repeat

,Ai&

jtIo

£• ioEET Phonetics

1* Pronunciation key

Initials; j is an unaspirated voiceless palatal affricate. To produce this sound, first raise

the front of the tongue to the hard palate and press the tip of the tongue

against the back of the lower teeth, and then loosen the tongue and let the air

squeeze out through the channel thus made. The sound is unaspirated and the

vocal cords do not vibrate.

q is an aspirated voiceless palatal affricate. It is produced in the same manner as

J , but it is aspirated.

X is a voiceless palatal fricative. To produce it, first raise the front of the tongue

toward (but not touching) the hard palate and then let the air squeeze out. The

vocal cords do not vibrate.

Note:The finals that can be combined with “j”, “q” and “x” are limited to “i”,

“G” and compound finals that start with “i” or “Q".

2. Spelling rules

(1) When the compound final “uei" is combined with initials, it is simplified to -ui and

the tone mark is written over Mi”. For example; QUi.

(2) When the compound final “uen” is combined with initials, it is simplified to -un.

For example; lun.

(3) When “U” is combined with j, q and X, the two dots over it are omitted. For

example; xue. “y” is added to the compound finals which start with “u” and the two dots

over it are omitted. For example; YCiydn Xudyuan.

Note; J , q", and “x” are never combined with “ll” and “a”.

-43-

Sentences with (1)

Predicate

Adv V“£” N/NP Pt

£ tio Ta shl laoshT.

2, ** * £ M6 Ddw6i bu shi IboshT.

£ nij?

Ta_, shl xuesheng ma?

In an A B’ sentence, the verb is used to connect the two parts. Its negative

form is made by putting before the verb If the sentence is not particularly

emphatic, ufk” is read softly.

Note: The adverb must be placed before

t- Chinese Characters

Example

a

Rules of stroke order

Stroke Order Rule to Write

Horizontal before vertical

Downward-left before downward-right

From left to right

From top to bottom

From outside to inside

n pi n Outside before inside before closing

j 'j * Middle before two sides

2. L«am and write basic Chinese characters

(1) -b qT seven 2 strokes

(2) * J 'J 'J> xiao small, little 3 strokes

*v

(3) 'C i <C> *\S

Xln heart

Note; On the left side of a character,

4 strokes

is written as

iff

“fc*.

(4) 7jC J y\ y\ 7JC

ShuT water 4 strokes

Note: On the left side of a character, is written as

<5) j\ ) j] n a yu6 moon 4 strokes

(6) -f-

sh6u f

hand 4 strokes

Note: On the left side of a character, “-f-” is written as “ %

(7) ^7

tidn field 5 strokes

(8) & ' t' r + 9) bdi white 5 strokes

fr-:’-' -

(9) X 1

ZhT only

(10)

ydn speech

rr xi X7 XI / 0 X

5 strokes

r? t=i

7 strokes

, /HU nj V r‘ U *Vf ;

Note: On the left side of a character, “t” is written as “ i ”, as in

-45-


texts

(l) iAiR r6nshi

> "i + A (“i ”, the meaning side plus the phonetic side, “A.”.)

T/\ * T + /\ (“i”, the meaning side, denotes language-related behavior.)

(2) i£t yuyan (i&t)

i%- —► i + iL + n %

/ (sandianshuT)(the “three-drops-of-water” side)

(3) Rtg* Hdnyu (&1&)

«. -*• ; + X

(4) ft nfn

& ->■ #- +

3 strokes

(y6llZlt6u)(the “to have” top) 2 strokes

(5) f&JL pengyou

ffl -*• M + M

(6) -#■#. guixing (:*■*£)

^ -► t + — + m

(jidozipang) (the “calling” side) *" 2 strokes

(7) <«] jido

p*| —► a + *)

-46-

3 strokes (shaozipdng) (the “ladle” side) y

(8) tfj de

—► & +

-47-

How will you be able to find your way around in \\

U China? By the end of this lesson, you should be able to ;•

j j ask directions, look for people, express gratitude and i

j; regret, and say goodbye in Chinese. Remember to keep

I i practicing your pronunciation and tones every day.

rnw Lesson 5 !

Canting zai nar

*IT * 9)1

Ma Dawei:

%

Nu xu6sheng:

-k

Ma Dawei:

Nu xudsheng:

-k

Ma Dawei:

4 kk]:

NCi xubshenq:

-k

Ma Dawei;

kkj:

Nu xueshenq:

~k

QTngwen, zhe shi Wang Xiaoyun de sushe ma?

it i ‘b-k %£& p-%?

Shi. Qing jin, qlng zuo.

Ao kf\ i&,

Xiexie. Wdng Xiaoyun zai ma?®

MMo 5- ‘bkz fc. ”-%?

Ta bu zai.

kh ' fe- o

Ta zai nar? ®

it fc ^;t?

DuibuqT, wo bu zhldao.®

Mei guanxi. Hao, zaijidn.

if, #JC0

Zaijian.

#JCo [■&@J] Saying

goodbye

[#cAl Looking

for someone

i m ! W ’

IV i;l

i lr j 1 1 in ■ j i :

I! Ly !

A; / :

V \ i

-48-

New Words

l. canting N $rJf dining room

2. zdi V & to be (here,there); to be (in,on,at)

3. nbr QPr HfiJl where

*4. qTngwen V iff5! May I ask...?

wbn V n to ask

*5. zhe Pr if this

6. sushd N dormitory

7. nu A -k female

* 8. xudsheng N student

* 9. jin V i£ to enter

io. zud V to sit

li. xiexie V to thank

12. duibuqT IE I’m sorry

* 13. wo Pr I; me

14. zhTdao V ^Pi£ to know

15. mdi guanxi IE never mind; it doesn’t matter

* 16. hao A good; well; fine; O.K.

17. zaijidn IE good-bye

zdi Adv # again

18. Wang XiaoyOn PN JLd'^r (name of a Chinese student)

<3> Tfor directions

Ma Dawdi: Xiaojie,

f.7*7:

qTngwen canting zai ndr? ®

iff'5! %-JT £

Xiaojie: Zdi er cdng er ling si hao.®

& — & — O -f 0

M6 Dawei: Xidxie.

-% f. 7*7: i# i#_

Xiaojig: Buydng

'J'itiL: ^

if

-U

i J- ' /i i

Song Hua; Dawei, women zai zhbr.

* 4un ^ i3Jl0 Ma Dbwei: DulbuqT, wo lai wbn le. ®

% i t 7o Wang Xiaoyun: Mei guanxi.

/io o

^ |=j New Words

l. xibojie N 'j'-ia. Miss; young lady

2. br Nu two

3. ceng M & story; floor

4. ling Nu o zero

5. SI Nu four

6. hao N •f number

7. buyong Adv need not

8. zher Pr il;L here

9. wan A late

io. le Pt T (modal partical/aspect partical)

li. Song Hub PN (name of a Chinese student)

-50-

/if? Notes

(D Wdng Xiaoyun zai ma? “Is Wang Xiaoyun in? ”

(2) Ta zai nar?

“Where is she? ”

® DuibuqT, wo bu zhTdao.

duibuqU^/F®)” is a phrase commonly used in making excuses or apologies, and

the response to it is usually “m6i guCinxi(fS^^)”.

(3) CantTng zai nar?

“Where is the dining hall? ”

© Zai er ceng er ling si hao.

It’s in No. 204 on the second floor.”

In Chinese the ground floor of a building is considered to be the first floor.

© Buybng xie.

“Don’t mention it.”

Fins phrase is used as a response to an expression of thanks. One may also say, “Bu

xibWIJ)”.

© DuibuqT, wo Ibi wan le.

“Sorry, I am late.”

ronunciation Drills

pHi}: Initials: Z C

Finals: -ill] iong

Spelling

za ca sa zT cl si

zu cu su

S

er

ua uan uang On

-51-

zuan cuan suan

zul CUT suT

zun cun sun

zhuang chuang shuang

jiong qiong xiong

jun qGn xun

gua kua hua

0M The four tones

zai zai zdi zdi

can cdn can can

ting ting ting ting canting

si SI SI

ceng ceng cdng si ceng

dr dr er er hao

wen wdn wdn wen qingwen

xie xie xie xid xiexie

jian jian jian zaijian

wan wan wan wdn lai wdn le

yong y6ng yong yong buyong

wang wang wang wang

yun yun yun yun Wdng Xiaoyun

song song song sdng

hua hud hud Sdng Hud

MW Sound discrimination

Zl - - cT qid •• V

Jie jian - qian (son) (and) (to see)

qing - jTng kudi - kua huan - huang (blue-green) (quick)

-52-

4. Tone discrimination

SI - SI jing qing er - er (four) (well) (two) (son)

yong -yong w6n -wdn xiong - - xiong (written language) (bear)

5. Final “er” and retroflex em ding

(two) zher (here)

erzi (son) nar (there)

erduo (ear) ndr (where)

nU GT (daughter ) wanr (to play)

6. Combination of tones

u—yy^u / » u-w ^ u v » u—V yy * i >• +

rs O >4

canting YTngguo jlnglT gaoxing xiansheng

feijT shengcf qianbl gongzud xiuxi (plane) (new word) (pencil) (work) (rest)

kaiche huanyfng kaishi shangdian qizi (to drive a car) (to welcome) (to start) (shop) (wife)

« S yy Sr* u / » | « V » u / x yy a / ° ”

mfngtian xudxf youyong xueyuan sh6nme (tomorrow) (to swim)

shfjian huida pfjiu zazhi mfngzi (time) (answer) (beer) (magazine ) (name)

zuotian zuqiCi cidian cidai haizi (yesterday) (football) (dictionary) (audio tape) (child)


jiQOShl (classroom) Helan (The Netherlands )

ITtdng (auditorium) Aijf (Egypt)

caochang (pi ayground) Yudnan (Vietnam)

C6SU0 (toilet) Taiguo (Thailand)

yiyuan (hospital) Ylndu (India)

-53-

8. Practice on polysyllabic words

tushugufin (library)

shfyanshi

bangongshi

tfyuguan

waishichu

tfngchechdng

Xlnjiapo (Singapore)

FeilubTn (the Philiphines)

XTnxTlbn (New Zealand)

Aoddliyd (Australia)

MoloixTyd (Malaysia)

YindunixTya (Indonesia)


QTng nian kewen. (Please read the text.)

Qing nian shengcf. (Please read the new words.)

Wo shuo, nTmen ting. (Listen to me.)

EH. zxic§^>) Conversation Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. Qing jin, qing zu6.

2. W6 bu zhldao. 3. Zaijian.

4. QTngwen, canting zdi nar?

5. Xi6xie. 6. Buyong xib.

7. DuibuqT.

8. Mei guanxi.

( —) [ RiliL'S Asking for directions]

1. 7ch5c Complete the following dialogues

(1) A: QTngwen, c6su6 zdi nar?

B: _.

A; Xiexie.

B; _.

-54-

(2) A; QTngwen, jiaoshi zbi nar?

B: DuibuqT, _

2- fit in ~zSi?i" Situational dialogues

In an unfamiliar building:

(1) You are looking for the elevator , didntT).

(2) You are looking for Mr. Yang’s office.

( —) [litA Looking for someone]

1- Complete the following dialogues

(1) A; QTngwen, Lin Na zai ma?

B:_

A: Ta zai nar?

B: DuibuqT, __.

A; Mei guanxi. Zaijian!

B:_

(2) A: _9

B: Zai. QTng jin.

2. Make a dialogue based on the picture

(1) Xuesheng: __?

Yang lboshT:

(2) Lin Na: Libo zai ma ?

Mb Dawei; _

Lin Na: __9

Ma Dawei; _ .

Lin Na: __.

Mb Dawei; _

SM 'i

( —) [ill: Making an apology]

Make a dialogue based on the picture

(1) A: _.

B: _.

(E3) [IrISRjII' Asking about someone’s occupation]

1- Complete the following dialogues

(1) A; Nin shi yTsheng ma?

B: Bu shi, _, wo shi_

A: Nfn ne?

C; Wo ye shi xubsheng, wo xuexi Hanyu.

(2) A: __?

B: Shi, ta shi waiyu laoshT.

A: NT_?

B: Wo bu shi waiyu laoshT. Wo shi_

(3l) Listen and repeat

£-=•>£-=-—0-5-0

-56-

* * *

in I”], M ik iK F& ?

4i.*iUR0

>£££<, -frJLo

-fr&o

£• iaE3 Phonetics

1. JL'ffcl® Retroflex ending (final)

The final “er” sometimes does not form a syllable by itself but is attached to another

final to form a retroflex final. A retroflex final is represented by the letter Mr” added to the

final. In actual writing, “JL” is added to the character in question, as in “nar(®PJL)”.


Initials; Z like “ds” in “beds”

C like “ts” in “cats”, with aspiration

S pronounced as in English, e.g. “s” in “see”

Finals; -r(final) like “er” in “sister” (American pronunciation)

J V io)£ Grammar

M. [5] iXiS] 61) |5J /pJ Questions with an interrogative pronoun

Statement Question

Nd shi women laoshl. —> Na shi shdi?

A. M ^ A m

Wo xing Ma. —*■ NT xing shenme?

& it* -kk 41 & ?

Canting zdi er ceng. —► Canting zdi nar?

%r/T & — M:o $rft fc- *|UL?

Ta shi Zhongguo rdn. —► Ta shi na gu6 rdn?

ifc A A0 dfe A ID A?

The word order in a question with an interrogative pronoun is the same as that in a

declarative sentence. In this kind of sentence, a question pronoun simply replaces the part

of the sentence to which the interrogative pronoun corresponds.

-57-

t. Chinese Characters

Combined character strokes (1)

Stroke ! Name Example Way to Write —

h6nggou The horizontal stroke with a hook, is written

like the fourth stroke in

-7 h6ngzh6 The horizontal stroke with a downward turn, is

written like the first stroke in “3r”.

h6ngpi§ The horizontal stroke with a downward turn to

the left, is written like the first stroke in “X”.

h6ngzh6gou n The horizontal stroke with a downward turn and

a hook, is written like the third stroke in

TT.

h6ngzh6t( a The horizontal stroke with a downward turn,

and then an upward turn to the right, is

written like the second stroke in

I shugou r t The vertical stroke with a hook, is written like

the second stroke in “T’\

2. iLearn and write basic Chinese characters

(1) — er two

- —

2 strokes

(2) JL(Sl) 6r son

J JL 2 strokes

(3) -f- zT son

T -f 3 strokes

•f

(4) # jTng well

—

4 strokes

(5) X w6n written language

-^x 4 strokes

g

-58-

4 strokes

(6) JSL(jl) i n jn Jian to see

•■V \

3>

<7) JL I n FI ft JL qie and 5 strokes

Note: “JL” is the original character for “*H.”(zO, ancestor). When it became

loaned function word, “*0.” was substituted for the original character.

(8) \ nvivvxs}

Si four

(9)

WO I, me

5 strokes

7 strokes

u '*•» j '''- V •l 7"'

(10) ^

qlng blue-green

i n a a 8 strokes

3. Learn and write the Chinese characters appearing

in the texts

(zdizitdu) (the “location” top) 3 strokes

(l) ^ z6i

& > /f" + jk~

(2) ^ ZUO

+ * + jL 'jp

sr, V

*: 73

(3) -M qingwen (#|W1)

ifr -»• i + -ff

(The meaning side is “i ”, and the phonetic side is “#”.)

R —► n + a -59-

3 strokes

* (z6uzhTdT)(the “hurrying” side) 3

(4) it zhe (it)

'A- -V '

(5) it jin (it)

it -*• # + C

(6) #J^L zaijian (#1.)

# -► — + n + i (" r n n fi-fr

(Xu6z'ltOU) (the “study” top)

(7) xuesheng (#£)

+ f-

»* »»/

(8) if hao

—► -k + -f~

(9) d'ia xiaojie

iB. —► -k + JL

/) (ybngzikudng) (ihe “use” frame) I n

(10) buyong

ju -*■ n + t (- = t)

6 strokes)

5 strokes

2 strokes

-60-

Cultural Notes

Chinese Dictionaries

Unlike most English dictionaries, in which entries are arranged alphabetically, Chinese

dictionaries are organized in a number of different ways. Chinese dictionaries can be com-

piled alphabetically (using pinyin or another romanization system), by the number of strokes

used to write the character in question, or by the radical of the character. Many dictionaries

published before the 1920s order their entries according to radical, whereas modem dictio¬

naries are often arranged alphabetically and include radical and stroke-number indexes.

The Xinhua Zid'um (New Chinese Dictionary) and Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (Modem Chi¬

nese Dictionary) are among the most widely used dictionaries at present in the People’s Re¬

public of China. The first is a pocketsize dictionary, containing some eight thousand entries.

It deals mainly with individual characters, their definitions, pronunciations, and tones. The

second is a medium-sized dictionary including more than fifty-six thousand entries. It covers

single characters, compound words, set phrases, and idiomatic expressions.

The encyclopedic Cihai (Sea of Words) and the detailed Ciyuan (Sources of Words)

are botli large dictionaries, often issued in multi-volume sets. Currently there are also many

dictionaries specially designed for international students who want to study Chinese language

and culture.

- 61 -

In this lesson, you will be able to learn what to do

when you don’t understand what another person has said.

You will also leam how to make suggestions, how to

accept or decline suggestions, and how to make comments.

This lesson also provides a review of the pronunciation and

tones covered so far.

mnu Lesson 6 (£33 Review)

Women qu youyong, hao ma

ScfH 4 tn§#, £F hq

Wang Xi5oyun:

i >b^\

Lin Nd:

#■

r Making

I comments

O Lin Na, zudtian de jlngju zenmeyang? ®

Mb &&#?

Hdn you yisi. JTntian tianqi hen hao, wdmen qu

youydng, hdo ma?

4??

Making

X suggestions

Wting XiOoyOn:

Lin Nd;

Wang Xiaoyum

i •b'zz:

Tai hao le! Shenme shfhou qu?

i t T! st# -kl

Xianzai qu, key! ma? ® hS,?

KdyT.

|||';X

:>S ■1 ? j :

:Jlflpti5SSgrli

; - .\

-62-

^|=| New Worf.

l. qij V A to go

2. youyong VO to swim

3. zudtian N *?A yesterday

4. jTngju N Beijing opera

5. zenmeyang QPr ,% £ # how is it?

6. you yisi IE interesting

7. jTntian N ^A today

tian N A day

8. tianqi N A\ weather

9. tdi Adv A loo; extremely

* to. shenme QPr what

n. shfhou N time; moment

12. xianzai N now

<s> Ding LibO: Ybng laoshl, mfngtian nfn you shijian ma? ®

T ft'A: fa M ft HI'fi] w-%?

Yang laoshi; DuibuqT, qTng zdi shuo yf bian. ©

¥} jfr # H — j&z

Ding Libb; Mfngtian nfn you shfjian ma?

T ft A: A jft ft\ EI^- j'b] vPj ?

Asking^

someone to repeat

something _J)

Yang laoshT:

fa

Women qu da qiu, hao ma?

Ain A h #<-, -ftf *%?

Hen baoqian, mfngtian w6

mA A

hen mang, kongpa bu xfng. ®

^ tc, & if

Xiexie nTmen.

Iftift if ill-

-63-

/|- New \\ ords

l. mingtian N tomorrow

2. you V % to have

3. shljian N frj-fa] time

4. shuo V it to say; to speak

5. bian M i§. number of times (of action)

6. da qiu V 0 to play ball

da V It to play

qiu N & ball

7. bdoqian V/A to feel sorry /sorry

* 8. mang A busy

9. kongpa Adv to be afraid that; perhaps

io. xlng V H to be O.K.

*n. xidxie V to thank

12. nTmen Pr you (pi.)

_. 3:1$ Notes

a) Zuotian de jlngju zenmeyang? “How was yesterday’s Beijing opera?

w... zgnmeyting? ” is an expression commonly used to ask for someone s opinion.

Among the roughly 300 forms of opera in China, Beijing opera has enjoyed the greatest

popularity and has the most extensive influence. As a unique art form representative of

Chinese culture, it is loved by many people all over the world.

(2) Women qu youybng, hao ma? “Shall we go swimming?

“•••, hao ma? ” is a pattern used when making a suggestion.

■ 3) Tai hao le! Shenme shlhou qu? “That’s great! When are we going?

“Tdi hao le! (>Sc4f*T! )” is an expression used to show enthusiastic approval. It i?

also used to express happy agreement with a suggestion. You may also use hao(£f) o*

“xingffj1)” as a response.

(4) Xidnzdi qu, key! ma? “Is it O.K. to go light now?

key! ma? ” is another expression used to make a suggestion. If you agiee witi

a suggestion, you may say “k6y!(t*JliO or hao($f) . - 64 -

© Mingtian nin y6u shfjian ma? “Do you have time tomorrow? ”

© QTng zai shuo yi bidn. “Pardon? Would you say it again? ”

This phrase is used when the speaker’s words were not heard clearly and you would like

him/her to repeat them.

© Hbn baoqian, mingtian wo hbn mang, kongpa bu xing. “I’m sorry, but I’ll be very busy tomorrow. I’m afraid I can’t.”

kongpa bu xing” is a phrase to express a courteous refusal.

~• !□ EiiM<3 Pronunciation Review

1. Spelling

zhl chi Zl Cl

ju qu gu kO ben peng tan dang zhong chong gan kang zan cang jTn qing zha cha zu cu ge ke ji qi


you you ybu you yong yong yong youydng zuo zu6 zuo zuo tian tian tian tian zuotian jin jTn jin jlntian

ming mTng ming mingtian

qi Qi \s

qi q' tianqi xian xibn xian xibn xibnzai jing jing jing ju ju ju ju jingju bao bbo bbo bao qian qian qibn qian baoqibn kong kong kbng kbngpb xTng xing xTng xing bu xing

-65-

3. Sound discrimination

jiu-xiu si -shl cun zun (nine) (private) (inch)

Pi ji dul - tui guan-judn (air) (to exchange)

Tone discrimination

wang- wang kan — — kan gong gong (to die) (to see) (labor)

san - sdn shen — — shen guai - guai (three) (body)

Combination of tones « v i V » + « V 99 44 V V 99 “ V ” + “ 0

IdoshT yuyan key! kongpa jiejie yuyln da qiu yufa qTngwen zenme (pronunciation) (grammar) (how)

xiaoshuo qichuang fudao nushl ylzi (novel) (to get up) (coach) (Madam) (chair)

« \ 99 ✓ 99 4 K\V f 99 44 V 99 ^ 44 \ 99 44 \ „ + 44 e

shangban si ceng wdiyO baoqian xidxie (to go to work)

qlche kewbn dianying huihua meimei (car) (text) (movie) (conversation ) luyin fuxf diannao Hanzi keqi ( sound recording) ( review ) (computer) (Chinese character)

Practice on disyllabic words

dUQnlion (to do physical training) changge (to sing < a song)

ChTfdn (to eat a meal) tidOWU (to dance)

shangke) (to have lessons) XlZQO (to take a bath)

xiake (class is over) shuijiao (to sleep)

7. Practice on polysyllabic words

Shuo Honyu (to speak Chinese)

nion shengcf (to read the new words)

xie Honzi (to write Chinese characters)

ting luyTn (to listen to tape)

kan luxiang (to watch video)

zud lianxf (to do exercise )

fanyi juzi (to translate sentence)

yong diannao (to use computer)

- 66 -

8. Read the following poem aloud

Deng Guan Qud Lou

# m $. m (Tang) Wdng ZhThuan

Ot) i Bai ri yT shan jin.

6 0 fa vL Hudng He ru hai lid.

A o

Yu qiong qian IT mu,

-t S. 0 o

Geng shang yi ceng lou.

it _L — M:


Qing kdn Shu. (Please look at your books.)

QTng xie Honzi. (Please write the characters.)

Qing zdi nidn yf bian. (Please read it again.)

W6men tTngxie. (Let’s do dictation.)

Eg. £13^3 Conversation Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. Zudtian de jlngju zenmeyang?

2. Jintian tianqi hen hdo, women qu youyong, hdo ma?

3. Tai hdo le! Shenme shlhou qu?

4. Xidnzai qu, key! ma?

5. Kdyi.

6. Mingtian nfn you shfjian ma?

7. DuibuqT, qing zdi shuo yf bian.

8. Hen baoqian, kongpa bu xlng.

(—) Making suggestions]

fi'HI'zc® Make a dialogue based on the picture

(1) A; ___, hao ma?

Tai hao le!

key! ma? lw% A

(2) A; _hao ma?

B; Shenme shfhou qu?

A: _, key! ma?

B: DuibuqT, _, _

A; Mei guanxi. (Use the word “tiaowu”

which means “to dance”.)

(—) [ilSlfi Asking someone to repeat something]

Make a dialogue based on the picture

A:_?

B; DuibuqT,__

tl (H) [i¥i£ Making comments]

-fi S Make a dialogue based on the picture

(1) A: QTngwbn, zhb shi shenme?

B; Zhb shi wushu. Wushu zenmeyang?

A:__

(2) A; Zhb shi shbnme?

B: Zhe shi xiongmao.

A: Xiongmao zenmeybng?

B: _

-68-

([ig ) $Hi7jiT®&*J#T£i2fT§£ Al Imitate the following dialogues

(1) A; Nfn hao! (~£t V*

B; Nfn hdo!

A: QTngwdn, nfn auixina? MA,>

B: Wo xing LT, jido LT Mali. QTngwdn, nfn xing shenrme?

A: Wo xing Song, jiao Song Hud. Nfn shi na guo rdn?

B: Wo shi Meiguo ren, shi BdijTng Daxue (university) de

xuesheng.

A; Rdnshi nfn hen gaoxing.

B: Renshi nfn, wo ye hen gaoxing.

i

Ki / ,-ax\ A C

> v (2) A; Libo, nT hdo ma? \

B: W6 hdn hdo. Song Hud, nT ne?

A-. Wo hen mang. NT waipd hdo ma?

B: Xidxie, ta hen hdo. NT baba, mdma dou hdo ma?

A; Tamen dou hen hdo. Mdli, zhe shi wo pengyou, DTng Libo.

B; NT hdo.

A; Zhe shi Mdli.

C: NT hdo. Wo jiao Mdli, shi BdijTng Daxue de xuesheng. Wo

xuexf Hanyu. QTngwen, nT shi Mdiguo ren ma?

B; Bu shi, wo shi Jianada rdn.

(3) A; Ta shi shei?

B; Ta shi women IdoshT.

A; Ta shi Zhongguo rdn ma?

B: Ta shi Zhonggud ren. Ta xing Chen.

A; Na shi shei?

B; Ta jido Lu Yupfng.

A; Ta ye shi IdoshT ma?

B; Ta bu shi IdoshT. Ta shi jizhd.

y) a F\ A

11 HH

'-U.

Uf

-69-

(4) A; Xiansheng, qlngwbn, bangongshi zai nar?

B; Zai wti cbng.

A: Chbn laoshl zai ma?

B; Shei? Duibuqi, qlng zai shuo yi bian.

A: Chen Fangfang laoshl zai ma?

B: Ta zai.

A; Xibxie.

B: Bu xie.

(5) A; Keyl jinlai ma?

B: Wang xiansheng, nin hao. Qlng jin,

qlng zuo.

A: Duibuqi, wo lai wan le.

B: Mbi guanxi. Nin yao kafei ma?

A: W6 bu yao. Xiexie. Mingtian women qu kan jlngju, hao ma?

B; Duibuqi, mingtian wo hen mang, kongpa bu xing.

(71) Listen and repeat

A >£. vfT , if 4 o

S- ioEET Phonetics

1. Tone sandhi of "

Normally “—” is pronounced in the first tone when it stands by itself, at the end of a

word, phrase or sentence, or is used as an ordinal number. However, “ — ” is pronounced

in the fourth tone when it precedes a first tone, second tone, or third tone syllable. It is

read in the second tone when it precedes a fourth tone.

yi bei (one cup)

yi + / example: yi ping (one bottle)

v yi ben (one copy)

yi + x —► yi + x example: yi bidn (one time/once)

-70-

2- # iM ^ ^ |Q # Table of Combinations of Initials and Finals in Common Speech

There are more than 400 meaningful syllables in the common speech of modern Chinese.

If we add the four tones to these, we can distinguish more than 1,200 syllables. The

syllables covered from lesson 1 to Lesson 6 are shown in the table on the next page.

2 V Grammar

Sentences with a verbal predicate

Ihe main part of the predicate in a sentence with a verbal predicate is a verb. The

object usually follows the verb. One of its negative forms is made by placing the adverb

before the verb.

I---

Predicate fluhio/'t — - - — t— --

1 Adv V T-

° ma?

to

__ ydo

1 M

kafei

RhJ?

ma?

mm i u

Women j dou xuexl UiBo

Hdnyu.

mrr

Canting J ft

z6\ mju

nor?

Wo ! bu zhldao.

* I Wo

54

xing PSo Lu.

M | 1 u]

| 1 jido

& I %

Nfn i mfngtian j you

-1---i_i

Lin Nd. J B4IBJ | H}?

shfjian ma?

-71 -

t. SR? Chinese Characters

1. Combined character strokes (2)

Stroke Name Example Way to Write

shuzhe di

The vertical stroke with a horizontal turn to

the right, is written like the second stroke

in 111 . i

shut!

The vertical stroke with an upward turn to

the right, is written like the first stroke in

“BJT. ]

^7 shuzhezhegou

The vertical stroke with a horizontal turn to

the right, and then a downward turn and a

hook, is written like the second stroke in i

ulL"

hdngzhdwOn

gou yc

The horizontal stroke with a vertical turn,

and then a horizontal turn to the right and

an upward hook, is written like the second

stroke in “jl”-

z pidzhd £

The downward stroke to the left, and then a

horizontal turn to the right, is written like

the second stroke in “A”-

< piedidn -ir

'fhe downward stroke to the left and then an

extended dot to the right, is written like the

first stroke in

2. Combination of strokes

The relationship between strokes in a Chinese character can be essential to its meaning.

There are three ways to combine strokes in a character:

(1) Adjacent (not attached) like “A”, “JL”, “/Jn”5

(2) Crossing like “A”, “A”, “A”;

(3) Connecting like “r\ T, “A”, “llT, “A”.

- 72 -


(1) A. )

JIU nine 2 strokes

(2) A A A SI private 2 strokes

(3) -f --j-t

Clin a unit of inch 3 strokes

(4) i - T i

gong labour

> - ' > ^ (5) XT — ■TT

wding to die

3 strokes

3 strokes

o C^.3o

<r^c

(6)

San three 3 strokes

(7) nAH)

qi air 4 strokes

(8) A

ll to stand

^7

5 strokes

(9) % W 0 1^] ^ ^ shen body 7 strokes

Note: On the left side or in the middle of a character,

“it” is written as “4

10) )t dui

'' f4 ^ /A

to exchange 7 strokes

-73-


texts

(1) * qu

> jL + A

(2) you yisi

tr -► r + ir # —1► 3- + El + <C>'

—► &J + 'C

(3) tianqi (JLM.)

3L —► — + ^

(4) iL tai

+ '

(5) sh6nme (&jg-)

ti- — ) + t- > ^ + /-N

(6) 0t# shlhou (HftI)

0t —► El + -t (“0”, the “sun” side denotes time.)

> \ + 1 + + ^ ( ' \ i V tf* V 'P p WP 10 strokes)

(7) ie£^ xidinzdi (3L£)

St -► * + J*L

(8) Btltl mfngtian

^1 * 0 + ^ (“0”, the “sun” side and the “moon” side, “/l”, denote light.)

-74-

El

(9) Btfa] shfjian (Bf/yj)

ft -*• n + (10) at shuo (?&)

it -»■ i + £

i (shuxmpcng) . .• .( 3 slrotes

(On the left side of a character, “*o” is written as “ •[ ”.)

(11) *16 mang

'fc: —► >\ + x:

(12) i#it xiexie (#f#)

# —► i + | + -*}-

Cull ural Notes

Beijing Opera

Beijing opera is a branch of traditional Chinese musical drama. It took shape in Beijing

about 150 years ago and has been popular ever since. Beijing opera is a theatrical art syn¬

thesizing recitation, instrumental music, singing, dancing, acrobatics, and martial arts, and

featuring symbolic motions and stage design. The highly formulaic and suggestive movements

of the actors are accompanied by the rhythmic beats of gongs and drums, or the haunting

melodies of traditional instruments. All contribute to its uniqueness as a performing art. Bei¬

jing opera is rooted deeply in Chinese culture and still appeals strongly to many Chinese.

-75-

The first six lessons of this textbook provide an overview of the phonet¬

ic system ot the Chinese language, which consists of twenty-one initials, thir¬

ty-eight finals, and the four basic tones. There are only a little over 1,200

ways of combining initials and finals in Chinese. Now that you can use

piny in, you should be able to read any Chinese syllable correctly.

A major goal of language learning is to acquire the ability to communi¬

cate in that language. For this purpose, you have learned how to respond to

a number of basic social situations. In addition, you have met with more

than one hundred words and expressions, have learned forty key sentences

and have studied twenty-two sentences of classroom Chinese.

So far, you have acquired sixty basic Chinese characters as well as

more than fifty new vocabulary items formed from them. You have also

learned some rules of stroke order for Chinese characters. This elementary

vocabulary will be useful when you start to learn compound words and con¬

tinue to build your vocabulary.

-76-

# m ft, A Lin Nd: Libo, mfngtian kaixue, wo hen gaoxing. NT kan, ta shi

Ik. 4Mn tfj JOr'J'p? bu shi wbmen xueyuan de laoshT?

T Aft: £ R -T„® ifl'-T, t- A jMH « Ding Libd: Wo wen yixia. QTngwbn, nin shi women xueyuan de

&,? ® laoshT ma?

-77-

Ait: A JL 5 ^ fZ H} ^ 0 Zhang jiaoshou: Shi, wo shi Yuydn Xudyuan de IdoshT.

t Aik- m f-fck? DTng Libo: Nin guixing?

fc AA: -& #

] Meeting

someone for the first time

Ain ikiz —T, it A A Zhang jiaoshou: Wo xing Zhang,women renshi yfxid, zhe shi wo de

mingpian.

T

Ding Libd:

#- if: Lin Na:

fT, & ^ Aito ® Xiexie.(Kan mingpidn) A, nin shi Zhang jiaoshou.

^ p>l T #- if0 A*

Wo jido DTng Libo, ta jiao Lin Na. Women dou shi

it it ^4-o Yuydn Xudyudn de xuesheng.

M A itt #P& Ait, iXiZ M, Ain Nin shi Yuydn Xudyuan de jidoshdu, renshi nin, women

IS} 7^0

hen gaoxing.

Ait: iAiZ ifcin, A fit mi A "-%?

Zhang jiaoshou.- Renshi nlmen, wo ye hen gaoxing. Nimen dou hdo ma?

A if: «, AUl A ifc & .ft

*-‘n Nd: Xiexie, women dou hen hao. Zhang jidoshdu, nin mdng

'f' it?

bu mdng?

Ait: A *l*o tf, mi i$\ $L, A til Zhang jidoshdu: Wo hen mdng. Hao, nlmen qTng zuo, zdijian!

DTng Libo:

A if:

Lin Na: Zdijian!

®S^^26#301 ^ i|,@:12345678

-78-

/-|~ -|~j New Words

i. T# VO kaixue to start school

T- V kai to open, to start

* 2. ^ Adv hen very », Tfttt, MM

* 3. jSj^ A gaoxing happy, pleased

% A gao high, tall

4. 4- V kan to watch, to look at SiiJL

5. M V wbn to ask |o]^!lrp, fqJMS

6. -T yixia (used after a verb to indicate a short, quick,

random, informal action)

4H8-T, iUR-T, Ir1-T, T

* 7. N xubyuan institute

8. N mingpian calling card

9. 'fj Int a ah, oh

io. 4?yf N jiaoshou professor

4t V jiao to teach

li. PN Ding Libb (name of a Canadian student)

12. PN Zhang (a surname)

T jj'/jk*: # ife? Ding Libo: Lin Na, na shi shbi?

# 3k. -% X$J0 # iXiX T iXiK #? -in Na: Na shi Ma Dawei. NT renshi bu renshi ta?

T JjiA: 4k T iXiFs Ding Libb; Wo bu renshi ta.

# *P: A £ -To# #, it ^ ^ - Jn Na: Wb lai jibshao yixia. NT hao, Dawei, zhe shi wb pengyou—

T # #! & * T, ^ T ^ Ding Libb; NT hao! Wo xing Ding, jiao Ding Libb. QTngwen, nT jiao

-79-

ft A ® shenme mi'ngzi?

-2? XX: tt Zft rn] Vj ^ftQ© ft & * & Ma Dawei; Wo de Zhongwdn mingzi jiao Ma Dawei. NT shi bu shi

tm A?

Zhonggu6 ren?

T X>A: A A foftX A fm A, A Ding Libo; Wo shi Jiandda rdn. Wo mama shi Zhonggud ren, w6 baba

A faftX X0 ^ A faftX A ■%?

shi Jiandda ren. NT ye shi Jianadd ren ma?

% xx: * $l, & r- a foftx x, & a km x0 ft Ma Dawei: Bu shi, w6 bu shi Jiandda ren, wo shi Mdiguo rdn. NT

ft& -fjk?

xudxi shdnme zhuanye?

T X$L: A kft X&o ft 9&? Ding Libd; Wo xuexi meishu zhuanyd. NT ne?

-% XX: A X# ftjkQ $LX & jX-^-o Ma Dawei: Wo xudxi wenxue zhuanye. Xianzai wo xuexi Hanyu.

ft ft: 4Hn ft & ft a fsuk Lin Na: Xianzai women dou xuexi Hdnyu, yd dou shi Hanyu

xuesheng.

Aj- -|~j New Words

* i. ft. QPr shei who

*2. ft V Idi to come

3. V jidshao to introduce rfrSTWfi,

4. %% N mingzi name

5. tX N Zhongwen Chinese

* 6. N bdba dad

-80-

*7. V xudxi to learn, to study

V xu§ to learn, to study ^tpX,

8. -f Jk N zhuanye major; specialty *$X^±,

9. N meishu fine arts

It A mei beautiful

10. N wenxud literature + g X^,

11- & N XI faculty; department ^XM

12. PN Ma Dawei (name of an American student)

13. PN Jianada Canada

14. PN Meiguo the United States

Supplementary Words

1. Xlt N wenhud culture

2. ^ N lishT history

3. N zhdxue philosophy

4. T'T N ylnyud music

5. N jingji economy

6. ii# N shuxud mathematics

7. N wulT physics

8. N huaxue chemistry

9. N jiaoyu education

10. 3%S- V xuanxiu to take an elective course

3) ScloJ—To

“~T” is used after a verb to indicate that an action is of short duration, or express

the idea giving something a try”. It can soften the tone of an expression so that it sounds

less formal. For example: “iUR— T”, T”, T”, T”, “ift—T”,

and “DsfniUR-T” are expressions commonly used when people meet

each other for the first time.

- 81 -*

(2) M.7Eif](5tt\'}-J&!lrf] H'i? To indicate the place or organization where one works, plural pronouns are often used

as modifiers. For example, the following phrases are used: fk”, “®\\)

a^(gu6jia, country)”, rather than “^g^T.

(D is read in the fourth tone, indicating a sudden understanding or expressing admira¬

tion.

This is a casual way of asking someone’s name, applicable to an adult talking with a

child, or used among youngsters. The answer is usually one’s full name. For example: “f£

nllTtl You may also answer by giving your surname first, and then your full name.

For example: ,^ T

<D A noun can be placed directly before a noun as its attributive modifier. For example:

To render a non-Chinese name into Chinese, we may choose two or three characters

based on the pronunciation or meaning of the original name. David March, for example, may

be rendered into Chinese as “BjXft”, and Natalie Lynn as “#$T; the surname “White”

can be translated as “|=J”, and a girl by the name of Amy can be called

Both and refer to the Chinese language. “<£;£” has a broader mean-

mg, referring to the Chinese language in both its written and spoken forms. Originally, “jX

referred only to the spoken language of the Han people. Today, it is often used to re¬

fer to both the written and spoken forms of the Han language. These words are now used

interchangeably by most people.

—• Drills and Practice

KEY SENTENCES

: l. fa&XA&'ln ■ 2. ik.iX'ftiL?

: 4.

: 5. #*? : 6.

-82-

1* Master the following phrases

(1) T it—T fri® —T iUX —T #3—T

(2) iUP*;fiUPx

**-£■

(3) &%m& Jun&ff wngst (4) &$*}&:%■

(5) ‘f'SIA. JtlHA. ^gj^-!/^ in^;fc.JU3iL

%W& -kw& %£tf> -kr^Uf %(%)£. -k(%)k 3? A -£:A

2. ybjM#^ Pattern drills

(1) A: WJUM

B: ^A&WJLo

A: 4&/-&l-JtMf&‘?

B: ft/M4o

&

T

^ g] d'ii. #•

(2) A: ifc^4d'Ji?

B: WL/k&jtS] d^£0

A;

B: ^HH4ix0

Wll

?£-fr£ Mr. White

(3) A: jQ^^”4?

B: ffc/dfe * 4.4UTJ 4t fp ,

A:

B: 1&/M.’n}_

if.-$43, 4Un£’Jf

S&4&4£ $ k'Jf

(4) A:

B:

A: k.Aj’Sj'?

B: lA.0

(5) A:

B:

A:

B:

%k

t si#£

?£4£4f w H£

-83-

(6) A: mkiKT'ikiZSjkft?

B: 3% 3^ % o

A: A?

B: *k/d&4__

®Si

(7) A:

B:

A:

B: 5js. 'J'iH.^j5Lj|- j£ 0

•he

(8) A:

B: ^0

A:

B: -&#^jL*.-#-Jk,#9&?

A: •&# ^ ^L^-^ikp

to II -h& (yTnyu6)

^L(lishl)

#^(zh6xue)

^^(jingji)

3. Make sentences according to the pictures

(1)

rt o ^^ 0

gMfl_^ ^ 0

_£®A0 *Mi7At ® _t®A0

mn_t0Ao -84-

(2)

ft._?

ft^Lfto ftT I@J •?> o

4. Conversation practice

[lU&jAL® Meeting someone for the first time]

(1) A: *«,«**?

B: _,pil_o %vR/i

A; &p>1_0 o

B:

(2) A: 4UT]iUR—To _o ftpWt&S#?

B: -I^David March0 ^ 3i;g TPH ^7 o

(3) A:

B; $K?k-_o Ifc'J'iL?

A; $KjL_o

(4) A:

B; _o

(5) A; _,ftoi__o

_,ft&__o

B; iAtK. jsj -)£ o

C: _o

(6) mm\ &^Jk^Ji*0 }&&&%>!

«.*§■,&&t$miLftikiMUn, 4MR. A #o

[iifc^rik Talking about one’s major]

(1) A: ifrA,

B; 4^i5U§-&#>#£.«,

A;

B: ^^g^i.(llshT)^jk0

A: _0 -85-

, #HM. t ® A, ft*>* ^ A0

$L&fcln^%>n>Li£o

F&, I? (Yang)0 ft4fl

*F &SJS- $ ^ ^, «Mlt HI >^o -f # & £*p, ft#.

fco

f^Eio

-86-

£. i§>£ Grammar

1. Attributives expressing possession

In Chinese, an attributive must be placed before the word it modifies. When a noun or

a pronoun is used as an attributive to express possession, the structural particle is

usually required.

NP / Pr + + N

n

W Mi#

When a personal pronoun functions as an attributive and the modified word is a noun

referring to a relative or the name of a work unit, the “” between the attributive and the

word it modifies may be omitted. For example:

2. V/A-not-V/A questions

A question can also be formed by juxtaposing the affirmative and negative forms of the

main element of the predicate (verb or adjective) in a sentence.

V/A + ^ V/A + 0

Subject Predicate

V/A Not V/A °

to It * tt?

mi iUR A iRiR ffe?

A® ---;

& * Ji + SA?

The response to such a question may be a complete sentence (affirmative or negative) or

a sentence with its subject or object omitted. One may respond with “jl” (affirmative an¬

swer) or (negative answer) at the beginning of an answer to a question.

For example;

(1) («)ito

(2) (aUHMWffe)o

(3) C*jtfc)Ji+BAo

(&)TCo

(*&)** tHAo *£,*&*£ *SAo

3. Abbreviated questions with “96”

An abbreviated question with “BJE” is made by adding “BJE” directly after a pronoun or

a noun. The meaning of the question, however, must be clearly indicated in the previous

sentence.

-87-

Pr/NP + K ?

mm Am? am? = mm?) MAC,M%M&#.? OfcgfflM? = ) fo&m^±AMw? atm? = mmaar3? > MU^WM.ÂABl? (3,AAnA? = ÂA^^RigniJ? )

4. The position of adverbs and “#*

The adverbs “-til” and “#” must occur after the subject and before the predicative verb

or adjective. For example; “MUtilJiCÂA^CfrHflSJiJjnÂA”. One cannot say “til

MM##AA”,“#CfnJi#t:AA”. If both “til” and “#” modify the predicate, “til” must be put before “#”.

til/# + V/A

Subject Predicate

Adv V/A

TA2& Ji MAAo TA2& iHR Co T A® * Co

MU til Ji ##AAo tii MiR Co

MU til=fR Co

mn # Jt iiifÂo mn # MiR it o mn urn Co

mn tii# Ji inÂAo

mn tii# MiR Co mi tii#m Co

In a negative sentence, “til” must occur before “A”. “#” may lie put before or after

“A”, but the meanings of “# A” and “A #” are different.

•&/# + A + V/A

Subject Predicate

Adv V/A

fit A tilA Ji^Wo

an #A (none of us)

mn A# -

(not all of us)

-88-

tv a? Chinese Characters

1- Chinese character components

There are three aspects to the structure of a Chinese character; the strokes, the compo¬

nents and the whole character. For example, the character consists of four strokes;

» I » y , “ v It is a basic character and is also used as a component for some

other characters. For example, consists of two characters. The components are the

core structure of a Chinese character. Chinese characters can be divided into character-parts

and non-character-parts. For example, can be divided into the following three parts;

« P » , «71-” of whjch is a character-part, while “ P ” and are the non¬

character-parts. The key to learning Chinese characters well is to master their components.

2. iLearn and write basic Chinese characters

(i)

koi to open 4 strokes m\

(“fl"” looks like the bar or the bolt of a door; when the “r.”

in “Jf-” is removed, the door opens.)

(2) 8

mu eye

n n n n 5 strokes

(3) T TT Xiti below, bottom 3 strokes

(in contrast with , the “ I"” under —” denotes a bottom”

or “beneath”)

(4) it ^ r tL yudn first;primary 4 strokes

(5) >7 ) )' y-}7

pi6n a flat,thin piece; slice 4 strokes

P* skin 5 strokes

-89-

(7) 3 -T ^ ^

gong an archer’s bow 3 strokes

(8) •£<*)

zh<3ng to grow 4 strokes

(9) £(*) ' ■' ” ^^

lai to come 7 strokes

(10) * y

jie be situated between; interpose 4 strokes

01) SC ' '' 'J 'JL

fCi father 4 strokes

(12) Ci rr # ^

ba wait anxiously; cling to 4 strokes

(“E” stands on the right side or at the bottom of a Chinese character.

and denotes the pronunciation of the character.)

(13) (W) 1 V ^

XI to study 3 strokes

(14) (4) zhlion special

(Note that the third stroke of “4“”

(is) ik (^) 1 11 'll 'll'ik y6 line of business; trade

(16) -f- - -s=-

ydng sheep

4 strokes

one stroke, not two strokes.)

5 strokes

d7) 4^- (#f) + 4" 4^4^ Shu art; skill 5 strokes

(Note that has one more dot than “4^”.) -90-

(18) % * & ^ xi department; system 7 strokes

if* $1 k «5

09) ^ (4) * 'J fit) w6i act; to do 4 strokes


texts

A (shuanglir^n) (“4 ” is called the “single-standing-person” side; “% ” is called the

“double-standing-person” side.) ' 2 %

H g6n

(l) hen

^ ^ "L J^- 9 strokes

3 strokes

6 strokes

*

— (liuzitou) (the “six” top) ' — 2 strokes

"^‘(xingzitOU) (the “excitement” top) ' " 4 strokes

(2) gaoxing (itjH)

— + n + r] + n 10 strokes

+ yN 6 strokes

(kanzitou) (In a multi-component character the vertical stroke with a hook “ J ”

“-f-” is written as a downward stroke to the left “ ) ”.) ^ 4 strokes

(3) # kan

^ “h ^1 9 strokes

(Holding a hand “-f*” above one’s eyes “0” to gaze.)

P (zuo’ferduo) (the “left-ear” side) $ 2 strokes

(4) #F& xu^yutin (•f-F/t,)

9 strokes

(5) %,% mfngpidn

& —► j; + a 6 strokes

(6) fr a

^ —► a + p + T 10 strokes

*7 (zTzipdng) (tlie “son” side) (The horizontal stroke in the character is written as

an upward stroke, when the character becomes the left side component of another

character.) 7 -*7 3 strokes

(f£inw6np6ng) (the “tapping” side) (The dot in X. ” is written as “ ^ a

downward stroke to the left, when the character becomes the right side component

of another character) ' A * k 4 strokes

& (Sh6uzit6u) (the “acceptance” top)

^ ^ cCr 4 strokes

(tGbtiogdi) (the “bald cover” top) . ^

2 strokes

(7) jiaoshou

^ > + 3{ + 1 11 strokes %

h/ S 4

i-4Vk

^ 11 strokes

(8) Tfi'A Ding Llbo

^ / “h 8 strokes

(9) zhang (fc)

^ + * 7 strokes

(The meaning side is “ ^ , and the phonetic side is “-£”.)

4^ Zhul / \ \ /f Jj^ fa 8 strokes

(10) if shei (if)

^ ^ 10 strokes

- 92 -

3 strokes ^ (jiCiosTpang) ( &. ) (the “floss silk” side) 1 b i

(11) jieshao (^Ms)

^ > ^ + 71 + X3 8 strokes

^ (baogaitOU)(the “roof” top) ' *' ^ 3 strokes

(12) mingzi

^ ->■ ^ + -f-

(13) && baba

E> ^ -X*. 8 strokes

( 5C suggests the meaning and “CL” denotes the pronunciation.)

*/

(tuw£iydng) ^ ^ 6 strokes

(14) meishu (Ji:#r)

* -

-* £ + 9 strokes

(15) Jianddd

■* ft + u 5 strokes

- + — + a + -f- 10 strokes

(Hands joined together to denote the meaning of “taking”.)

Cultural Notes

Personal Names

Like most names in the world, Chinese names are made up of two parts: family names

(xing) and given names (ming). While family names generally come from the father’s side

(nowadays we also find family names which come from the mother’s side), parents choose

given names for their children. In contrast to names in most European languages, where the

surname usually follows the given name, family names always precede given names in Chi¬

nese. In the mainland, women retain their family names after marriage.

- 93 -

There are over a thousand Chinese family names. Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, and Liu

are among the most popular, with about seventy million Zhangs exceeding all others.

The majority of family names in Chinese consist of a single character, but there are

some, such as Ouyang and Sima, that have two, and hence are known as disyllabic or

double-character family names (fwring). On the other hand, it is common to have single¬

character or double-character given names, such as in Song Hua and Lu Yuping. Due to

the limited number of family names and shortness of given names, it is not unusual for

people to have identical names in China.

-94-

This lesson will teach you how to

!j describe your family members, and how to talk

i! about your university and department. You will

| i 163171 how to count to one hundred, and ask

; j questions related to numbers and amount,

i J Finally, we will introduce you to measure

words, a grammatical category particularly

1 well-developed in the Chinese language.

Ml M ^ Jl n A NTmen jia you jT kou ren

• iiCx! Text

ft ^P: it A T' A ifcin % $ ? Lin Nc

i

Wang

Lin Na: Wo kdn yixia. NTmen jia you jT kou ren?

i = M ^tWV/^oitAA A -ft-®, VA/ang Xiaoyun; Women jia you si kou ren. Zhe shi wo baba, wo mama,

*•* ^-ne srn bu shi nimen jia de zhdopian?

A fT0 ® <T Xiaoyun: Shi a.

: A A —To fo'ln % % JL a

Talking

about one’s family

& A A -f"f‘ T' Ao ® mi % %? zhe shi wo gege he wo. NTmen jia ne?

-95-

Lin Nd: Wo ydu mama, you yi ge jiejie he liang ge didi.

4Mn % —-&■ ^ 7T n Ao

Women jia yigong ydu liu kou ren.

i i n A, i£ # it? ®

Wang Xiaoyun: Zhe shi wu kdu ren, hai ydu shei?

& *F: & t JB Ro

Lin Na: Hai ydu Beibei.

i 'b-Z: jn ja 4. $ Wang Xiaoyun: Bdibei shi nT meimei ma?

JO & & 'J'

Lin Nd; Bu, Beibei shi wd de xido gou.

i d'*: ll t I. - n A lIB,? Wang Xiaoyun: Xido gdu ye shi yi kdu ren ma?

#* m jn ^ ^ # jwjl, a Jun Lin Na: Beibei shi women de hao pengyou,dangran shi women

% A t - B JO Hi MA, c jia de ren. Wd ydu yi zhang Beibei de zhaopian, nT kan

i 'bvr: $r Wang Xidoyun: Zhen ke’ai.

# m ”-%?

Lin Na: NTmen jia ydu xido gdu ma?

i 'b^: % }§it 'b Mo £ Wang Xidoyun: Women jia meiyou xido gdu. Lin Nd, nT ydu meiyou nan

L?

pengyou?

& t % mXo Lin Nd: Wo ydu nan pengyou.

i ‘b^i it fo X#? Wang Xiaoyun: Ta zuo shenme gongzuo?

^ jt A B.£o Lin Na: Ta shi ylsheng.

-96-

/-|- -j=j New Words

1. £ N jia family, home

2. Aj QPr ji how many, how much

*3. X3 M kou (a measure word mainly for the number of people

in a family) XU A, XU A

4. m# N zhaopian picture, photo «f]*W]8Ut

5. Conj hd and

6. ^ M 9^ (a measure word for general use)

-'MW*. -fc^R, Jl/HK

7. MM N jiejie elder sister

8. Nu liang two MU A, M'Niifi, W'MS®, Wi^

*9. ## N didi younger brother

10. i£ Adv hdi in addition £E^, iEfc, i£ikiR, ££X£8,

11. — Adv yigong altogether — ^^j=f A U A

12. -fcjLifc N meimei younger sister

13. ']' A Xi00 little, smaD /J^^,

14. N gou dog

15. m zhang ( a measure word for flat objects) MStURUT**—

16. si A dangrdn as it should be; only natural that

17. $r A/Adv Zhen real/really *#, *ft, XiKf*, JHTftfi

18. T£t A ke’6i lovely, cute *pT^,

^ V ai to love

19. jit Adv mei not

*20. ^ A nan male MlW&,

21. $C V zu6 to do; to make

22. -X-^ V/N gongzuo to work/work j$Xf£, ji&fh^X^

23. PN Wting Xidoyun (name of a Chinese student)

24. j/J JjJ PN Beibei (name of a dog)

-97-

<3> #• \%t #F& * k? Lin Nd: Yuyan Xudyuan da bu dd?

i ^ iL ®

Wang Xidoyun: Bu tai dd.

# *P: i£t #F& 4 £i>' 4 &? Lin Na: Yuydn Xudyuan you duoshao ge xi?

Wang Xidoyun: You shi’er ge xi.

^F: 4Mn ^H-g- & Lin Na: NT xThuan nimen Waiyu xi ma?

i yJ'^T: & & -§-*£■ *0

Wdng Xidoyun: Wo hen xThuan Waiyu xi.

#■ *F: *hig- $ t fr'>' W? Lin Na: Nimen Waiyu xi you duoshao laoshT?

i 'h^r: $ 4 -J-— ^

Wdng Xidoyun: Waiyu xi you drshiba ge Zhonggud IdoshT, shiyT ge

Wo & *?

waiguo IdoshT. NTmen xi ne?

^ M »Li-g- % jfk 4UH & ^ 4 #. Lin Na: Women Hanyu xi hen dd. Wdmen xi de IdoshT ye hen

£ , 4 —W # A dud, you yibai ge. Tdmen dou shi Zhonggud ren.

A'in % Wo Wdmen xi meiyou waiguo IdoshT.

£1S 1. *L

New Words

A dd 2. QPr duoshao

$ A dud A shdo

3- 4-^ V xThuan

big, large ^BSjf f r|^

how many, how much

many, much

few, less

to like, to prefer Ho&t5ti§,

-98-

*4. N waiyu 4 N wai & N yu

5. N waigud 6. If Nu bai

#££13 Supplementary Words

i. 4 N che

2. is]$l N cfdian

3. 4^1 N diannao

4. N haizi

5. N yeye

6. N waigong

7. N xizhuren

8. N zhujiao

9. #1^ N IGshT

10. XigLjJip N gongchengshT

foreign language

outside

language

foreign country ftBA,

hundred —W, ZlW, HI, 0W, AW

car; vehicle

dictionary

computer

child

grandfather on the father’s side

grandfather on the mother’s side

chairman of the department

teaching assistant

lawyer

engineer

<D IWo “WpiJ” is a modal particle expressing affirmation.

(D m The conjunction “ffl” is generally used to connect

clauses, and is seldom used to connect two verbs.

pronouns, nouns, or noun phrases,

cannot be used to connect two

When the numeral 2 is used with a measure word in Chinese, the character “p9j” is

used instead of For example; “ffl^A” (we do not say «X3fc«0r,

When the numeral “2” is used alone, as in or when it is

used in a multi-digit number, we still use even if it is followed by a’ measure word.

For example: “+11”, “H+Zl”, “/L+.H+A”, Mll”.

- 99 -

J> ifldift? One of the uses of “j$” is to make an additional remark. For example;

, aw-

, atkiRfeMW 0

(D The adverb “X” can be used in a negative construction, “Wiv” means “Will-

means “J'ffiX”, and means However, when “X” in an affirmative construction, such as “XXi f)” > (T ) or >fctl- (T) > means “too much” or “excessively”.

is used

it often

Drills and Practice

KEY SENTENCES

1.

2. ilAicr/v.iiW? 3. MA?

4. &t%MAo 5. fel&fe&x#?

6. felfUHg-&t 1. +

1. Master the following phrases

(i) 4un^ &A'ln^rz &4n&ff #in& fefn#a tfcin^;#

fein £ fein & fein ^ fa fein^ (2)

fefefe 4fciMfc It'lA

(3) t®^^ t®^^ ¥$fflA tSM t®££ t®^

^®^-!)f fe®^A *hS4U* *hSft£ *b®^

(4) A'lnttz>1 fotiMJi fein£M>1 fe-ffi^K^^w fein £ tfi t ® ^

(5) 4Un &fefein $ &in & w fe fein & ^^^

feinfefein

-too-

(6) 2oA 4a A 5a A 8a A

125J6. JR ^ 23 70fr£ M 1005^^ ^

8>1-#P& 10^ % 26^%!)$ 900^#^

2*4U* 4^'j'ia 89 37>i-A

/LaA jifcmx

£:>'A z-ywmtL

2. 'fcJlSIUfe Pattern drills

(1) A: jj: #&#*%?

B: JUSitSX o

(2) A: fctiittiMl?

B: Mt_§LMA°

A:

B:

(3) A: »?

B: ■ft'fn&^hg

A: 4HH & £ •}'*hg# A?

B: 4i^n^^r20^H#Ao

(4) A: 4Hn£#/La A?

B: 4Mn£#6aA0

A: &i#?

B:

'J'$j

4(che)

&flli(didnndo)

*A*g-^-&(cfdidn)

ilia

•^-f-(hdizi)

4U* 3 2

jai41(zhujiao) 7

t®$£. 15

5

3 ie,^-(jizhe)

4 #!/■!» (ItishT)

(5) A: teto#;L^#-f(hdizi)?

A:

-101-

3. Solve the following math problems veibally

(1) E.g. l+2=? A: ~ijv(jio, plus)-^-^.^ ^'?

B; -2-0

3+7=?

28+22=?

42+35=?

56+12=?

68+32=?

(2) E.g. 15-12=? A; -E-5./41 (jitin, minus) "E — '}'!

B: ti;4 + -I.A0

36-16=?

47-29=?

53-38=?

90-69=?

100-12=?

(3) E.g. 4x3=? A; E?^.(cheng, times)^^^^'?

B: vZ$L'-&J\-~o

4x5=?

3x9=?

6x7=?

8x4=?

9x8=?


Talking about one’s family]

(1) A: 4MD ilPA?

B:___o

A;

B: _,$Mr._o ft*?.

A; 41^—^_ ___o

-102-

o

(2) A: ft?

B; __

A:

(3) A: ifr-ef-Zf'ffi.-ff&J-'ffY

B;

A; ff&^-jk?

B:

Talking about one’s university]

(1) A: *.**.?

A: #-&!#&#£:*■(*)£?

A; #4TJ

B: __c

A;

B; ^i-|-5!^0

(2) A:

B: j$U1 &#:£*?_„

a; fn$a^? B:

A; _?

B; o

(3) A: #4n*5U&£tf #££*£?

B: & 4] $$}$£.__Q

A;

A: #£**4k*#*l*?

B; ^.^R-i-xko

o

-103-

5. Communication exercises

(1) Introduce your family to your good friend.

(2) Talk about your friend’s family.

(3) One of your friends inquires about your department. How do you answer him/her?

gg. igjgggjg Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing

T -£-o V A.: ^4:43^-Ip-Ip bj0

(nian, year)-jf(qidn, ago

(YTngyu, English), -£->&# ^ i5U§-0

SSL^T^afc.^*ffe-Sp-f-^4k:fC(Beijing)G T

*h@£-*p0

^ 3t-f Jk., ^tft -£ Jk^_^^(j7ngji)0

4Ml^p-^(wdip6)-tt£4k*0 $ldn*$“*$*(changchang, often

1. 11 100$j|jc!$$f Numbers from 11 to 100

11 +-

21 “+-

31 =+- • i ■

12 t-

22 ZL+-

32 =+“ ■ i i

13 +H -

23 - + = -

33 H+H - • ■ ■

- 19 +A

- 29 n+A

••• 39 A+A ■ a 1

20 “A

30 HA

40 pg+ > ■

1 1

... ^

< ^

00 C

\

i ■ •

82 A+-

92 AA-

• a

83 A+= -

93 Ji~t= -

■ ■ ■

- 89 A+A

- 99 AAA

a a

90 A A

100 -w

2- ISSiBjffc/l'ilfr Numeral-measure words as attributives

In modem Chinese, a numeral alone cannot directly function as an attributive to

modify a noun but must be combined with a measure word. All nouns have their own

particular measure words.

-104-

Nu +

£ M + N

P A

+— ^ £

-+ 3K j®#

is the most commonly used measure word, applied before nouns referring to

people, things, and units. (It is read in the neutral tone). is usually used before

nouns of objects with a flat surface such as paper, photographs, and business cards. The

measure word P ’ is used to express the number of people in a family when it is combined

with “A”. For example:“£PA”. In other cases, “A” should be used. For example;

inSE^f-A^A.” One cannot say ~ + P A-”

3. Sentences with u~ft”

The sentence taking the verb “ ft ” as the main element of the predicate usually

expresses possession. Its negative form is formed by adding the adverb before “ ^

(Note: “ft” cannot be used here.) Its V-not-V form is “ft'R^"’.

(&)+ ^ + 0

Subject Predicate

O Pt

m ft MMo ffl m fa ft RIJ? % fti&ft PM ft?

® P! ft

mft ftftft 1

— -—■ -1 /hffl?

If the subject of a sentence with “W” is a noun indicating a work unit, place or

location, this kind of sentence with “W” is similar to the English sentence pattern of

“There is / are...”.

4. Questions with */L” or

The question pronouns Ml” and are used to ask about numbers. “Jl" is often

used to ask about numbers less than 10, and a measure word is needed between it and the

noun, “gsp” may be used to ask about any number, and the measure word after it is op- tional.

(+M) + N

snitntf40

Jl + M + N

fflltiLPA?

flttlPAo

105-

1. (1) Structure of Chinese characters(l)

Structurally speaking, Chinese characters fall into two categories; The single-component

characters and the multi-component characters. All of the basic Chinese characters we have

learned so far are simple-component characters, such as “A”, “A”, “S,”, “41”

^ ’ 0 • > 7K , A * “±”, “T”. The multi-component characters consist of two

or more components, such as “fjt”, “flT\ “W”, The order of writing

components in a character is similar to the stroke order of writing a character. There are

three basic types of configuration for multi-component characters;

The left-right structure (D

a. Equal left-right; (the numbers in the figure indicate the order of writing the

components.)

20 ffl

b. Small left-big right

i2 il *

c. Big left-small right


0) Ji(m ) a jf how many 2 strokes

(2) ^ ^ f % he standing grain 5 strokes %

(3)

g6 (measure word) 3 strokes

(4)

lining two 7 strokes -106-

(5) ^ ^ -f- Jr ^

Wei have not 5 strokes

(6) it

quan dog

fXX 4 strokes

(7) (t) yun clouds 4 strokes

(8) 1? \ ,] ii' >y

Shao few; less 4 strokes

(9) dr

shl person

4-ir

3 strokes

(10) dL / ^ k* h?

qidn to owe 4 strokes

(id ^ 9 XT evening 3 strokes

(12) h |

bu divination 2 strokes

03) t? ( — + &)

bai hundred 6 strokes

3. L«am and write the Chinese characters appearing in the

texts

^shr ~ ^ r 5 7 strokes

-107-

10 strokes

(i) % jia

% Cv? • '

4 4" 10 strokes

(The “roof top”, , denotes a hut. A hut with a pig

represents a house. The character “ % ” reflects the history of the ancient Chinese

people advancing from hunting to animal husbandry.)

(sidiandl) (The character “;Jc” is written as “'m” at the bottom of a multi-component

character, and is called the “four-dots” bottom.) • •' 4 strokes

(2) zhaopian

* El + 71 + X3 + 13 strokes

(The meaning part is “ El ”, and the phonetic part is “ 5 )

<3) he .

Tfi* ^ ^ 8 strokes

(dizitOU) (the “younger-brother” top) 2 strokes

(4) didi

Tfo ^ 7 strokes

(5) i£ hai (it)

3^. ^ 4" 7 strokes

(6) — ^ yfgong

^ 6 strokes

(7) meimei

^ 4" 8 strokes

(The “female” side “i ”, indicates the character has a feminine connotation.)

$ (quanzipdng)(the “dog” side) y ) % ^1 (bdozitoii) (the “wrapping” top) *

3 strokes

2 strokes

(8) gou

^ 4" ^ 4" 8 strokes

(“jt” is the original character for “•$?”. It is written as “ t on the left side of

characters indicating animals.) -108-

(dangzitou) (the “matching” top)

3 (hdngshan)

(9) dangran (#&)

—► + 3

I 0 *1' 3 strokes

3 strokes

6 strokes

12 strokes -*■* + ft +

(The combination of a “flesh" side, a “dog" side ami , 8ide, indicating

to roast dog meat over the fire", produces the character, which originally

meant “burning”. Now this character carries other meanings.)

(10) % zhen

$r * + _IL +

(11) k6’ai (T-t;)

s\ 10 strokes

+ + A 10 strokes

5L sho J * $■ £

(12) & mei

(13) % ndn

% + j]

4 strokes

7 strokes

7 strokes

(14) ZUO

ft -> 4 + ir + ± 11 strokes

zhd J -Y-Y-Y 5 strokes

(15) ji# gongzuo

# -* ( + ^ 7 strokes

(16) £ duoshao

£ -*• * + ^ 6 strokes

-109-

Xl 12 strokes

(17) xlhuan

-Jr + a +

—► * +

•' + +

6 strokes

(On the left side of a multi-component character, the second stroke of “J£” is

written as an extended dot.)

(18) waiyu

% + h 5 strokes

XfcSDiR Cultural Notes

Forms of Address for Family and Relatives

While the Chinese words for “mother”, “father”, “son”, and “daughter” are used in

ways similar to what we find in English, addressing siblings and relatives is fairly complex

in Chinese. Two principles govern how Chinese family members are addressed: 1) relatives

on the paternal side are distinguished from those on the mother’s side; and 2) age relative

to the speaker is taken into consideration.

The English words “grandfather” and “grandmother” can refer to grandparents on either

the father’s or mother’s side. In Chinese, on the other hand, one has to indicate whether

they are the father’s or the mother’s parents. The parents of one’s father are zufa “grandfa¬

ther” and zumu “grandmother” and are informally called ye ye “grandpa” and nainai “grand¬

ma”. However, the terms for one’s mother’s parents are waizufu “maternal grandfather” and

waizumu “maternal grandmother”, and in spoken Chinese, waigong (or laoye), and waipo

(or looloo), meaning literally “maternal grandpa” and “maternal grandma” respectively.

In Chinese special terms indicate whether siblings are older or younger than the speak¬

er. For instance, instead of a term equivalent to the English “brother”, Chinese has gege

“elder brother” and didi “younger brother”. Similarly, “elder sister” is jiejie, and “younger

sister” is meimei. In Chinese, one must always be sure to differentiate between elder and

younger siblings and use the correct term.

-110-

(f Have you ever wondered how Chinese celebrate their

|j b,rthdays? In this lesson we will talk about birthday

j! customs in China, and you will learn how to ask the age

j I and birthPlaf'e of others. You will begin learning the days,

j; weeks, months, and years in Chinese, and look at the

i i

j I Chinese zodiac animals, a remarkable creation of Chinese

. culture.

Lesson 9 j

fill 4-^ —+ $ Ta jTnnian ershi sui

Text

W6ng Xiaoyuri: Lin Na, nT zenmeyang? M6ng bu mang?

& if: £ ^ Lin Na: W6 jTntian hen mbng.

Wbng Xiaoyun: Mfngtian shangwu nT y6u meiyou k6?

^ if: 0^^ ^ Lin Na; Mfngtian shi xlngqT jT?

W6ng Xi6oyun: Mfngtian shl xTngqTsf.

-in-

fa Jit. Tt ^ t

Lin Na; W6 shangwiu xidwu dou you ke.

i 4fc M.0 # HfrjBj *%? Wang Xiaoyun NT xlngqTri you shijian ma?

#■ MLM 0 ^/It?

Lin Na: XTngqTrl shi jl hdo?

i MB 4: + 4 -=-+-b 4. fc £ 0 0 Wang Xiaoyun: XlngqTri shi shfyue ershfqT hdo, shl Song Hud de shengri

fa *P: A ^?® ^ ^ijL £ *7 ®

Lin Na: Shi ma? Ta jlnnian dud dd?

i 'J'^T: t ^ A ^ -f- t/3 9 ib£,

Wang Xiaoyun; Song Hud yT jiu ba er nian shfyue ershfqT ri chOsheng,

fa

Lfn Na:

A «„®ft 4MF- —+ £

sho o6u Ta jTnnian ershi sul

fa 4_^;l/v? ®

Ta shi nar ren?

[|Sl¥»»tt£llll]

Asking about someone’s

age and birthplace

-T- 'h^c: ?L jh# /^0 >f& 43^ t Wang Xiaoyun :Ta shi Beijing ren. Ta babax mama dou zai Beijing.

MB Tt 4MT

XlngqTri xidwu women you yf ge juhui, zhuhe ta de

iQo Jl$L' ^ Jr, fa $*ha # shengri. Libo, Dawei dou qu, nT canjia bu canjia?

fa i ^ T! ^ ta A. £0

Lfn Nd: Tai hdo lej Wd dangrdn canjia. Zhongguo ren shengri

vt &fa *%?

chi dangao ma?

i fa-*: vt

Wang Xiaoyun: Chi dangao.

^ ^l5: 4k — t A 4b fa, if Lfn Na: Wd mdi yf ge dd dangao, hdo ma?

-112-

-£ if fTo ^ ^ #L

Wang Xiaoyun: Hao a. Wo mai liang ping hdngputaojiu.

New Words

1- N jinnidn

4 N nian

2. # M SUI

* 3. QPr zenmeyang

*4. 4"^- N jTntian

5. if. N kd

6. M.%1 N xTngqT

7. _L^- N shangwu

Jl N shdng

8. T^F- N xidwu

T N xid

9. J.J&0 N xlngqlri

10. -f N hao

ii. £.n N shengri

& V sheng

12. IE duo da

£ Adv dud

*L A dd

13. ife£ V chOsheng

* V cho

14. 4 V shu

15- N juhui

* N hul

16. V zhuhe

EL V zhu

this year

year 2002^, 2000^, 19983s —3s

year (of age) , +A>£ , ZlE^,

how is

today EE±E, EETE

class; lesson , iXifiif, —if;, Wif

week m$-, man-, mmji, -es$ morning 8JE±E, —E±E

above; last ±JU3, ±M$J—, ±E/3

afternoon Hfj ETE, —ETE

below; next TS8I, “FJI$3H, TE/1

Sunday S$3 H ±E, |!@3 0 TE

day of the month E/3 HE , E/3 —E

birthday -ftfeWEB, H+^4R

to be bom

how old EEE A

how

old

to be bom 1982^1ij*fe.

to go out; to come out

to be born in the year of jp|°r

get-together; party 4RI#, E-HKE

meeting

to congratulate

17. V canjia to participate; to attend

* 18. T Pt le (modal partical/aspect partical)

19. vt V chi to eat

20. N dangao cake -■***, Btatm

& N dan egg

& N gao cake

21. ^ V mdi to buy 3£Ic$t

22. $1 M ping bottle — Jfg7jC

21 kLffigj'M N hongputaojiu red wine — ffEHjUjiSflS

it A hdng red

fa§ N putao grape

$ N *• %/

JIU wine or liquor

*24. PN Song Hud (name of a Chinese student)

25. 4b ^fC PN Beijing Beijing

-114-

^ V:

Song Hua:

^ :

Ma Dawei;

it>iil jt, &. #- i^^-0 «c £4*. £ Xiexie. Dangao zhen pidoliang. Nimen \6\, wd hen gdoxing.

Jintian women chi BdijTng kaoya. Wo hen xThuan chi

#- if:

Un Na:

^ V:

Sdng Hud;

#■ if:

Li'n Nd:

£ *: Sdng Hua.-

P£ ^ ^ #&0 Chi shoumidn? Zhen you yisi.

if, if. tf) *tE} j£ Jt?

Lin Nd, nT de shengri shi na tian?

-r-n +- *0

ShiyTyue shf’dr hdo.

*• +T^ ^ * -t #®0 ao, shiyiyue shf’dr hdo women zai Idi chi shoumidn.

New Words

1. A kudile

2- A pidoliang

3. N kaoya

fl N ya

*4. pJj V he

5- # Adv zai

6. N shoumidn

fij N mian

— - - - -- ... __

happy £ g

pretty,beautiful; nice

roast duck , |£&f$

duck

to drink ^®Bnj[-:(kafei)

again ##

(birthday) longevity noodles

noodles ifcjli

-115-

Supplementary Words

l. N wanshang evening

2. N zhongcan Chinese food

3. N xTcan Western food

4. £ N chti tea

5- N k6le coke

6. N xuebi Sprite

7. N P'jiu beer

8. *5 N hdnbbo hamburger

9. N r6gou hotdog

10. N mianbao bread

li. jr-fy N niunai milk

i2. jtta N mTfan (cooked) rice

(D fa&'Am This is also a form of greeting used among acquaintances and friends, and is similar to

<D Mm? The phrase “j&A?? ” does not raise a question here, but expresses mild surprise on the

part of the speaker concerning something that he/she does not know. For example;

A: rxmmm B:

Sometimes it expresses doubt, or modesty when receiving praise. (See Lesson Eleven.)

(3)

Here “0” is an adverb, followed by an adjective. The phrase + A” is used to

raise a question, and in this case u%” refers to age.

In asking about age in Chinese, one has to choose different forms for different groups of

people. can only be used to ask the age of an adult, or people of the same

generation as the speaker. When asking the age of a child, we usually say

”, and when asking the age of an elderly person or those older than the speaker, a

more polite form has to be used, which will be taught in Lesson Eleven.

-116-

© AAJ®0

It is customary for the Chinese to designate one’s year of birth according to twelve ani¬

mals, which are arranged in the following order; rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake,

horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. These form a twelve-year cycle. For example,

the year 1982, 1994 and 2006 are all designated “dog” years. The people who are bom in

these years are said to “belong to the year of dog”, which, in Chinese, is written as “J3

$1 . The years 1988, 2000 and 2012 are dragon years. Those who are bom in these years

all “JSjr.

(D fiiiMAA?

This is an expression usually used to ask someone’s place of birth. It can also be said

as fifedPJLA? , with jc omitted; and in answering “$)PJL”, it is usually necessary to

specify a province, city, or county. When asking about nationality, we use the expression

“@PSA? ”

© n II1 A! This is a familiar form of expression used to give greetings to someone on his/her birth¬

day. “Ufa — ” is used to express good wishes, sometimes with the implication of “congratu¬

lating in advance , whereas is commonly used to congratulate someone on some¬

thing that is already known or has already occurred. For example;

A; (ji6hun, to get married)0

B: m

A verb or a verbal phrase can funtion as the object of the predicative verb. For

example:

imikT&0

^hen celebrating birthdays, a traditional Chinese custom is to eat “longevity noodles”.

The length of noodles symbolizes “longevity”.

-117-

— • Drill s and Practice

: KEY SENTENCES : l.

; 2.o : 3. £JfcB*./L-f-? : 4. j 5.

: 6. : 7. I 8. *>L# £ B '& If;! i_____


(1) _££%

M—TI# TM.M B TMjiJi^

(2) '-TL-fcO-^ibi —7l/v—AJlO

— —000*iUK&4Mft -OO-^liJAt

(3) Mf EM7* J=-M£ — >HM*.

(4) £#-#£B 4fc#£B

(5) 4B-5-H *.£■&

2. Pattern drills

(1) A: )JL-f?

B:

A: W&&.MLMJI?

B: WX.jlM.#M0

(2) A: —MJL-f

A:

B: £±y#i£,Ty}SLti$.0

2002

K II

m 27 m y e

2002

+ A

_. 31 m n __

±

2^

- - = PJJ E A 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -118-

(3) A: JtJjljrrjgJL-f-?

B: ft 4-fc-f

A: MJWfcflfcfl-fc?

B:

(4) A:

B:

A: #£jfc/L#ltf-|SI?

B: Ht lei 0

(5) A: jh:fC?

B: -&T^1 — 44^- jb^p

A: T/J—-5\*JU$J7L?

B:

Mi ■%%&J(jingju)

M-

M 0

M 0

M®-t4

4-#] —T Jf-

4

+ @

4 £B)

(6) A: #,4-4 £ 4?

B: &4-421#o

A:

B:

19 1/360

20 3 n 12 0

22 4/3 22-f

(7) A: #Ap#;L/v?

B: 4k Jk. 4 7^ /v 0

A: jb #,&£#?

B:

_L 4 (Shanghai)

im-44(Wengehua)

(Duolunduo) ia^(Niuyue)

fcft(LundGn)

(8) A: #*;&!»9|*.«&*«!%?

B: ^ ^ M o

A:

B:

(kdle) JL4^#(hanbao)

(xu6bi) /V^$j#j(reg6u)

i?fep4''@ (pfjiu) 7l4® &(mianbao)

-119-

3. I»I#T^!lfRlM Answer the following questions

(1) —

(2) !>'««?

(3) —

(4)

(5) + —

(6) JL-f? M.MJL?

(7) M.MJL&JI-??

(8)

(9) ifc4-*kp£/H-&?

(10) tfc4-&v%:£-(chd)'’-3>?


[^Jz? Making an appointment]

(1) A: #&&#?

B: _o

A; IbJ^? A'fH-ir_,■&?*%?

B: k*f7,4U$&£o

(2) A: IbJ^?

B:

A: —-S’£JLJ&W0

B: st^fe(duibuqi),_,JS«(k0ngpd)^4f(xfng)o

A: >£.:&£ (mei gudnxi)c

Asking about someone’s age and birthplace]

(1) A:

B: o

A;

B: £. El 0

A;

B; ijHfto

-120-

(2) A: LA?

B: (Shanghai)A0

A; -t^?

B: ^ , FMl'] JJL/ji_

A:

B;

(3) A; i^-fl--^-^'^^-(hdizi)'^?

b:

A:

[3tSdfe R Celebrating someone’s birthday]

(1) A; ,^fl W4l-o#*?J|l?

B:

A: ££__

(2) A; 4^ AA#. fr-J 4l 0 ,^JL# i 0 ■)& £ l


Your friend is trying to make an appointment with you. Please reply according to your

schedule for next week:

mmmm~ MJfiH MSI® m «he MWP

±^F XitW Rig® Rig® mw% T^F Rig® Rig®

nn da qiu

£0

s§# Bfe±

wanshang

—

»

yduyfing jTngju

-121-

Jfc^gLaKjihgji)dt1982-f-&£0 ^ zz-|-

(didn, store) *fc*f ^ #i t] % m o Vtfc,$L

mt&Xo

!• >B^lMli Expressing the date and days of the week

In Chinese, the four figures making up the name of a year are read out as four sepa

rate numbers and is put at the end. For example;

—JlAA^E yJ jiu jiu ba nibn

-OOO^E br Ifng ling ling nibn

ZOO er Ifng Ifng er nibn Z.O— 6r ling yT ling nibn

The names of the 12 months are produced by combining the cardinal numbers

with “E”. For example:

-E yiyue January -t E qlyue July

~E bryub February A E bayub August

=E sanyub March KE jiuyue September

slyub April +E shfyue October

HE wuyub May +-E shfyTyub November

AE liuyue June +z^ shf’bryub December

The names of the dates are produced by combining cardinal numbers 1 to 30

with ^7 "(spoken form) or “ R ” (written form). For example;

(—ft (6ryue) liu hao

)+—■§■ (shfyud) shf’6r hao

(+—+—R (shiylyufe) 6rshf’£r ri

(+— = H (shl’6ryue) sanshi'yT ri

February 6

October 12

November 22

December 31

(or 31)

If one mentions a date in the current month, one can omit “M” and simply say

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 6 follow “MM” to express Monday to Saturday. The

name for Sunday is (spoken form) or “SfflR” (written form).

MM— XlngqTyT Monday MMft. xlngqlwu Friday

XlngqT’hr Tuesday Xlngqlliu Saturday

MM=. XlngqTsan Wednesday il$] R Xlngqlri Sunday

0 Xlngqlsi 'fliursday

The word order for expressing the date and days of the week is;

¥ + ;i + R + -000^--R-^--hi£R =

2000^- 12 ft 25R 1^ =

2. Words expressing time as adverbials

Words expressing time, such as “3E&”, “T^F”, can function

as adverbials to indicate the time of occurrence of an action or a state. Adverbials of time

(Time-When) can be placed either (1) after the subject and before the main element of the

predicate or (2) before the subject to emphasize the time.

S + TW + VO/A

Subject

Predicate

T W V O / A

MM R ft mj? ft ±"F,T"P U ft Mo

+ SA ot mm 1982*F1(TB27R

ttl£o

ft n

0

-123-

TW + S + VO/A

Time words Subject

ft

man mm

11/112# min m

Predicate

V O / A

mm iH?

w

i&

*

tto

Note: 1. Adverbials of time (Time-When) can never be placed after the predicative verb.

For example, one cannot say

2. If there is more than one word expressing time in one adverbial, a large unit of

time should be put before a smaller unit. For example: 0 T^F”.

3. Sentences with a nominal predicate

Nouns, noun phrases, and numeral-measure words can function directly as the predicate

of a sentence and do not need the verb “H”. This kind of sentence is especially used to ex¬

press age, price (see Lesson 10), and so on. In spoken language, it is also used to express

time (see Lesson 11) or birth place.

S + Nu—M

Subject Predicate

Nu-M

me

4. ”JHf5] Using ” to ask a question

Questions with ? ” are often used to give a suggestion or to ask for an opinion.

The first part of such a question is a declarative sentence, and its last part can also be “iif

Sc in £$?'$( youyCng), Sf ?

Some examples of affirmative answers are; UpJ”, “iff”,

-124-

A- >3^ Chinese Characters

1* Structure of Chinese characters (2) The left-right structure (2)

a. Equal left-middle-right

2- learn and write basic Chinese characters

(i) 4"

jin

~7

present day 4 strokes

(2) ^

ni6n

(3) ^

guo

(4) -Jt

qf

(5) Ji

/

4 year

fruit

6 strokes

a n t=t ^ ^

f 8 strokes

- r iftf it jLjLjL he (his); she (her) 8 strokes

i t-ji shdng above 3 strokes

(Placing Ji” on top of ” means “above”.)

fell %j£.s

n...

(6) -t- / A- A-

WU noon 4 strokes

(7) tb *- ^ 4* »£» ife

chO to go/come out 5 strokes

( U denotes a cave, and 4* denotes one foot stepping

out of the cave.)

$ J r

8) ^ (m) midn noodles

r f7 r?7 ^ t^T f^T fit 9 strokes

-125-

3 strokes

(9) r * * r Shi corpse

(“ J* ” denotes a dead body or a carcass.)

no) 7 le

T (particle) 2 strokes

(id & (A) ' ^ ^ & & & Chong insect; worm 6 strokes

d2) -7-

Sr

r 7 774 ear 6 strokes

(13) Zj

qi

(14) zft

ml

/ A- Z-J

to beg

• ■' ^ t nee

3 strokes

6 strokes

(The four dots in stand for grains of rice.)

(14)

t6u head 5 strokes

05) H

\N&

" r && tile 4 strokes

6 £(?

777


texts

(l) ^ sui (jSt)

* + $ 6 strokes

(2) £&# zenmeydng (&)&#.)

# -> 4 + +

9 strokes

-126-

10 strokes

(3) if. ke (#)

* -+ i + 10 strokes

(4) xTngqT

3 -*■ ® + 9 strokes

#3 -*■ # + 12 strokes

T (hdozidT) (the “number'

(5) hdo (ft)

bottom) " "5“ 2 strokes

—► n + T 5 strokes

(6) M shu (4)

A - -+ r + - + i + r» 12 strokes

^K(juzidl) " f 4' Tfc (7) ^ juhul (3Mb

6 strokes

M - -*• 4 + * + ^fv 14 strokes

4? - 6 strokes

'f (shizip6ng)(the “manifestation” side) 7 j 4 strokes

(8) zhuhe (#4T)

Mj —► % + yt

1% + v + jj\ 9 strokes

9 strokes

(9) chi

vt —>■ tt +1, (to use mouth “n” to eat “*t”)

6 strokes

/£. (pizit6u) (the “foot” top) T Tt^

(10) dangao 5 strokes

-*• * + &

& -*■ ^ (On the left side of a character,

11 strokes

16 strokes

the sixth stroke in “ifv” is written as a dot.)

-127-

1 stroke (henggou) (a horizontal stroke with a hook)

(li) £ mai (I)

* ->• ■* + *

(12) OS, ping */

+ iff + K,

(13) hong (to.)

—► £ + X

(caozit6u)(the “grass” top)

it fu

f6u

(14) ^ 3) putao

i n n m ifrit

7

-yr-

W you

05) jiu

+ + it

+ *i + ^

i n 7T 7T W W

■+ /' + w

6 strokes

10 strokes

3 strokes

7 strokes

6 strokes

12 strokes

11 strokes

7 strokes

10 strokes

^ (sanpier)(the “three-downwanl-strokes-to-the-Ieft” side)

(16) canjia

#- —y u + ^ +

3 strokes

8 strokes

07) sR3)i Song Hua (£f)

* — ^ + *

#• -*■ It + +

7 strokes

6 strokes

4 M 4 (18) 4b# Beijing

4b —► j + b

3 strokes

-128-

5 strokes

— + a + 4' 8 strokes

^ (juezlpdng)(the “decision” side)

(19) kuaile (&|£)

'ft —► •] + ft

SB , _ __ (xTzitou) (the “west” top)

(20) i%%, piaoliang

-> /' + ^ +

■> ~ +

£ k

J-r Jh

/^F

y* 7C

* + <4-

^ + yU

4 strokes

7 strokes

6 strokes

14 strokes

9 strokes

10 strokes

(21) kSoya

* + ft + 5

( 5: " 5)

^ 10 strokes

(*f .yrtrray. J,. ' * * 6,J,)

(22) 4g he

** "t" 12 strokes

(23) shoumian (##)

^ ^ + t 7 strokes

Bargaining for discounts in China can make shopping i'

, quite an experience! This lesson will show you how Chinese

| j currency is used. Now is a chance to talk more about

j j yourself: you will learn how to describe your likes, interests, I! j j and hobbies. You will also learn what to do when you can’t

I \ think of the right thing to say.

(jIEBIl Lesson 10 ..s

Wo zai zher mai guangpan

—• liX Text

fc- i£jL ik Wbng Xiaoyun: Dawdi, nT zai zher mai shenme?

A £ fo&o

Ma Dawei: Wo mai ylnyue guangpan.

Wang Xiaoyun: NT chbngchdng lai zher ma?

A ^ t ^ £Ulo & tt Ma Dawei: W6 bu chang lai zhdr. XTngqTtian w6 changchang gen

#■ ^ -k 'J' iMo ^ A0®

Lin Na qu xiao shangchang. Zhe ge shangchang hen da.

-130-

# -§-J& ff*£

Wbng Xiboyun: NT xThuan shbnme yTnyue?

A 4-& tSI -g-Jfco Ma Daw6i: Wo xThuan 2honggu6 yTnyub.

ii & jtA &£#? Zhb zhang guangpan zbnmeybng?

it & «. #, jl m #.», m 4u0 Wang Xiaoyun: Zhb zhang hen hbo, shi «Liang Zhu», hen youmfng.

n, a % a. 5£0 ^ ^ $? MS Dawei: Hao,wo m5i zhb zhang. Zhbr you meiybu shu he bao?

/Si'A 4$ > A> jit^T 4Ho Wang Xiaoyun: Zhbr mbiyou shu, ye mbiybu bao.

4^ M<5 Dawei: Benzi ne?

A A A, A A 4^0 Wang Xiboyun: Y6u , zbi nar mai. Gen wb lai, wo yb mai bbnzi.

± iilN™ Words

* l. A Prep zbi at; in; on

2. itA N guangpbn CD

3. N yTnyue music

4. N shangchang market; bazaar; shopping mall $:]

W N shang trade; commerce

5. Adv changchang often ##*, ntm, nnm f Adv chbng often zJn ^

6. Prep/V gen with/to follow ffiTtfeJL, ®Wi,

7. A youmfng famous

8. 4$ N shu book

9-* N bao newspaper , #Jg

io. 4^JJ‘ N benzi notebook —

ii. %$Jl Pr nar there ilfiJL, £S|5JL

12. PN Liang Zhu (name of a Chinese violin concerto)

-131-

<B> »#: *,4., t- * 1+&? ® ShTfu; Xionsheng, nin yao shenme?

T ASt: if- if, o® it A DTng LlbO: NT hao, shlfu. QTngwOn, zhe shi shenme?

& * iAiX <%? it A ShTfu: Nfn bu renshi ma? Zhe shi xiangjiaopfngguo.

T jj&L: A A f°1: it ^ 2U& £& i£? ® DTng Libo: DulbuqT, wo shi wen: Zhe ge Hanyu zbnme shuo?

'ft, M & *MH A0 M A X#? ShTfu: A, nin shi waigub rbn. Nfn zai nar gongzuo?

T Jj$L: A A i&t DTng Libo: Wo zai Yuyan Xueyudn xubxf.

##: & #3 A * A?® » * A #, #. §.#: ShTfu: Nin xuexi Hanyu, shi bu shi? Nin gen wo xue, hOn rongyi:

A "i **, ii H il •*, A Zhe jiao xiangjiao, zhe jiao xiangjiaopfngguo, zhe yO shi

A*-, # A . pingguO, nO shi putao—

T 4MK**., - Jr « DTng Libo: Xiangjiao^ pfngguoN xiangjiaopfngguo--, yi jTn pfngguo

$•}' #L? ®

duoshao qian? -132-

J*M$: — ft Ik — ®

ShTfu: Yi jin san kudi dr mao qidn.

T HlA: M tf) % to Ding LibO; Nfn de pfnggud zhen gui.

- ft ^ *k — * #o & ?t, & ^ ^ if, ShTfu: Yl jin san kudi dr bu gui. Nfn kan, wd de pfnggud da. Hao,

Hi A MA, =l )k 4X - fto zuo ge pengyou, san kuai qian yi jin.

T Hi A: —ft £ *y 4%? Ding LibO; Yi jTn xiangjiao duoshao qian?

# A A A 't — ft, A Ik iX fil fto ShTfu: Liang kuai ql mao wu fen yi jTn, wu kudi qian lidng jTn.

T HlA: A £ A ft « ft ft Ding LibO; Wo mdi san jTn xiangjiao he lidng jTn xiangjiaopfngguo.

##: — ^ ftw ik iXo # m M - A 3^0 M & ShTfu: Yfgong shfsi kudi qidn. Zai song nfn yf ge pfnggud. Nfn hai

-t- ii&? yao shenme?

THlA: A 7, iXo DTng Libo: Bu yao le, xidxie. Gei ni qidn.

*f, M & A —+ & 4%, A A & A A 4Xo ShTfu: Hao, nfn gdi wd drshf kudi qidn, wd zhao nfn liu kudi qidn.

L0 Zaijian.

T HlA: 7ML! DTng Libd: Zaijian!

Aj- -||-j New Words

n xiansheng Mr.; sir 3E

*2-^- v yao to want SHFJJtffcft

3. jf'ji'fif- N ShTfu master worker , dEjJffTftl

4. N Xidngjidopfngguo apple with a banana taste —

N Xiangjiao banana

-133-

N pfngguo

*5. ^2, IE duibuqi

6. 4&^ QPr zdnme

7- A rangy)

8. N putao

9. 4% N qidn

io. if M jin

ii. &(4%) M kuai(qidn)

12. 4,(4%) M mao(qian)

• 13- -f A gul

= 14. $c V zud

15. ^(4%) M fen(qian)

16. iH V song

17. ^ V g6i

18. -ft(4%) V zhao(qian)

apple —

I’m sorry

how ,g^j$, £<&>*, ig4^^

easy W&M, ?«fi, Jt«»,

grape

money

(measure word of weight,equal to 500g)

—Jr¥*. WJt«

(measure word of basic Chinese monetary

unit, equal to 10 %); dollar

+-»«, n+4fe« (measure word of Chinese monetary unit,

equal to 1/10 :fcfe); dime

expensive,precious > MIS:, ^Jft

to be; to make

(measure word of Chinese monetary unit,

equal to 1/100 J&); cent AiHsfe

to give (as a present) 3£%‘S§$l!

to give So#, ip Sc,

to give change

=1 Supplementary Words

l. it M yudn (the same as “i&”, but used in written language)

2. St N bT pen

3. Jl M zhl (measure word for stick-like things such as pens)

4. M fen (measure word for publications such as newspapers)

5. M ben (measure word for books and notebooks)

6. M' M bei cup of

7. N shduhudyudn shop assistant; salesperson

8. N zuojia writer

9. 14 3l A pidnyi cheap; inexpensive

10. N shudidn book store

11. N tTyugudn gym

12. £ V mdi to sell

-134-

Notes

(D

When the demonstrative pronoun “j£” or “$[$” is used as an attributive, a measure

word is generally inserted between it and the noun it modifies. For instance:

“WI'WM”, “MS”.

<D In addition to being used as a general form of address for a male adult, can be

used as a title of respect to address a senior scholar or specialist, regardless of sex.

Sometimes a woman also uses to refer to her husband.

The two expressions ”, <4^&3S3?ft‘4k? ”, are commonly used to ask what

someone wants. Shop clerics or hotel attendants often use these phrases when offering help

to customers.

(H) Mf, Wfio

“WMT is a respectful form of address for workers, and people in the service trades. It

may be used to address taxi and bus drivers, ticket sellers, cooks, and hotel staff. There

is a tendency now to increase the range of its usage. Sometimes the people mentioned above

also use it to address people of other trades and professions.

(D nmi*]:* m “I am asking how to say this in Chinese. (What is this in Chinese? )”

“ + VP” is often used to ask about the ways one should act or how one should do

something. is an adverbial, modifying verbs. For example; ”

“£**? ”

(or “•••, ”) is a sentence pattern we use to express opinion or

speculation, with the expectation of a response from the listener. The affirmative answer to

this question is “j!|P|5fJ ”, and the negative answer is “^(JH)”. For example;

A.- m? B;

© -Jf

“How much is one jin of apples? ”

-135-

is a common sentence pattern we use to ask the price of something

when shopping. This is a sentence with the noun phrase as the predicate. The predicate

is placed immediately after the subject “—Note that the first part (the

subject) and the second part (the predicate) can be inverted. We may also say;

A:

B:

Although the official Chinese system of weights and measures stipulates that “ Q Jry

(gongjin, kilo)” is the basic unit, people are still accustomed to using the “/f ”, which

is equivalent to half a kilogram.

In a super market or department store, people do not usually bargain over the price,

but when shopping in a free market or at a stall, they frequently bargain.

© -Wt

The various monetary units in (Renminbi), the Chinese currency are; “tc

(yuan)”, (jiao)”, and u/jf (fen)”. In spoken Chinese, we often use (kudi)”

for “76”, and (mdo)” for “A”. When or is at the end, and

can be omitted. For example:

1.75t£-

4.807c - Ei&A(€1£)

Note: When u2%" is at the beginning of an amount of money, people say

When “27^” is at the end of an amount of money, the expression is often used.

For example:

0.22tc-W€“(7»

*3fT o

“No, thanks.”

e. Drills and Practice

: KEY SENTENCES

j 1.

: 2. 3. Jfa

: 4.

I 5. L0

: 6. j 7.

: 8. -136-

1- Master the following phrases

(1) i&5fcjfcj;

sp^d'dia. *P**

jk

(2) « $tx#

urn# *5 as #-#-3k ^ -9 iX.il-

*M,£ &fo-£r $?<&% %L£<)fi&iL-fe HLmJtL4r1f%

2. 'fciJlSmfe Pattern drills

(1) A:

B:

A: ik?

B:

A: ^'hc^'fc?

B: 4UH'fc0

(2) A:

B: fe-jjE.4k^ J-^o

A:

B:

A: fa-kf-vB,?

B: #■*##,

(3) A:

B: liatfiMc

A: -ft *&.•$-£ #*&?

B: 4UMMTjrTfrfr0

tx| s:^

4fi|-#F& *h«-

j£f% Httl} (shduhuoyuan) 4k * ^ (zuojia)

#P& £4

$ /E (shudion)

i^lf^(tiyuguan) 4*Jfr $f ^/S (kaoyadian) 4k& &

-137-

(4) A:

B: fcjt&r,

A:

B:

(5) A:

B:

(6) A: &£*}-&?

B: -*£^4*?

A: -*jL&&0

B:

3. Practice the following exercises verbally with

one classmate

A game of giving change

g. A: -*3.24t0,&M5t0o B;*.^t-1.76T0o

->A: B: —ikAz-Zj-rso

(1) A: -*7.6970,&^&870o

(2) A: -*13.12to,&^&15to0

(3) A: -*22.78to,*.^&30to0

(4) A: -*31.4970,&50to0

(5) A: -*84.92to,^^^100to0 B:&&&

-138-

4. Change the following declarative

into questions with interrogative pronouns

(1) (Ask two questions)

(2) JT W &} -t;-%,■£% 0 (Ask three questions)

(3) (Ask four questions)

(4) ifc (mdi)iti^;0 (Ask five questions)

(5) ^ (Ask six questions)


Likes and dislikes]

(1) A: 4t>-#-5tH+£-#-jk?

B: ■& -fr^fc. __0

A:

B; __il^0

-_

(2) A; f^-S-5!fc^-i-^:^r^(zhexue)?

B: &—_to

A: ^ ^-I'iko

(3) A;

B: ft£&*-$-&?

A:

Shopping]

(1) A: &£#£?

B; $]

A;

B: _?

A:

B: 4K^r^fTo

A: __ ,4UK

sentences

-139-

(2) A: i£*S,?

B: to Mt

A: $

B: _o

A: ^fttftft?

B: %foft0

A: ft^

B: __

(3) A:

B: ^f(bei)sJB#(kafei)o

A;

B: *-£7,m#t0

[IS?£fein i i M$fi Solving language problems]

(1) A:

B:

C: itv*j-is|^.(cJdian),?Xtg-i5i^-o

A: -jlBfro

(2) A: “cheap” &-$,?

B: ^^(pianyi),ii>h^-f-^£i:0

(3) A:

B: i&(yf bian)0

WSzjiS Make a dialogue based on the picture

Introducing and identifying people]

(1) A: 4MniUK*-%? —

it A__

itA_

B: -iKiR’ifcjfi. ifj7\0

9

o

-140-

C: o

(2) ifr

in R M p*} if & %

AitHLi?.—T:

-?M±_,p>)

[$JH Enquiring]

it A_

itAifr?

it AAA.

\

(2)

Trt&'&JIMJl-f?

MA^P^A?

& to # Bfc # *p«!% ?

_ ?

*%?

?

itA&c

itgLfefeypJl?

*ME._ o

■* Communication exercises

1) Talk to your classmate about what you like or dislike.

2) Your classmate is a salesperson in a store and you are a customer.

g c irasing

“h 'tsg-ik-tof 4:1^1% o #-f-itf %if-.3z, fcft (dongxi,

**° a** a.

-141-

® ^ A (gongfu), 5, %—^« t SI $ £» 0

E- ia/i5 Grammar

1. Jtfflffl&i Prepositional Phrase

In Lesson 5 the verb “ft” was studied. “ft” is also a preposition. When combined with

words expressing location (usually a noun or phrase), it forms a prepositional phrase. It is

used before the predicative verb to indicate the location of an action.

ft + PW + V 0

Subject Predicate

Prep “ft” + N V 0

m ft iiJL % Mo 15 ft «UL xm

til X ft o

The preposition “SS***” is often combined with a noun or pronoun after it to form a

prepositional phrase and used in front of the predicative verb to indicate the manner of an

action.

ffS + Pr/N (person) + VO

Subject Predicate

Prep “JR" + Pr/N V o

Sit * ajio m m m iCA m m

Note: The prepositional phrases “ft---” and “ffi —w must be placed before the verb. One

cannot say “ft^ftSW

-142-

2. Sentences with double objects

Some verbs can take two objects, one in front, referring to people; the other, following,

referring to things.

+ Pr/N (person) + NP(thing)

Subject Predicate

V Object 1 Object 2

Vk rtli* & Sc

n Sc M

(Sc) m -t?*,

Note: Not all Chinese verbs can take double objects.

3. The adverb in sentences with an adjectival

predicate

Many sentences with an adjectival predicate have been studied so far. In this kind of

sentence, an adjective follows the subject directly and does not need the verb “/k”. If there

are no other adverbs such as “M”, “±" or before the adjective, the adverb “jg” is

usually placed before it.

s + m + a mm0

se^mtto

In this kind of sentence, if the adjective does not have an adverb before it, the sentence

has the meaning of comparison. For example:

(ftkWW/ho )

The meaning of “fit” here is not so obvious. “ Sc IK tt” and “Sett” are not much

different in degree. In V/A-not-V/A questions, “?K” cannot be used. For example;

” One cannot say ”

-143-

a. a? Chinese Characters

1. Structure of Chinese characters (3)

The top-bottom structure:

a. Equal top-bottom

U % A

b. Big top-small bottom

0 0 1_3_J

c. Small top-big bottom

R LJ 1

2 1 3

d. Equal top-middle-bottom


<n# ' / ft -ft-fr-k

zhoil boat 6 strokes

(2) JE2. A r7 VT7 \T?? JUI

mTn house hold utensiles 5 strokes

(3) &(J£) ' ^ f ft fc

yue music 5 strokes

VS

(4)

ZU foot

\ rr cr

7 strokes

«>$(#) '’^ + 45 Shu book 4 strokes

v>*\

-144-

(6) ^

b6n root of a tree 5 strokes

(The * at the bottom of “yfc” indicates the root.)

(7) -f ^ r r' S2-SjL

ping flat 5 strokes

00

z6u to walk 7 strokes

(The ancient character looks like a person running.)

(9) Zj ^ ^

ji oneself 3 strokes

(10) )v ' ''

xue cave 5 strokes

(ii) ^7

WU

7

do not 4 strokes

(i2) dir jin

/

gold 8 strokes

(13) /f " / f-/f

jTn (measure word) 4 strokes

(The ancient character resembles an axe. It is used as a unit of weight now.)

04) 4j ' ' 4, mdO (dime) 4 strokes

(15) X ' ge an ancient weapon 4 strokes

-145-

3. ^ Learn and write the Chinese characters appearing in the

texts

(l) Ait guangptin (A#)

A ->• * + X 6 strokes

A -*• A + jnr 11 strokes

(2) -frifc yTnyue (-§-£) 4- —► J2. + El 9 strokes

^ (tuzipdng) (On the left side of a character, the third stroke of "i" is written as an

upward stroke. It is called the “earth” side.) ' + i 3 strokes

% (Changzibian) (the “arena” side) ^ 7? ^ 3 strokes

(3) shangchang (t)

+ + r] + #' + ^ 11 strokes

^ f A 7 strokes

(chdngzit6u)(the “constant” top)

(4) 'tlfr chdngchdng

+ n + ip t

5 strokes

11 strokes

J? (zuzip6ng)(On the left side of a character, the seventh stroke in “/£” i

an upward stroke.) ' r v Y ? S

(5) gen

^ 13 strokes

is written as

7 strokes

P (dan’6rduo)(the “single-e ar” side) J P

(6) boo (*.)

4R. ~► I + P + X.

(licfingzijiao) (the “millet” corner) ~7 71 7J

(7) Liting Zhu

^ > / + j# +

2 strokes

7 strokes

4 strokes

11 strokes -146-

/ ^ Ar Ac. 4 strokes (tuweiniu)(the “tail-less ox” top)

(8) xiansheng

A -*■ A + )L 6 strokes

(9) yao

Jr —► ® + -k 9 strokes

(10) shlfu (*H$)

#(fu) —> 'f + # + -^ 12 strokes

(The meaning side is “J ”, and the phonetic side is “it”.)

(ii) xiangjiao

# ~► ^ + El

+ ^ +

9 strokes

15 strokes

(12) pfngguo

“f* > 8 strokes

(The meaning is indicated by , and the pronunciation is indicated by “-f-”.)

(13) duibuqi

—> % +

^ ► A +

(14) rongyi

>£i'" ^ ' "I" “H 10 strokes

J? > ^ 8 strokes

5 strokes

10 strokes

-147-

A T (jlnzipang)(the “metal” side). (On the left side of a character, “4r” is written

as “*".) ' >*■ * ^ ^ 5 strokes

(15) qi6n (41)

^ ^ "k "k 10 strokes

(16) ik kuai (i&)

^ 7 ~k 7^ 7 strokes

(17) ^ fen

^7 ^ ^ "k 77 4 strokes

(To cut things in half with a knife.)

(18) iH s6ng

-^L ^ ^ 9 strokes

(19) i£- gei (.^)

^ -► i +

(20) -R zhao

•R ->■ f + £

9 strokes

7 strokes

Cultural Notes

Currency

I he currency of the People’s Republic of China is the renminbi, literally “people’s cur¬

rency , abbreviated as RMB . The basic unit of the RMB is the yuan or kuai. One-tenth of

a yuan is called a jiao or mao, and one one-hundredth of a yuan equals one fen. Chinese

money is issued in paper notes as well as coins, in thirteen different denominations:

Bills: 100 yuan, 50 yuan, 20 yuan, 10 yuan, 5 yuan, 2 yuan, 1 yi^o/i

5 yiao, 2 jiao, 1 yiao

Coins; 1 yuan, 5 jiao, 1 yiao, 5 fen, 2 fen, 1 fen

-148-

'p:i ^^mEt hV9^ 3 '•$!&£& jSSl i i. ><z C'M

I5I9

44B

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to ask the

I time, hail a taxi, ask whether something is allowed, and

j indicate your ability to accomplish tasks. We will pay

; special attention to how Chinese people respond to

^ compliments.

—i£ Lesson 11)

m & ■&)l um Wo hui shuo yidianr Hanyu

—• ilSC Text

STjT:

fa -fe]? •

Lin Na: Wo qu Yuyan Xueyuan. Shifu, qingwen xianzai jT dian?

fa: JL — A. A0 X it '/>! STjT: Cha yi ke ba dian. Nin hui shuo Hdnyu a!

fa A & it —£Jl 7SU&o® & & EJ

Lin Na: Wo hui shuo yidianr Hanyu. Wo shi xuesheng, xianzai hui

xueyuan shangkd.

*}fa: faill Jl A -tifc? STjT; Nimen jT dian shangke?

-150-

fa & k$Lc /V fij *%?

Lin Nd: Ba dian shangke. ShTfu, wdmen ba dian neng dao ma?

fit Ho M #J ZU& fe *?0 STjT: Neng dao. Nfn de Hanyu hen hao.

fa tf] k k -ifo® M k fa^k it $zik! Lfn Na: Ndli, wo de Hdnyu bu tai hdo. Nfn hul bu hui shuo YTngyu?

^]#L: fa k k it fa tL -§-*£ *B§-, fa STjT: Wo bu hui shuo YTngyu. Wo yd xlhuan waiyu, changchdng zai

% # AJl £*■<, jia xud didnr YTngyu.

fa *P: T#-

Lin Nd: Shei jiao nfn YTngyu?

fa #McA.0 STjT; Wo sunnur.

fa A fa tS„ 7L #? Lfn Nd: Zhen ydu ylsi. Ta jTnnidn jT sui?

* fao fa k k 7, % * %-h® STjT: Liu sui. W6 de suishu tai da le, xud YTngyu bu rdngyi.

fa m kfa $ k faii? ® Lfn Nd; Nfn jTnnidn dud da suishu?

fa- & kfa i&t #1% H 7 o® Ml JL STjT: Wo jinnian wushf’er. Yuydn Xueyuan ddo le. Xianzai cha wu

k zY A, M fa JL kfao ® fen ba didn, nfn hai ydu wu fenzhong.

fa «, * & &0

Lfn Na: Xiexie, gei nfn qian.

*}fa: M & fa —fa M Jl fa e?, OK? STjT; Nfn gei wd ershf, zhdo nfn wu kudi si, OK?

fa M k it Lfn Na; Nfn hui shuo YTngyu!

-151-

5]^L: 4k 4l & -.tuio mv. STjT: Wo ye hui yidianr. Baibai!

#■ #W!

Lin Na: Baibai!

/-j- New Words

1.* OpV hui to know how to, can

2. (-)jui Nu-M (yi)didnr a little bit Hf—j&JLiff

3. N sijT driver

4. A(^) N dian(zhong) o’clock A£(#)

5. jt V cha to be short of, lack

6. $] M kd quarter (of an hour) —M(fyt'), -Mt—fflAA

7. ® V hui to return Ih|^|%, \BiM, B^IS, BjfciiC

8. Jli£ VO shangkd to go to class (both students and teachers)

Jl V shdng to ascend; to go to ±?Xi§iK,

9. & OpV ndng can; be able to

10. V dao to arrive HJ&, £!IM, 3\Hx,

li. IE ndli no (an expression of modest denial)

12. V jiao to teach mm, %LXm

13. £i§- N VTngyu English _t£i§iS

14. #-^r;L N sunnur granddaugliter on son’s side

Jc;L N nO’er daughter

15. #4ffc N suishu years (of age)

It N shu number

16. ££. Adv hdi still

17. ^ M fen minute Aj&3l4)\ ti£T\/frA&

18. IE bdibai bye-bye (transliteration)

<E> T 1ft iff, % ^ * it k JLifcc Ding libo: Chen laoshl, MG Dawei jlntian bu neng lai shangke.

Ift : it & X 31? Chdn laoshl: -152-

Ta wdishenme bu neng lai shangkd?

T B^ % Ding Libo; Zuotian shi xTngqiri, ta shangwu qu shangchdng mai

T4 4 M £3fc;l04fc 0&J1 -f— dongxi, xiawu qu pengyou jia wdnr. Ta wanshang shiyT

4- #1%, -f-jL A ^ j*§ A didn ban huf xueyudn, shf’dr didn xie Hdnzi, lidng didn-

# i£

zhong shuljido. Xianzdi ta hai meiyou qichuang.

fa B-ik 4 _Li^0 Chen laoshl: Ta ylnggai lai shdngke.

T tj:A: A it ^ it M — 4 ft#? Ding Libd: Laoshl, wd neng bu neng wen nin yi ge wdnti?

& £9$: TT^o Chen IdoshT; KdyT.

T 4K#l 4ff-& A. A Ding Libd: Women weishdnme ba didn shdngke?

_Li4?

jfeis] New Words

1. Qpr weishenme why

Prep wei for

2. N zuotian yesterday IfLTrTT^ 3. && N dongxi things; objects D

4. Vt)t V wdnr to have fun, to play L, |gJW&®cJL

* 5. $LL N wanshang evening, night BL^l£±, |jft_h

flfc A wan late

6. 4 Nu ban half ,

7. ^ V xie to write

8. N Hdnzi Chinese character

4 N zi character

9. VO shuljido to sleep -f-—AK&,

B& V shui to sleep

-153-

10. VO qlchuang to get up

te. V qT to get up, to rise

A N chuang bed —

11. jkiz OpV ylnggai should;ought to

it OpV gai should;ought to

12. N went! question —'ME]®, |n]|nlM,

13. OpV key! may flTUjSkfe, WblNNM, WW*

14. ]$ PN Chen (a surname)

Supplementary Words

l. VO xidk£ to get out of class; to finish class

2. VO chlfan to eat (a meal)

3. ft* VO kaiche to drive a car

4. ptj-§£. VO changge to sing (a song)

5. VO tiaowu to dance

6. IhJ^- V hufdd to answer

7. *1# N ITwu gift; present

8. V 0 da qiu to play ball

9. VO dddT to take a taxi

io. VO xlyan to smoke

11. A N bitio watch

12. A nan difficult

z. >i p \ < > i * * s

(D M — /&JL” is an indefinite measure word expressing the idea of a small amount, and i:

used to modify a noun. When the context allows of no ambiguity, the noun it modifies cai

be omitted. For example:

A;

-154-

When “ iUL” is not at the beginning of a sentence, ” may be omitted. For ex¬ ample:

(1)

Si is actually an interrogative pronoun, and has the same meaning as “@PJL”, but

“UPS” here has a negative connotation. It is often used to express modesty when respond¬

ing to praise. We can also use “HWJ? ” to express doubt. For example: IS6S&

Whether we use a word expressing negation or doubt, the purpose is to show

a modest attitude toward other people’s compliments. In Chinese culture this is regarded as

an appropriate response.

D It is not easy to learn English.”

D This is a courteous way of asking the age of an elderly or senior person.

Here we are at the Language Institute.”

“You still have five minutes.”

0T. 1 ^ SCnSeS °f already learned is t0 make an additional remark. Another jse of “2” is to express the continuation of a state or action. For example:

(He is still working at eleven o’clock at night.)

(He is still unable to read Chinese newspapers.)

(He still hasn’t got out of bed. /He is still in bed.)

KEY SENTENCES

1-

3.

4. ilT-f-filA-ir

5. &£-i£—A)U5Li&o 6. 7. fc&izfco

8. °T « R M — ^ R ?

-155-


(1) X&HftH.

(3) »T Ji* A *T yXiLiK — T

^v'X% * T «■&£*& ^vfvX f'SJ |'^

(4) &■%&& jki% H#-^ jsLikx.'ft

tf'&iZ'tit ^ ,EL ij[>0

(5)

i£ ^ 6 b ;fjf ’l1 X i£^iAiX4&

(6) iit£)l&i*r ’'£. A jLjjy;%H, A JL $) >@

2. Pattern drills

(1) 4SL&A..&?

*SL / j5t «fc A gg -j- o 8:30 9:58

10:05 12:15

3:28 5:45

(2) 4f>/L.&fe;fc?

^.TCA-h^fe^o

(3) 4fc$t£-£-^JL?

(4)

«o

P& &W,:$i£ 'fn ;&?#- 0 -156-

Tif-(xidk6) 11:50

■'tfA(fdn) 12:15

8:20

b§^; 10:50

5S&&

}JUL

x-lt(wenhua) &4U*

-fr* Td'-Aft

(5) yduydng)? ^f-^(kaiche)

4i*l-(dd qiu)

®k#(tiaowu)

^■^.(changge)

(6)

A&&&* «fei t*.#.c

^ }Z i% i£ ^ £ if 0

(7) jE££t«B JW1^?

*

41 «.«■ E7^(hufda)

it $zi4r

is; %

* 4$ £ #^4(che)

(8)

El 0

4W£#JL.&;i££0

3. }§^lMj^5^;fr#|ift(5]gg Ask a question concerning the underlined words in

each of the following sentences

(1)

(2) m-«8|Cn

(3) —71 —4~—-^7: -fcirt 4b.

(4)

•t

15 ig

it 4l41(liwu)

4. 'z? Conversation practice

[ I'15] H'| |hJ Asking about time]

(1) A; f»] ,&^^(bido)$L,£/L,&?

B: -,&tf>;M£(kudi, fast)—,£„;l0

A:

-157-

(2) A:

B;

A:

B: /L.&-&?

A; _, <'Jr & ?

B: I&-.6JL,_

A: -ifo

[^TKHls^ Expressing one’s ability]

(1) A: _?

B: ■&.£•—.&Jb0

A: #&&$,<%?

B: *f-, t at 1*0 41-ffI *#■ ‘f 4? (tiyuguan) J& 3 0

(2) A:

B:

(3) A; lt'SL^-^^^j4#(xuanxiu)#^(zhexue)i^.?

B: &*&£*£_o

A: Mjij-^7

B:

Expressing permission or prohibition]

(1) A:

B; «t^&,TMKdSng, to wait)—To

(2) A; '5r^^USl(xTyan)'’^?

B: _o

(3) A: ,£%WM,fit*1fcis\M7

B; ^TkX0 W3LT ,#«? ,*?’-%?

A; -Xj-jifoifoo

-158-


(1) Your classmate is a taxi driver, and you want to go to somewhere by taxi. How do

you converse with the taxi driver?

(2) Your watch has stopped. How do you ask a passerby the time?

(3) You are talking about families with your friend. How do you ask him/her about the

ages of his/her parents and about the children of his/her brothers and sisters?

(4) You are visiting somewhere and you want to find out whether or not you can take

pictures (f|!!lB8 ,p0izhdo)or smoke (©JO ,Xlyan). How do you ask?

{M^(bidntido, note)

iIs % , ■.

ft ^^ *4 . ^ a fig

r>% ■> Wo 1 -1 4, 4 * ft ^ ** ? * >

tJ}%® fl

0. Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing

-s?4% &&&&%%>&, it 4t Jii£c

-159-

s. Grammar

1. Telling time

These words are used to tell time in Chinese; “‘!x(^)”, “M” and “ft”.

When telling someone the time the following rules apply;

2;00 M£(fcf) (The “*$?" in “j&fct1” can be omitted.)

2;05 (When “jrf" is a number less than ten, “O” may be

added before it.)

2:10

2; 12 — (6f) (When “ft" is more than 10, “ft" may be omitted.)

2:15 or W,6 + E(#)

2:30 or «£ =+(#)

2:45 m&rm or or w^h+ei#)

2:55 or M£EEE(#)

The order of time expressions and expressions of date is;

¥ + n + b + -Wf^f-/i&± +

-OO-if -t-r.fi — 0 M.M 0 A&-+E#

2000^ 12^ 10 IfflH R&± 8:25

2. (1) Sentences with the optative verbs (1); “<*?”, “f6”,

umr, “jmi” Optative verbs such as , “its”, “hTUI”, and “5?” are often placed be¬

fore verbs to express ability, possibility, or willingness.

Optative verbs such as “4s:". and “ofm” indicate the ability to do something

and can be translated with the English word “can; be able to”.

It should be noted, though, that “4?” emphasizes skills acquired through learning,

while “its” and “Dim” express the possession of skills in general.

m + oPv + v o

Subject Predicate

TW OpV

ft % a®?

fiti tT^o m w ata?o m mm iMMUL m

7^

fig

ft TO* of lit ftf]*?

-160-

“IT and “nTW” are also be used to express permission or prohibition under specific

circumstances. For example;

Subject Predicate

TW OpV V o

mn A/ft 511 SIUL? m ± i$o W) wn it* i*JL

The optative verb ” is used to express needs arising from moral or factual

necessity.

Subject Predicate

OpV V O

lb ---

* ± i*o £ SPJLo

Note; 1. In a sentence with an optative verb, the affirmative-negative form (V/A-not-

V/A) is formed by juxtaposing the affirmative and negative forms of the optative verb, that

is OpV-not-OpV.

OpV + ^ + OpV + V 0

^ ^ ^

m ^ m * ^ pj u

2. The negative form of flis and “njlit” is usually "/FPlUf” is only used to

express prohibition. For example; (xlyon, smoke)”. If the answer to the

question “'ffcpfI^pTTMl^? ” is negative, it should be

One cannot say “Sc^pf

3. To answer briefly, one may use only the optative verb. For example;

-priMo

4. Some of the optative verbs are also general verbs. For example;

mmmto

3. @ 65 Sentences with serial verb phrases (1): Purpose

In a sentence with a verbal predicate, the subject may take two consecutive verbs or

verb phrases. The order of these verb phrases is fixed. In the sentences with serial verb

phrases introduced in this chapter, the second verb indicates the purpose of the action

denoted by the first verb.

-161-

S + V, o + v2 0

Subject Predicate

TW V, o v2 o

m SI tE ± if o it *** mtcm ScJL? fit 5cJL0

4. Sentences with double objects (2): “f£” t “/5J”

Such verbs as “fT and “|5J" can take double objects.

Subject Predicate

V Object 1 Object 2

Wl ftii

m mn it r n -'M^o it

_w w. ft-*?

Tv Chinese Characters

1. Structure of Chinese characters (4) The enclosure structure QD

a. Four-side enclosure

b. Left-top-right enclosure

c. Top-left enclosure

d. Top-left-bottom enclosure

e. Top-right enclosure

FT1 t -162-


0) £ 1 »-f £ £

zhdn to occupy 5 strokes

(2) JL(JL) 1

ll inside

n h h ^ ^

7 strokes

(3) JL zhi to

■f*Mi

6 strokes

(4) & yang center

jc2- j^2. jj(r

5 strokes

(5) &(£) "

dong east

■* t.t &

5 strokes

(6) $7

XT west

r 6 strokes

a) St ' * * * & ? St mifin be excused from 7 strokes

(8) 4-

ban half 5 strokes

(9)-%(#) ' t ^=J yu and

(Please differentiate “J§” from “-V’.)

3 strokes

no) J*UK)

ye page 6 strokes

(ii) VX v yi to use 4 strokes

-163-


texts

(1) ^TL SljT (e]$0

> "1 + — + & 5 strokes

JpL * ^ + /L. 6 strokes

(2) ,-Mt diCinzhong (»4t)

,&—►£ + ' ' 9 strokes

# -*■ 4 + 9 strokes

(piew6iyang) (the “slanting-tailed-goat” top) (On the top of a character, the vertical

stroke in “4*” is written as a downward stroke to the left “/ .)

^ ^ 6 strokes

o) n cha

M. -► ^ + x 9 strokes

'J(lidaop6ng)(On the right side of a multi-component character, 77 is written as ']

It is called the “standing knife” side.) 1 l] 2 strokes

hdi 6 strokes

(4) M kd

3?] —* 7^ + '] 8 strokes

(5) EJ hUI

ej -*■ p + v 6 strokes

(6) & ndng

A + + ^ + ^* 10 strokes

(7) S'] dao

t) -*■ s + ']

-164-

8 strokes

8 strokes

(8) YTngyu (£i&)

& ^

(9) sunnur (%-kSl)

^ ~b ' 6 strokes

(10) sulshu (Ait)

& * * + -k + jC 13 strokes

pieshSu (the slanting-hand ’ side) (On the left side of a character, the fourth stroke

in “-f ” is written as f 4 strokes

(11) ft ft baibai

^ ^ “b H" 9 strokes

(12) zuotian

El + 9 strokes

(Ilie sun side, 0”, shows the character has a temporal connotation.)

(13) stji wtinr (SLSt)

yt —► * + it

(14) ^ xi6 (^)

8 strokes

5 strokes

(15) s&Jt wanshang

^ ^Lj 11 strokes

(The “sun” side, “0”, shows the character has a temporal connotation.)

#- Chill (-f + + =T ) ' 8 strokes

(16) s#^ shuijibo (sif;)

* $ + St 14 strokes

(Please note the left side of the character is the “eye” side “8 ”, not the “sun” side

“ EJ ”. “Sleeping” is related to the “eyes”.)

-165-

9 strokes it -*• ^ + a (The top of this character is the “study” top, not the constant top.)

(17) qTchuang (&#>)

-*■ r + 7 strokes

(18) yTnggai C§m)

& - + r + *L 1 strokes

it - -> i + * 8 strokes

(19) fflM. went! (F°1 If)

M ~ -> A + % 15 strokes

(20) P$ ch6n (i$.)

P$ -> ^ ^ 7 strokes

Cultural Notes

Loanwords

Like other languages, Chinese also borrows words from foreign languages. Most loanwords

in Chinese come from English, French, Japanese, or Russian. I hey generally fall into five

groups; First are interpretative translations or semantic equivalents. Both terms refer to using

Chinese words to translate imported concepts. Words of this category usually do not appear

noticeably foreign. One example is the word dianshi television , in which ^ dian (o-

riginally “lightning”, later “electricity”) is freely adapted to correspond to the prefix “tele”

(originally from the ancient Greek word meaning “far”), and shi literally translates as

“vision”. The words dianhua “telephone”, and % jR dianbao “telegram” fall under the

same category.

Second are transliterations, renditions that imitate the sound of the source word. The non¬

native origin stands out in this group of words, for example; shqfa “sofa , kafei

“coffee”, RlnRjxfc kekoukele for “coca cola”, and jiake “jacket .

-166-

Third is a combination of the first and second modes descrihed above; partly free para¬

phrasing/semantic matching, and partly transliteration. Examples can be found with pijiu

“beer”, nwtuoche “motorcycle”, and tankeche “tank”. While Bf. pi is the

transliteration for “beer”, motuo for “motor”, and tanke for “tank”; ffi jiu “al¬

coholic drink and $ che “vehicle” are translations.

Fourth are roman letters plus Chinese words, such as A A $i| zhi “go Dutch”, BP ji

pager , and B chao ultrasound”. Fifth is the use of roman letters only, in a direct

borrowing of acronyms, for example; “CD”, “DVD”, “CPU”, and “DNA”.

As a rule, loanwords are added to the Chinese lexicon only in cases where available

Chinese expressions are inadequate to describe new concepts, situations, or other phenomena

that arise when Chinese and foreign cultures interact. However, words like baibcd “bye-

bye and “OK” do not represent new concepts and can be replaced by words of Chinese o-

rigm. Yet many people, especially the young, love such expressions precisely for their for-

eign flavour.

-167-

In China, what should you do if you don’t feel well?

| Here you will learn how to describe health problems to a

| j doctor. You will also learn how to express volition, indicate I ! U necessity, and learn a new way of asking questions.

ca±3« Lesson 12j

m &NL Wo quanshen dou bu shGfu

—. Tex I

T to* * ^ tt A fesf. £ to»,° Ding LibO: Dciwei, nT mdi tian dou liu dian qTchudng qu duanlian,

stfc jl a -n, # && ^ * J&fci ® xianzai jiu dian yl ke, nT zenme hai bu qTchudng?

Sj

Ma Dawei: Wo tou teng.

-168-

Til'A: ft ^ &&#?

DTng LibO: NT sangzi zbnmeyang?

A & #o

Mb Ddwei: W6 sangzi yb teng.

& &, ^ -k &PZ %'&0®

DTng Lib6: W6 xiang, NT yTnggai qu yTyuan kanbing 0

■%*.#: A i£ B®,® * ##„ M6 Daw6i:W6 shenti mei wenti, buyong qu kanbing

A Sb H&tfc, * & -& wo yao shuijiao, bu xiang qu ylyuan.

<2>

Tft * ft $£ * & _ti£0

Ding LibO; NT bu qu kanbing, mingtian nT hbi bu neng shangkd.

*Z0 & -£ &mo® $Ut £ && T^F- -£? Ma Dawei; Hao ba. W6 qu yTyudn. Xianzai qu haishi xidwu qu?

DTng LibO: Dangran xianzdi qu, wo gen nT yiqT qu. JTntian tianqi hbn

ft ■& 2 f &JI $Jko leng, nT yao dub chuan dianr yTfu.

Expressing A.

<T need or necessity Jfy

New Words

1. N quanshen all over (the body)

<kr A qubn whole

% N shen body

2. mi A shufu comfortable *»»,

3. % Pr mei every; each

4. V duanlian to do physical exercise

5. ik N tbu head

6. ^ A tbng painful

7. N sbngzi throat im*.

-169-

8. v/OpV xiang to think/to want to do sth. $!St

9. EP& N yTyudn hospital 'Mlgt

10. VO kanbing to see a doctor

N/V bing illness/to get sick StTi)K

11. N shentT hody, health $9$:!iH£

* 12. J*- OpV ydo must, to want to do something

13. >*C, MdPt ba (modal particle)

14. 3^X- Conj haishi or ffif^aSJlrSSJ^

15. — Adv % V

yiqi together SRTfe—

16. '4* A I6ng cold

17. ^ V chuan to wear

18. ^JL N yifu clothes S«JR, #Tc)M

<s> T -T, A A & it* ik-f o ®

Ding Libd; NT zai zher xiuxi ylxia, wo qu gei nT guahao.

4 Aft:

Ma Daw6i: Hao.

E£: 8 8 if? Yisheng: Ba hao, ba hdo shi shei?

T ft A ?L 8 -f-Q Ding Libb; Wo shl ba hao.

E£: # ^5^ -ffe Yisheng: NT kanbing haishi ta kanbing?

T ^7 ifk.: 'fe 5^ o

Ding Libo: Ta kanbing.

Ei: ifr ^ p&o # p,i ^7 Aft, ^ ^L? Yisheng; QTng zu6 ba. NT jiao Ma Dawei, shl bu shi?

ft Aft: A, A ft Afta Ma Dawei; Shl, wo jiao Ma Dawei.

E£: # 4^F- £ *.? Yisheng; NT jinnian duo dd? -no-

% A # o

Ma Daw6i: Wo jlnnian ershf’er sul.

&£.: it wji ^ ®

VTsheng: NT nar bu shufu?

Ma Dawei: Wo t6u teng, qudnshen dou bu shufu.

A *-T0# #,SJl i£

VTsheng: Wo kan yfxia. NT sangzi youdianr fayan, hdi youdianr

«Vo

fashao, shi ganmao.

T ^ ^ i£p£?

Ding Libd: Ta yao bu yao zhuyuan?

# £■ x£ *t ,JUL J5o 'ft VTsheng: Buyong. NT yao dud he shuT, hdi yao chi dianr yao. NT

&& Mt *i

yuany) chT zhongyao haishi yuanyi chi xlyao?

4 ^^7: 4k ,1-it *£ fgj o

Ma Dawei; Wo yuanyi chi zhongyao.

Si: #, #. >t -&JL +J5, TU-#t

YTsheng: Hao, nl chT yldiflnr zhongyao, xia xTngqTyT zdi lOi.

£.j=j New Words

1. V xiuxi

2. & Prep gei

3. a-f VO gudhao

-f N hao

4. #/£jL Adv ydudianr

5. JlA VO fayan

6. VO fashao

fa V shao

7. SW V/N gdnmao

s. ferz VO zhuyudn

to take a rest T,

to; for g?mn±M

to register (at a hospital, etc.)

number A^, VHjlH%

somewhat; rather; a bit

to become inflamed ^ J&)

to have a fever

to bum

to have a cold/cold W

to be in hospital; to be hospitalized

-171-

9. tK N shut water W|/JC

10. N yao medicine » 5? 15

u. n# OpV yudnyi to be willing to do sth. ^15^

12. ^15 N zhongyao traditional Chinese medicine

13. $?I5 N xTydo Western medicine

& N xT west

Supplementary Words

i. * N ya tooth

2. N duzi abdomen; stomach

3. ;7f 77 VO kaidao to have an operation

4. 4btj&r V huaydn to have a medical test

5. J&. N xie blood

6. N ddbian stool

7. N xiaobian urine

8. ■fr4f VO ddzhen to have an injection

9. A rd hot

10. A lidngkuai cool

11. N shenghud life

12. N VTngwen English

Notes

(D When the pronoun “#J” modifies a noun, a measure word should be used before the

noun it modifies as in the following examples: However, be¬

fore the nouns and “^p” a measure word cannot be used, and measure words are op¬

tional before For example, we say “45;^:”, and say either ” or “4$

u%n is often used in combination with “1$”. For example:

(D

“Why are you still in bed? - 172 -

can also be used to ask about the cause of something, and the difference be¬

tween ^ and J)j ff ^ is that the former indicates a sense of surprise on the part of

the speaker. For example;

Note; “^g^” and are both interrogative pronouns, but u^g^” is often used

as an adverbial in a sentence, whereas “{§,^ ” usually functions as the predicate as in

When asking the reason for something, “^g^#” cannot be used and so

one could not say ”

“I think you must go to see a doctor.”

In this sentence “Jf|” is a common verb.

3) “No problem with my health.”

means “body”, but it may also mean “health”. ” is also a

form of greeting among friends and acquaintances. The phrase “8Tu)5£” means “no

problem and it is often used in spoken Chinese to indicate an affirmative, confident

attitude. For example:

A;

B: mmxc

D nm0 mzmffio

The modal particle “HE” has many uses. It is used to soften the tone of speech here

and it may also be used in sentences expressing requests, commands, persuasion and

consultation. For example;

i#i'Eo it^i'Eo ^(dJ—T"Eo

“I’ll go with you.”

When the prepositional phrase “gg+Pr/NP” is placed before a verb as an adverbial

modifier, it is generally used with the adverb JB”; together they form the phrase “fig +

Pr/NP+—it§”. For example;

“173-

© is a verb (see Lesson Ten), but it can also function as a preposition. When used

as a preposition, and the noun or noun phrase that follows it (usually the receiver of

the action’s benefit) form a prepositional phrase, which is placed before the predicative verb

indicating that the object of is indirectly affected by the activity of the predicate.

® mi) U'ffi? “What’s wrong with you?

This is an everyday expression used by doctors when talking to their patients.

The phrase “^( —)£JL” (with ” often omitted) is used before certain adjectives or

verbs as an adverbial modifier, indicating moderation. When used before an adjective, it

often implies dissatisfaction or negation. For example;

WjSUL* *r«£jufc Note; There is some difference between —^JL” and is used

adverbially, modifying the adjective or verb that follows it, whereas “—,&JL” is used as an

attributive, modifying a noun. For example;

The construction + N” is usually placed after a verb as its object. For example;

It is not permissible to replace with “—^UL”. For example;

(We cannot say

(We cannot say 'J&JL £$£”•)

Drills and practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. 2. 3. o

4.

5.

6. + 7.

8. o

-174-

1- Master the following phrases

(1) -f-4-

(2) 4^£j£93*.

fclni&A-ktL'in

b(§£j£4:&4i *-'&#.&&& ^3s£4j>cji

iLiZQ&^iXiK ££J0U££. ££.-?- '’£'?%&&'’£&)%

f>7#m#gx# ***£*;«■*¥*

(3) -M*. ftiURfe &«#](j7ngju) *&<£

(4) &£#%&.■& *&*•*« m

(5) £-ik-f 4k4fL&

2. 'fcjSU^Ife Pattern drills

(1) A: #&;pfe#3 -frft?

B:

(2) A:

B: «#t&0

(3) A: J& &&&

B: 'ftSfc?

A:

(4) A: EA,fe^Ml%?

B:

^-77(kaidao)

4t3£(hudydn)jk(xi6) * fc&(hudydn)£tt.(ddbi£>n) 4fc^(hudyan)4'7£(xidobidn) *

-175-

(5) A: &&&*&&? 9:30 *_ti£ OlT B: 4:20 #t& %(ya)

A: 11:45 0§£ fll^f- (diizi)

B:

(6) A: ft MIL'S}?

B: %%

A: £>£(shenghuo)

B: i§iMM0

(7) A: 4£ 4fc/WiL

B: '/A. — Ml-£: o iVSLte ¥®M&

(8) A: ft#*.

B:

f&-h

_t

3. ^tfHiil'fcj Make up sentences according to the pictures

i^mi?

Ml_

_?

# il- '&_

_?

-176-


[iTalking about one’s health]

(1) A: #&£#? £

B: A_

A:

B:

(2) A: A^£&Z<t#££m?

B: 0

A; T ,-63-°-%?

B: S.f^^.0

(3) A:

B: Ro

A;

B:

Expressing one’s desire or need]

(1) A; BJI A?LM.-%I &?

B: #&-£-*F;L?

A: A^rA^^^A ;l£®0

(2) A; #0^4Mn-£-Tr*£(dd qiu), ’’4?

B: ^fe,^^^^#£&#(tdijiqudn, taiji boxing)c 4t^4i(da)

iLfe^Ctdijlqudn)^?

A: ,£, JLC

B: £*1-7! A&#,4bib4tA'*k?

(3) A; ft % ft&£■#%&&?

B: AM-AiX-i& 0 AiH-l$L—0

A; 4^4-^^^^(hdizi)-fn?3L-i£0


(1) You feel sick while reading together with your classmate in the library. How do you

tell him/her ?

(2) Your friend has a toothache (3^, ya t6ng). How do you help him/her tell the

doctor about it?

-177-

(3) You want to go to China to study Chinese and to visit the city of Shanghai, but your

friend thinks that in order to study Chinese well you should go to Beijing. How do

you talk to him/her about this?

Wfl^(C|Tngjidtido, note requesting leave)

E3- Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing

%,*&&&? i$JsLi&£r%&o

^■ir? =i o M&■&&&£o

fc&,te4:8-f-,^22# 0 4fc**,£-£

^mio t^^-To ut*0 aswi

i,«<Wfc-A;Lt*5o

S- ia)^ Grammar

1. Sentences with a subject-predicate phrase as predicate

The main element of the predicate in this kind of sentence is a subject-predicate phrase.

In many cases the person or thing that the subject of the subject-predicate phrase (subject

2) denotes is a part of the person or thing denoted by the subject of the whole sentence

(subject 1).

-178-

Subject 1 Predicate 1

Subject 2 Predicate 2

*

IP * £T-®o

** $ &?

The negative adverb “7F” is usually placed before the predicate of the subject-predicate

phrase (predicate 2). Its A/V-not-A/V form is produced by juxtaposing the affirmative and

negative forms of predicate 2.

2. Alternative questions

An alternative question is created when two possible situations, A and B, are connected

by the conjunction “JES”. The person to whom the question is addressed is expected to

choose one of the alternatives.

Question Answer

Alternative A mm Alternative B

SBftico (Alternative A)

mm {$Lif o (A Ite motive B )

mm mMmm (Alternative A)

mm ^4? (Alternative B)

3. (2) Sentences with an optative verb (2):J?,^g,Jjgj§;

The optative verbs “H” and both express subjective intention and desire. They are

basically the same in meaning. Sometimes emphasizes intent or a demand, while

places more emphasis on intention or hope. For example:

The negative form for both and “H” (denoting desire) is

Mm is also used to express one’s wishes. It means a willingness to do something or

a hope that something will occur according to the wishes of the person denoted by the

subject.

-179-

---

Subject Predicate

OpV V o

m

T Jiifc s §t#o

ft 'f m £ SRo

m MM ^FMM

The optative verb “H” is also used to express need. Its negative form is

example:

yy Chinese Characters

1. (5) Structure of Chinese characters (5)

The enclosure structure (2)

a. Left-bottom-right enclosure

im a ® b. Left-bottom enclosure

in & & & 2. Leam and write basic Chinese characters

(i) T*

yu to give 4 strokes

(2) #

mQ mother 5 strokes

(3) 4^ 7 ^

dong winter 5 strokes

(4) 4"

ling order 5 strokes

For

-180-

(5) % y6 tooth 4 strokes <S 1

(6)

yT

' »

clothes 6 strokes

(7) ]§]

zi ('+0)

self 6 strokes

00

3

s§s ^ t b iLiL

to send out 5 strokes

(9) jL zhu

('+-*-) host 5 strokes

00) (Mk) " r Chang factory 2 strokes

3- Learn and write the Chinese characters appearing in the

texts

(i) <£# quanshen

£ -*■ + 6 strokes

(2) #)& shufu

/■ + # + f- 12 strokes

JR -*• + p + X 8 strokes

(meizit6u)

(3) m6i

+ #

2 strokes

7 strokes

r (bingzipdng)(the “illness” side, denoting disease or ailment.)

JT yF 5 strokes

-181-

10 strokes

(4) 4- t6ng

A -► f + 4-

(The “illness” side denotes the meaning, indicates the pronunciation.)

(5) OlT sangzi

+ 13 strokes

jf^jian * ^ if & 5 strokes

^ (hu6zipdng, on the left side of a multi-component character, the fourth stroke in “A

is written as a dot. It is called the “ fire” side.) ’ jf ^ 4 strokes

(6) ducinlidn

4^. ^ ^ 14 strokes

(The meaning side is “ ^ ” , and the phonetic side is “lx”.)

^ jt + ^ 9 strokes

(7) xidng

ft —► * 4- 0 + 'C 13 strokes

(The meaning part is , and the phonetic part is

(8) ^ bing

^ —► 'f + io strokes

(The meaning side is uf’n, and the phonetic side is

(9) %% shentT (^0)

► \ + 4^ 7 strokes

(10) *£, ba

—► v + ZL 7 strokes

(The meaning side is “n”, and the phonetic side is “&”.)

/ (lidngdianshuT) (the “two-drops-of-water” side) ' '/ (11) /£- l§ng

A -*• ; + 4s -182-

2 strokes

7 strokes

9 strokes

02) f chuan

+ f

(13) xiuxi

#- ->• f

4 ->• ii + ^

+ 'C

(14) &-?- guahao

ik —+ h + jL + jL

(15) fayan (#&)

* + *.

(yaozitou) ' < &

(the “eminent” top) (Please differentiate from “&”.)

(16) 4L& fashao (#&)

& -> * + 3*. + 7L

(17) ilw gSnmao

41 -’A + —- + a +

w n -» 9 + 0

(18) zhuyudn

— f + ±

(The meaning side is “ \ ”, and the phonetic side i:

(19) zhongydo (tH)

15 —► ^ + t + kj

(20) j&S yuanyi (MS)

M -> r + 6 + d' +

6 strokes

10 strokes

9 strokes

8 strokes

3 strokes

10 strokes

13 strokes

9 strokes

7 strokes

“i".)

9 strokes

14 strokes

-183-

Cultural Notes

Chinese Herbal Medicine

Chinese herbal medicine is used in traditional Chinese medical practice, which has a

history of thousands of years. According to tradition, a sage-emperor of remote antiquity called

Shennong (“Holy Farmer”) experimented with many types of herbs in order to find cures for

his subjects. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine differs from modem Western medicine in that

basically it does not use artificially created chemicals but is extracted directly from natural

substances.

Traditional Chinese remedies can be divided into three categories, according to their

sources. First is medicine from vegetable sources, such as the roots, stems, leaves, and

fruits of plants. Second is medicine from animals, including their organs and secretions such

as bezoar (cow gallstones), snake venom, and deer musk. Third are medicines from mineral

sources, including gypsum and others.

Traditional Chinese medicine can be effective in treating many frequently occurring health

problems like the common cold and fevers. Most doctors agree that side effects from the ma¬

jority of herbal medicines are relatively mild. Currendy, doctors in China, be they practition¬

ers trained in Chinese or Western medicine, are exploring ways to combine the two traditions

for use in treatment as well as prevention therapies.

-184-

Ma Dawei recently met a new female

I \ friend. In this lesson, he will show us how to

make phone calls, rent lodgings, ask for help,

! \ and invite people for a visit. 5 \

Lesson 13 \\

m iAvH r -'t w m& Wo renshi le y( ge piaoliang de guniang

£ ## 7 &W, ft %% Song Hua: Dawei, tTngshuo nT de le ganmao, xianzai nl shentT

4 £ #?

z£nmeyang?

a, A -k 7 &rn, *t 7 #- % t«o® A * Ma Dawei: Wo qu le yTyuan, chT le h6n duo zhongyao. Xianzai wo tou

& %£)l hdi youdianr tdng.

-185-

Song Hua:

4

Ma Daw6i:

£ Song Hua:

Ma Daw6i:

£

S6ng Hua:

% Ma Daw6i:

£ *: Song Hud:

%

Ma Ddwdi:

£

Song Hud;

: Ma Dawei;

t 3$. ,&tJc #-4to

NT hai yTnggai dud xiuxi.

£ *, 41 m « 4fc- # *;LC Sdng Hud, wo xidng gaosu nT yi jidn shir.

Shenme shir?

] Talking about

something that has happened

& iAiX 7 - ^ tf) m%, it &■& #t 4 Wo renshi !e yi ge piaoliang de gOniang, ta yuanyi zuo wo

-&■ M tt —

nO pengyou. Women changchang yiqT sdnbu, yiqT kan

dianyTng, he kafei, yiqT ting yTnyue.

« #! it A * ^ ffo

Zhuhe nT! Zhe shi hao shi a.

iSHSto &. # f7k *}', it & Xiexie. Shi hao shi, keshi wo de sushe tai xiao, ta bu neng

t & -R -1El %7ro chang lai wo zher. Wo xiang zhao yi jidn fangzi.

4t> & # 4"^? ® NT xidng zu fangzi?

a fr, & m *JL - 1*1 # #4- JW^f 4-^,® Shi a, wo xidng zu yi jidn you chufang hd cesuo de fangzi,

4-^0- * fa & to fangzO bu neng tai gui.

4k —M.-£r %B- 4- p-^? XTngqTliu wo gen nT yiqT qu zu fang gongsT, hao ma?

t t To

Tai hao le.

-186-

N" V ords

1. N guniang girl /hMig

2. *Jri)t V tTngshuo to be told

p4 V ting to listen

3. # V de to have, to get

4. A iff V gaosu to tell

5. # M jian (a measure word) piece —

6. ifji N shir matter; affair; thing — #^JL, ft^lPUL

7. VO sanbu to take a walk; to walk —

# N bu step

8. N dianying movie

& N didn electricity

% N yTng shadow

* 9. N kafei coffee

10. Conj kdshi but

* 11- -$7?-^ N sushe dormitory 3^£?g#,

* 12. V zhao to look for JSA,

13. N fangzi house

14. ^JL V zG to rent ffl.S'F,

15. fa] M jian (a measure word for room, house, etc)—|HJ

16. M^r N chufang kitchen — |Hj jaj B 17. jfj#T N cesud toilet -laiMjsfr, mm, -kwm 18. 4-^s. N fdngzG rent (for a house, flat, etc)

19. N gongs! company /Jv&^i, A£^J, ffliTr&f]

Jk ft 4-^ &M- £ #,# it, A &iz && frf* Ma Dawei: Nd jian fangzi fangzG tdi gui, ni shuo, wd yinggai zenme ban?

-187-

# & *0- i&t * & #L?

Song Hud: NT xiang zO haishi bu xiang zu?

2, £« tt #o

Me] Dawei: Dangran xiang zu.

fife AH' *T ^ fc#, it £ « Song Hud: Wo gei Lu Yuping da ge dianhua, rang ta Idi bangzhu

women.

-S7 m *fc, & £ ”3?

Ma Dawdi: Ta hen mang, hui Idi ma?

Song Hua: Ta hui Idi.

M^fTitTSo )

fife - i§L fT? ®

Lu Yuping: Wei, na yi wei a?

Song Hud: Wo shi Song Hud, wo he Dawei xianzai zai Jiamei ZO Fang

o

GongsT.

Ft Tf^n && £ *p;L? Lu Yuping; NTmen zenme zai nar?

£ £r & Song Hud: Dawei ydo zu fdngzi.

fife T^-f: Mil >tf & % 4"^? Lu Yuping: NTmen kan mei kan fdngzi?

£ <Mn * t - « .iH-. *5 w 4--T- » #, ta Sdng Hud: Women kan le yi jian fdngzi. Nd jian fdngzi hen hao, keshi

-to

fangzu youdianr gui.

fife 4HH $L 7 M >£7f? ® Lu Yuping: NTmen zhao le jlnglT meiy6u?

-188-

£ #■: AiH Song Hua: Wdmen meiyou zhao jTngIT.

Ift rlg-f:

Lu Yuping:

Song Hud;

ift Lu Yupfng:

£ Sdng Hud:

£ it ^ ^5} ^ £ & JDJ£, £

Sdng Hud, zhe ge gongsT de jTngIT shi wd pengyou, wo gen

^ ^ —t, if ml if in, a M to shuo yixid, qlng to bdngzhu nTmen, wd xidng keneng

WMo meiyou wentf.

# *fTo ft-t Ain if iffrif^MA pfc«.0®

Hao a. Wanshang wdmen qing nT he nT pengyou chTfan.

^ ^ #j^L0

Hao, nTmen zdi gongsT deng wd, zaijian.

Zaijian.

ffc-isl New Words

1. db V ban to do

2. VO da didnhud to make a phone call IfeiS

£*£■ N dianhua telephone; phone call —'f'lfeig, IfcWlf&fg

3. it V rang to let; to allow; to make

4. V bangzhu to help

5. Int wei hello; hey

6. i± M wdi (a polite measure word for person)

—ft'Mt. @p— 7. ^J£ N jTngIT manager

8. T& OpV keneng maybe RTffiJfe, RTt&gB, nJfBftgg

9. VO chTfan to eat (a meal)

fit N fdn meal 4* BIS

10. ^ V deng to wait #A, IT, T

it £* PN Jiamei (name of a house rental agency)

-189-

Supplementary Words

i. %-K N kiting living room

2. N wdshi bedroom

3. #4- N shGfdng a study

4. # M too suite

5. 7T&, A fangbian convenient

6. ^ A qiao coincidental

7. A heshi suitable

8. A rexln enthusiastic

9. V baokuo to include

10. N shuTdianfei utility

ii. $r A xln new

12. WMt N/vo huixin reply/to reply

_. Notes

When the adjectives u0” and “ 'P ” are used as attributive modifiers, we must put

adverbs such as before them. For example; or and not

if |5”, “^£”. “6<J” may be left out after

(D “She cannot come to my place very often.”

The objects of the verbs , PJ and the preposition are generally words

of place or location; if they are not, then “&JL” and “SPJL” must be added to them. For

example; JL”-

We cannot say or “^E^jTrji”.

Generally, “##” and are used interchangeably.

(3)

A declarative sentence can be turned into a question by reading it with the same

intonation as an interrogative sentence.

-190-

<D ft m ifi -1H] # m B tmpjr m % r „ “I want to rent a house with a kitchen and a bathroom.”

We must add “£$” to a verb or verbal phrase to turn it into an adjective modifier. For

example:

• • •

(the cake given to her) • •

^A^£$A(the people who come today) • • • J

As has been said previously, the attributive must be placed before the words it modifies.

© iff , 1% Ik m yA jfr ?

“What do you think I should do? ”

(or “/$\^f”) is used here to solicit the listener’s opinion.

© ifM#—(ftW?

“Hello, who is speaking?

^ is an inteijection often used in phone calls as a form of greeting or response. For

example:

The measure word “fi” applies to persons only and is a more polite and respectful form

than the measure word For example:

&&&£ ~+i?L%w mmm

© mjnn&m&G? “Have you (found and) talked to the manager?

here means “talk to the manager”.

“We’ll invite you and your friend to dinner this evening.”

felK means “to eat (a meal)”. •••ife'tS” means “to invite someone to dinner (or

lunch)”.

-191-

= Drills and practice

KEY SENTENCES

1.

2. 4un%7-W#^o

3. if^n&r 4. o

6. 7. '!&£-£'’■%?

s.

9.


(l)^-7-N4-^ iUX 7-te4U£ £7i^/f« ^7-#^

iH7-?^itA ^1-t^vSL^ *E7-^M >^7£if M

(immx mk®- flatra *.«.* tM

JiSMfcJiflE. #■&&#•& &&•&&& m&'&mb #*&&#*&

(3) iUi £W;i n.£^;i .&-Mi£;i

(4) »n&£

(5) -#^;L -#x# m*\%% i£Wts&

ii'fi'j'is. mii-l$L£. — '&MH& —fagiM. —

■p|''fein,'ifA •^■'J'^M.pIj9^#

2. *JM#& Pattern drills

(l)

'ff^jL?

$KikiK 7

^tTo

-192-

(2) nfitiUk &■•?? £

*t *■#. « fj >@ —#L

(3)

4^#?

(4)

4+£1^1?

illfe-jr ^B-^-^-ql o

&^i«0

4 EI $-#

£

p/f *P5MJ,&

*

* £)Jf #JL

(5) tti%fa{iUf&? *

a# £

£ <^H§'t7 HI 3l1£ wenhua &

(6) ^.,^—#.fr?

&-^|MHf-0

i'J'^r T

ylf-g-^v

Iftf** £«

Tfi'A HF&

-193-

3. Make up sentences according to the pictures

_o ^_

ifa-g-7 tirJ'4lr&£-£-7 >8?

-fe_o _O


[t] [lii?j Making a phone call]

(1) B: da.’fT?

A: _o

B:

A: _o

(2) B:

B: if.ff-To

C; "H,$k?L.~T t) >Ao

(3) A: H,^403-ffe&'h?

b: aw,mm?

-194-

A:

B; fc-0

A:

B: 823056470

A; $H&o

[lUH Renting a house]

(1) A: 4USH—RI^o

B:

A: _,M_o

B: o

(2) A;

B: _v_

A:

B:

A: ^ jif, % f\_>*L o

B; ^^(baokuo)^'fe f(shuTdidnfei)>'£)?

A: T'&teo

B: T>X/Sr-T*%?

A: £j&T«l0

[fiEijcj^iX Asking for suggestions]

(1) A: bHA^M4 0o

B: _o

A; _?

B: _o

(2) A: &&&%&-#■+)l0

B; L?

B: _o

-195-

[Mflf An invitation]

(1) A:

B; _o

A: 4U&*jNfe_o

B: _o

(2) A: 6

B: o

A:

B: __o


(1) Make a phone call from the university dormitory to a friend of yours to tell him/her

something that has happened recently in your life or studies.

(2) Your mother and father are coming to China to see you, and you want to rent a house

for them. Your request to the rental company is for a large house with a kitchen and

a bathroom. Your parents want to live in it for one week.

(3) Thanksgiving DayOSJST, Gan’en Jie) is coming and you are inviting a few good

friends to dinner. Some of them can come and some cannot.

(4) You are buying things to make Thanksgiving dinner in a super market. How would you

ask the salesperson for help?

-196-

Sing a song.

It & If ife Kangding Qfngge

ffili 0JI|R1£

1® 3l ft® to Uj ± - & ft® to ZJ Pdomd liGliG de shan shdng yi dud liGliG de yun yo

ft® M A M A ft® &1 *f »*S LTjia liuliu de dajie rencdi liGliG de hao yo

- * ft® to # ± A 7t ft® to if ms YT Idi liuliu de kdn shang rdncdi liGliG de hao yo

tftlB] ft® W ■k ¥ ft m ft® W si ms Shljian IiGliu de nuzT rdn w6 liuliu de di yo

yii v.iii

m m ft® to m ft ft® &S 1$ ms Duanduan liGliG de zhao zai Kangding liGliG de cheng yo

* * ft® A # ± ft® to m ms Zhangjia liGliG de ddge kanshdng liGliG de ta yo - * ft® to # ± ft® w M ms £r Idi liGliG de kdn shdng hui dang liGliG de jia yo

tft la] ft® to m A ft ft ft® to * « Shijian liGliG de ndnzT rdn nT liGliG de qiu yo

n % ft®M $ ms Yudliang wan wan Kangding liGliGde cheng yo

£ £ S « m ± ftftw Mi ms Yudliang wan wan kdn shdng liGliGde ta yo

W « A 3 ftftw g ms Yueliang wan wan hui dang liGliGde jia yo

n m » « ft ft ftft&s A ms Yudliang wan wan rdn nT liGliGde qiu yo

-197-

#3t(qin’di,

Ifctf'tSj? ^MS(xiOng, miss) 4$ 0

M.M S.&& 7 & f, , *&•¥%&JI&3L, i£#,£JUO£o

M#To

&pJpf*& ,"1*40 T^&te^^^;MN^^^£(fangbidn)0

■f’o

£M T % kMJfrfr 3, 4Mn 7k 7 - EJ 4-t, 4-f

ftfro &?7 (qifio),

A, f£ffi-fTfrfo^$J&'{ilo &&&&L #. ^ '^' (rdxln), j&i±A'fn A 7 £

4-T-o $M7 — Wfc&3t(h6sh])tf £7-, 4-&X kit a n&A&lnikl&m

7Lfai£3%.A'’t7 rtttf'&o AA&X-o

'h&-f T Art-$k(xir\)47-0 Ifc-iH,i\ &

A^if' &]&4t( huixin) o

IfctfjAX)

127110 EJ

-198-

1. $bWT”(l) The Particle UJ"(1) The particle f can be used after a verb to indicate realization or completion of an

action. For example:

JL/M^? Compare-.

(How many apples have you bought? ) (How many apples are you going to buy?

How many apples will you buy? )

(1 have bought five apples.) (I’m going to buy five apples.

I will buy five apples.)

If the verb with a f takes an object, this object usually has an attributive, which,

in many cases, is a numeral-measure word, an adjective, or a pronoun.

V + T + Nu—M / A /Pr + 0

If the object does not have an attributive (eg:71^” or “**#7^1”), other

elements are needed in the predicate to form a complete sentence. For example:

The negative form of this kind of sentence is made by placing “$£” or “ '{§ ” before

the verb and dropping “7” after the verb,

fit + VO

Note: One can never use “7” to negate this kind of sentence.

The V/A-not-V/A form is “V+?£(^)+V” or “V+TU#”.

V + »(#)V + 0

mummzm?

-199-

V + 7 + o +

mmr j^7m*r? MltJcTMM?

Note; “7” indicates only the stage of the realization or completion of an action, but

not the time at which this action occurs (which may be in the past, present, or future). In

this kind of sentence the action, in many cases, has already happened. It is also possible,

though, that the completion of the action will occur in the future. For example:

(Tomorrow afternoon I’ll have supper after I have bought the notebooks.)

Not all past actions need the particle “7". If an action occurs frequently or a sentence

describes an action in the past but does not emphasize the completion of the action, “7” is

not used. For example:

ili(gu6qu, in the past)ftil##i|£|r?Co

^4£(quni6n, last year)f£#||;^#l%^^ll7fco

2. Pivotal sentences The pivotal sentence is also a sentence with a verbal predicate. Its predicate is

composed of two verbal phrases. The object of the first verb is simultaneously the subject of

the second verb. The first verb in a pivotal sentence should be a verb with a meaning of

“making” or “ordering” somebody to do something, such as iff or ih . Both “iff” and “ih” have the meaning of requiring others to do something, “iff” is

used in a formal situation and sounds polite, “iff” also has the meaning of to invite . For

example:

---

Subject

Predicate

Verb 1 Object 1 (Subject 2) Verb 2 Object 2

** it 1 ML,

At n® mm *tt M nil

_ ___

3. Sentences with an optative verb (3):“pTt£”,

The optative verb “nflis” expresses possibility. Besides expressing ability, “4?” is also

used to express possibility. For example:

-200-

A- Chinese Characters

1. Consulting a Chinese dictionary using radicals

Many Chinese character dictionaries are organized according to the order of the

characters’ “radicals”. Radicals are common components, located on the top, bottom, left,

right, or outer part of characters, which usually indicate the class of meaning to which a

character belongs. For example, “£F”, “M”, “M”, and are

grouped under the radical “^C”, which is the common component on the left side of these

characters. However, wfi”, “^£”, and “M” are grouped under the radical

, which is the common component at the bottom of these characters.

In the radical index of a dictionary, radicals are listed in order according to the

number of their strokes. In the index of entries, characters of the same radical are arranged

in groups according to the number of their strokes exceeding those of the radical.

Therefore, after determining the radical of a character, you should count the number of

strokes in the radical and consult the radical index to obtain the page number where the

radical entry can be found in the index of entries. Then, count the number of strokes in the

character excluding the radical and consult the corresponding group to find the character and

its page number in the dictionary. For example, the character will be found under the

“ f ” radical and in the section containing characters with 9 strokes more than those of the

radical.


0) *£■ (++**) gu ancient 5 strokes

(2) Jl ( '+JL) liang good 7 strokes

(3) Jf 'rf-jfjr chi scold 5 strokes

(4) ^ * r-» «=» ^

shl matter 8 strokes

(5) # ' V ”•

bu step 7 strokes

(The ancient character depicts two feet walking.)

-201-

(6) tfeOt) (EJ + L )

di6n electricity 5 strokes

(The ancient character depicts lightning.)

(7) f* ( ' +F) hu door 4 strokes

(The ancient character looks like a door with a single leaf.)

(8) 7] ( ' +7])

fang square 4 strokes

(9) r* K3 \

dou bean 7 strokes

(The ancient character looks like a long-stemmed wine cup.)

(io) &(#) 7 Jj 'Jj bdn to do 4 strokes

(ii) % j p

Zhu bamboo 6 strokes

(The ancient character resembles bamboo leaves.) s’:

(12) ' f ft J&L f6n reverse 4 strokes

3. Leam and write the Chinese characters appearing in

the texts

(1) -kHit guniang

^ ~k "I" 8 strokes

(The meaning side is “-k ”, and the phonetic side is “*£*”.)

+ J^L 10 strokes

(“■i ” suggests that the character is connected with females.)

(2) *ffit tlngshuo (lift)

vJf —► V + ft 7 strokes

- 202 -

(3) # de

S.'S

H- A A + El + — + -?J- 11 strokes

(4) 4-t/F gaosu (-%-lft)

-It —► + a

(The meaning side is “P”.)

—> i + Jf

7 strokes

7 strokes

(The meaning side is “ i Note how it differs from “}f”.)

(5) ft jian

# 1 + 4- 6 strokes

(6) -jffc# sanbu

# * + « + 12 strokes

(7) dianyTng

+ * + ^ 15 strokes

8 strokes

(8) kafei

—*• t? + ^7 + n

n + 4^ n strokes

(The meaning side is “o”, and the phonetic side is

(9) -5t^ sushd

^ ^ + 'f + If 11 strokes

( *** denotes a house, US” shows a mat, and “ { ” suggests a person.)

“A

+ $ 8 strokes

( denotes a shelter and “-g ” indicates the pronunciation.)

(10) fangzi

^ 8 strokes

(The meaning is suggested by “f'\ and the pronunciation is shown by «*".)

-203-

10 strokes

(11) ifB. ZU

;fiL ^ ^ + JeL

(12) chufdng ($t£)

Jt —1► r + +

(13) ffltf cesuo (Jfaffr)

« -*• r + pi + I —1► f + J\

(14) gongs!

^ —► yV + U

(15) *r d6

tr —1• 4 + T

(16) &?£- dianhua ('®i£)

i# —► i + -£■ (Speaking is related to the tongue.)

(17) it rang (it)

it —► i + Ji

(18) bangzhu (^t$i)

$ -»• ip + t

(“£p” denotes the pronunciation.)

—* # +

Tc — r r Tt

(19) wdi

—► tr + ^ + t*-

12 strokes

8 strokes

8 strokes

4 strokes

5 strokes

8 strokes

5 strokes

9 strokes

7 strokes

4 strokes

12 strokes

- 204 -

(20) w6i

fi- —> | + Jl-

r x 7, £ £

(21) MS jTngIT (MS)

-> 5 + .£

(“JL” indicates the pronunciation.)

7 strokes

5 strokes

8 strokes

11 strokes

/r*r

(zhuzitOU)(The vertical stroke and the vertical stroke with a hook in “It” are both

written as a dot, when this character is the top of a multi-component character.) / A fr Arf Ar*~ /r*T

6 strokes

(22) deng /c*c

+ 3l + ir 12 strokes

> (shfzlpang) ' A f 3 strokes

(23) chTfan (*£-66.)

^ ^ “1“ 7 strokes

Cultural Notes

The Student Dormitory

One of the special features of Chinese universities is that student dormitories are usually

integrated into the university campus. Unlike most Western universities, where dormitories

usually do not meet the housing needs of all students, in China there is usually a residential

area on campus where many staff and faculty live, and several large dormitories where it is

mandatory for students to live.

Many students find living in dormitories convenient. Since the buildings are on campus

and close to classrooms and research facilities, students may go to class and libraries on foot

and save the time required to commute from off campus. Moreover, living in dormitories is

convenient for socializing, exchanging ideas, and interactive learning.

However, some students find sharing a room with others inconvenient at times. For

instance, a dormitory room cannot possibly provide the privacy needed for a date. In this

lesson, Ma Dawei is eager to move out of the dormitory in order to gain some private space.

-205-

ft Lesson 14 mzj Review

m ft*

Zhu nT Shengdan kuaile

Sj -h-T- 4“ »& 4-, ^ it tr 7—^ Ma Ddwdi: Ubo, shangwu shi dian ban, nT mama gei nT da le yf ge

&i£o & 4-ift it f' fc-o $K it ’fM # dianhua. W6 gaosu ta nT bu zai. Wo rang ta zhongwu zdi

& it 4lo gei nT da.

T jjjjL: Mo & KM -£ ^ ^ fTM Ding Libb: Xidxie. Wo gangcai qu youju gei w6 mama ji le dianr dongxi.

7 it M. 7Ul;k. I 70

Dawei, w6 jTntian dasao le sushe, nT de zang yTfu tai duo le.

3j T- il ft ^ & & & 7,& & Ma Dawei: Bu haoyisi. Zhd liang tian wo tai mang le, wo xiang

— M. &0 ®

xTngqTliu yiqi xT.

-206-

Sj if if #.? fT, T tjyjlA, ^

MaDawei; Wei, nT hao, nT zhao shei? A, Ding Libo zdi, qing deng

-“To fl,if fr-j t&-££0 yfxia. Libo, nT mama de didnhua

T «c ifi?\ DTng Libo: Xidxie. Mama, nT hdo!

T ~zz; ft i$L,if *2}? DTng Yun: Libo, nT hao ma?

T A'fc: A ifa if A if 4'^#? Ding Libd: Wo hen hao. NT he baba shentT zenmeyang?

T *r: A Aif ft if, if && & m if0 Ain X# DTng Yun: Wo shentT hen hbo, nT baba ye hen hao. Women gongzuo

^ ih ‘\c0 if *3, dou hen mang. NT waipd shentT hao m<

T Jl'A: it A if 4$. if0 it it A f^l if DTng Libd: Ta shentT hen hao. Ta rang wd wen nTmen hao.

T ~zz: &in ^ R it if0 if^^.^'A ,£.&#? DTng Yun: Women ye wdn ta hao. NT gege, didi zenmeyang?

T A'A: itin A ^ ifk if0 A — A Ding Libd: Tamen ye dou hen hbo. Gege xianzai zdi yi ge zhdngxud

*TX, A &A mfo Ain # & ddgong, didi zai nanfang luxing. Women dou hen xiang

ifillo nTmen.

t Ain & & if in o if via £&#? if a DTng Yun: Women ye xiang nTmen. NT xianzai zenmeyang? NT zhu de

fsA T' /LA^? sushe da bu da? Zhu jT ge ren?

r Ain %%%. m m a a. a - m ® a & - DTng Libo.- Women liuxuesheng lou liang ge ren zhu yi jian. Wo gen yi

-207-

^ £m a it, t*. ^ ge Meiguo ren zhu, ta de Zhongwen mingzi jiao Ma Dawei.

T SXifr «*%? Ding Yun: Ta ye xuexi Hdnyu ma?

T il'A: *t, i& ^#3 2Ug-0 41 i£ # #- £ t® Ding Libd; Dui, ta ye xuexi Hdnyu. Wo hai you hen dud Zhongguo

ffl&, Ml ft M A & pengyou, tamen chdngchang bangzhu wd nian shengcu fuxf

cr-g-o & i£ ff R i&iH ?§-& kewenN lianxi kouyu. W6 hai chdngchang wen tamen yufa

w&, i&in 4fp & ^ ¥t # m&o went!, tamen dou shl wd de hao pengyou.

T it f *f0 4^ it -t- £ fS it Ding Yun: Zhe hen hao. Llbo, jlnnian nT yao zdi Zhonggud guo

M -f, * & ® ^ # iH it

Shengdan Jie, bu neng hui jia, wo he nT baba yao song nT

— it JrM T-l^o yl jian Shengdan ITwu.

T tlik: « itiHo ^ ^ ^ it ill Ding Libd: Xiexie nimen. Wd ye gei nlmen ji le Shengdan ITwu.

T ^r: A ”-%? 3rM f ■£ jfa it ^ Ding Yun: Shi ma? Shengdan Jie wd he nT baba xiang qu Ouzhou

^Mfo it %? it -t ^ ^#? luxing. NT ne? NT qu bu qu luxing?

T ftyjk: A 4? -k ^Mto DTng Llbo: Wd yao qu Shanghdi ICixing.

T ^r: ip: ^ it ^Mf 'It ft! DTng Yun: Shanghai hen piaoliang. Zhu nT luxing kuaile.

T fife-. M0 & & tTL it ^ it DTng Libo: Xiexie. Wd yd zhu nT he baba Shengdan kuaile!

-208-

New Words

l. N zhongwu noon HflX + X, lUfi—

2. Adv gcingcdi just now

3. N youju post office

V you to post; to mail

Mj N JU office; bureau

4. -op V ji to post, to mail

5. 4t43 V dbsbo to clean fTJSBT1 tTfXTS'k 43 V sbo to sweep

6. M. A zang dirty

7. © IE bu haoyisi to feel embarrassed

8. tit V xl to wash \9i3-, *9. N waipo grandmother on the mother’s side

10. *f»# N zhongxub middle school , 7,i7’J4r.

11. 4j3- V dagong to have a part-time job I, &WJLfTI

12. i^^r N nanfang south

13. 4j^4f V luxfng to travel

*14. V xibng to miss; to remember with longing MMM, MM

15. W#4- N Iiuxu6sheng student studying abroad; international student

i6. a V zhu

4>S@^£,

to live; to stay

17. # N lou building ra«,

18. A dul right, correct ^

19. V nian to read

20. N shengci new word

£ A sheng new

N Cl word

21. V fuxf to review

22. N kbwen text &%wx, mix 23. V/N lidnxf to practice/exercise T

V lian to practice

-209-

24. Pig- N kduyu spoken language >J P io , P i«

25. N yufa grammar ^

26. i± V guo to spend (time); to celebrate (a birtliday, a holiday)

Mil?,

27. T7 N ji6 festival

*28. >Hj$7 N Hwu present; gift —

29. -JrM PN Shengdan Christmas jSSH&xfc

30. PN Ouzhou Europe

* 31. _t$§r PN Shanghai Shanghai

Supplementary Words

i. V zheng IT to put in order; to arrange; to sort out

2. N dianshl TV

3. 31 A ludn in disorder; in a mess

4. El it N rljl diary

5. Bfr A qlng sunny

6. N baoguo parcel

7. N jingxT pleasant surprise

8. dlrM^A. N Shdngdan laordn Santa Claus

9. zL_§- N Yudndan New Year’s Day

10. 4^- "p N Chun Jie the Spring Festival

11. T7 N Gdn’en Jie Thanksgiving Day

12. %Ji% ^ N Fuhud Ji6 Easter

(D ” originally meant “to feel shy”, or “to find it embarrassing to do something”.

For example:

**F*JBft **P*JB*fc

- 210 -

At present, this phrase is often used to express apology. For example:

(2)

“I’ve been very busy during the last few days. I want to wash them all on Saturday.”

means “during the last few days”.

(H) mmmmUo She asks me to give her greetings to you.”

— + Pr/NP + is a construction used to convey greetings. For example;

(He asked me to send you his greetings.)

(^fl?i&)|ojftil$?o (I would like to ask you to send him my greetings.)

<D “Is the dormitory you live in big? ”

When the subject-veib phrase is used as an attributive, “fft” must be placed between

the attributive and the head word it modifies. For example;

• •••••

Two students live in a dormitory in our international student building.”

—• Drills and practice

KEY SENTENCES

1. o

3. J&il&Hifcin-bfo

4.

5.

6. in fa!

-211-


(1) &*} jMI.

&&4t7 — &M48)-$r 7 »T"fr|iL

T -^4 B ^l&i^-f-irT — ^4# ^--%^-^^fi-T—

(2) ^4# 4f-"fc—#&—■#*Jl #■&—i&.(bidn)

(3) Hi Hi*£fifc^-?-$

«J^-*T*p^ Hi **■!*#

(4) -ft,j*5## ^hifc-RT

(5) #*l|5“-ir4fc*fc

(6) mb4 h &fc mbmf-tkfc mb^mkfr mbJ-ftfcir-

2. Pattern drills

(i) Wo

ft/tiL-ft* & ?

ft.Tfr4f-*Hfrfro

(2) if^mfeTo Jli $5t

^#*So y&MW&'hjEo £ ^rS(zh6nglT)

^■2§- J& 4r-te

(3) ££,&£##’•%?

i|Wo ##«Pl##o

(4)

$,-fc.^?

fe-h&ffiSMlo

-212-

(5)

(6) JrMI??

& 4b ^ itjf: M ^0

3. Complete the following conversation

A: m&fci0 _

B: ilt#o -£■#&._

A;

B: _

A: 'ftMk'flfUL X#?

B: __

A: fell/LnA?


Making a complaint or an apology]

(1) A;#^- —T#6t^(biao, watch),*£,£./L,&?

B:_,&»]*#,&o

(2) A:

B: (zh§nglT) —

A: &}$Uk_

B;

A: O

-213-

Passing on someone’s regards]

(1) A:

B: A_

A; 'fe'fl'l_o

B: ftttmbttPkjtilL?

A: _,42,4%_o

B:

A: «0 ^MTHLRUMfo

(2) A: X#tt**fc?

B: &_,#*?

A: &■•*&,-£>#. fco

B:

A; 4bfc4ifo o

B: #i#o _o

Extending holiday greetings]

(1) A: ^^-A^t-S-CVudnddn),^#_0

B: A&,_0

A: 4l#-#ft4fr*MSo

B: o

(2) A: &fT?

B: $,;«L_o

A; 4_fn

B: _o **~*.4fc*l_ o

A; «o 4fctt£B4*P*.?

B; El 0

A; 0 -214-

Suggestions and invitations]

(1) A:

A: ^^^-^-^(youyong),^^?

B: A.A-4-?

(2) A; J[.-£-■{fc'fc'fc?

B: ^;fc.-|r:0

B: #^$£(bdoqian),_

5* ^^^-9 Communication exercises

(1) Your new roommate moved in yesterday. Today you returned to the dormitory to find

everything in a mess, including the kitchen and the bathroom. While you are com-

plaining, your roommate apologizes over and over.

(2) You come across an old classmate whom you haven’t seen for a long time. You ask

how he/she is doing, and then ask him/her to give your regards to his/her family.

(3) On Christmas Eve, you and your friends are extending holiday greetings and wishes to

one another. One of them mentions that it is his/her eighteenth birthday, so everyone

wishes him/her a happy birthday.

-215-

23- Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing

T;hM0iE

12,018 0 ^ BS(qfng)

JrM ^7 o i3L7k~$K% — ^-(dl yT cl, the first time)/$L ’h ®i£

JrM. T? o 4Mc£M'^t—o 52.^- ^ ® ^-fe(nianqlng, young)v^

o l^JH&^A.Oaoren, old man)0 1

7 baogu6), A+ftlC

, 4^itP4d-Ml — d^-i-Gingxi)o $.

7Ur0 dJ7'4M^l](jieddo, to receive) 7 ’$%'$$] $L>i&0

=*MMf, -f-f £1 #dix, 4fc£t&; % % & & ^m7o 7 A

M*Mf,AfcMlfctrikft o

Grammar

1. PJfttX.ilHlI'? Four kinds of simple sentences

Simple Chinese sentences can be divided into four kinds according to the elements,

which comprise the main part of their predicates.

(1 Minin/yJ Sentences with a verbal predicate

The majority of Chinese sentences have a verbal predicate and are relatively complex.

Several types have already been studied and more examples will be introduced in later

lessons. For example:

s. mm

-216-

i»o

mmimfoo (2) ® 'hj Sentences with an adjectival predicate

In a sentence with an adjectival predicate is not needed. For example;

mmG ffe&WAAfto

(3) Sentences with a nominal predicate

In a sentence with a nominal predicate, nouns, noun phrases, or numeral-measure

words function directly as the main elements of the predicate, which especially describe age

or price. In spoken language, it is also used to express time, birthplace, and so on. For

example;

Sentences with a subject-predicate phrase as predicate

In a sentence with a subject-predicate phrase as predicate, the thing denoted by the

subject of the subject-predicate phrase is usually a part of the thing denoted by the subject

of the whole sentence. The subject-predicate phrase describes or explains the subject of the

whole sentence. For example;

\mmmo

2. Six question types

(1) Questions with “A%”

This is the most commonly used type of question. The person who asks this kind of

question has some idea concerning the answer. For example;

-217-

(2) V/A-not-V/A question

This type of question is also frequently used. The person who asks this kind of question

has no idea concerning the answer. For example:

(3) ®f5]fti^II'd]'trj Questions with an interrogative pronoun

By using “it”, “f+4”, “1”, “WJL”, “£4”, “£4#”, and “JL”, this

type of question specifically asks who, what, which, where, how, how about, or how many.

For example:

ftfeSWSA?

(4) Alternative questions with

There are two (or more) possibilities in this type of question for the person addressed

to choose from. For example:

ftMSAaSMiA?

«fl±*F*Z*T*F*?

(5) Tag questions with

", “Ji^? " or “nrian%? ”

Questions with ” or mpJ ” are usually used to ask someone’s opinion

concerning the suggestion put forward in the first part of the sentence. Questions with

;ll? ” or ” are usually used to confirm the judgement made in the first part of the

sentence. For example:

(6) Elliptical questions with the question particle

The meaning of this type of question is usually illustrated clearly by the previous

sentence. For example:

«?

ffe±zF»*TiS,4fc0B?

- 218 -

1- Consulting a Chinese dictionaiy arranged by pinyin alphabetic

order

In many Chinese dictionaries the entries are arranged alphabetically according to Chinese

Phonetics (Hanyu pinyin). Characters with the same pinyin spelling are put under the same

entry and then sub-divided according to their tones. Characters in the same tone group are

arranged in order, according to their number of strokes. When the pronunciation of a

character is known, characters are easy to find in this type of dictionary.


a ctii just 3 strokes

(2) i nrmib you by 5 strokes

(3) ]']] ' j j' jJ'l ^1' \\\

Zhou state 6 strokes

is a drawing of a river and the three dots show its islets.)


texts

^^(jidnzhlpdng) (the “construction” side) ? 2 strokes

(1) JrM Shengdan

-3^ ^ “L jt 5 strokes

^ T "I" 9 strokes

(2) gangcai (»]&)

RI'J * J*] + 'J 6 strokes

(The pronunciation is indicated by “J*]”.)

(3) youju

> + P 7 strokes

(The pronunciation is shown by “&”.)

5 strokes

9 strokes

6 strokes

7 strokes

-219-

Mi ► J3 + 7 strokes

(4) % jl

4fp —► + * + T

(5) dasfio (#r#)

^3 > 4 + 3 (The meaning is indicated by “ 4 ”.)

(6) J!i zang (if)

—1- $ + t + i

(7) XT

> / +

(8) waipo

-§c y + "k- (The meaning is suggested by

* •'

(9) &2T nanfang

i^j * + + n + ^ (IQzibian) (the “travel” side) f f ^

"X* chu T

(10) ;?Mt lOxfng

^ ^ vX + + £-

# -»• 4 + T

^ (liuzljieto) (the “keeping” comer) ^ ^

(li) ^#4. liuxuesheng

—► 11 + 77 + ^

11 strokes

6 strokes

10 strokes

9 strokes

11 strokes

5 strokes

9 strokes

4 strokes

3 strokes

10 strokes

6 strokes

3 strokes

10 strokes

- 220 -

8 strokes

02) 4 nian (<&)

4" +

(13) i.is\ shengcf (!kM)

■^J —► i + &}

(The meaning side is “i ”.)

(14) XZ fUXI )

^ ^ +0 + ^

05) lidnxf («)

“► £ + $

(16) yufa (■?§-&)

a — ■; + *

(17) ^ ji6 («j5)

-±h y —► ^ + y

7 strokes

9 strokes

8 strokes

8 strokes

5 strokes

(niuzipting)(the ox side) (On the left side of a multi-component character, “4-”

is written as “4'”.) 9 ^44 4 strokes

(18) jt4t> ITwu {i%4k)

41 —»► 4 + L 5 strokes

4(/ —► 4 + 4? 8 strokes

(The pronunciation is indicated by “fy”.)

(19) Ouzhou (ifc^l)

* IE + 8 strokes

?>!■] ► / + jN'l 9 strokes

(The meaning side is “ } ”, and the phonetic side is “fl”. The character “jHj”

means an islet in a river or a continent in the ocean.)

(20) ShdnghCii

^ 10 strokes

-221-

XfeSDiR Cultural Notes

Beijing, Shanghai, the Changjiang River, the Huanghe River,

and the Great Wall

Beijing is the capital of the People’s Republic of China as well as its chief cultural,

political, and economic centre. As the capital city for much of the last eight hundred years,

Beijing is rich in historic sites, including the Forbidden City (Palace Museum), the Sum¬

mer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven. Modem Beijing is fast becoming a cosmopolitan city

as its economy continues to develop.

Shanghai is China’s biggest city in terms of population and its largest industrial centre.

The Changjiang, literally, the “Long River”, is commonly known as the Yangtze River

in English. It is the longest river in China and one of the longest in the world. From its o-

rigin in western China, it stretches 6,300 kilometres to where it enters the East China Sea

near Shanghai on the east coast.

The Huanghe, or literally “Yellow River”, is the second longest river in China, flowing

a total of 5,467 kilometres. The Huanghe River valley is considered by many to be the cra¬

dle of ancient Chinese civilization.

Construction of the Great Wall began more than 2,200 years ago. It ranks among the

seven architectural wonders of the ancient world and is the only cultural artifact on the

earth visible from outer space with the naked eye. The present Great Wall extends more

than 2,500 kilometres, but there are actually over six thousand kilometres of walls, since

there are numerous stretches where several walls run parallel to each other. Six thousand

kilometres are more than twelve thousand Zi, so the Great Wall is often referred to as the

wanli changcheng or the “Long Wall of Ten Thousand Li19.

-222-

Pft M. Appendices

© >£ ft © SS it—JKE 3R Abbreviations for Grammar Terms

Abbreviations for Grammar Terms

Abbreviation Grammar Terms

in English

Grammar Terms

in Chinese

Grammar Terms

in Pinyin

A Adjective w&m xfngrdngcf

Adv Adverb SO is] fuel

AsPt Aspect Particle ddngtdi zhucf

Conj Conjunction iSiS] lidncf

IE Idiom Expression m xfgudn ydngyu

Int Interjection tdncf

M Measure Word mm lidngcf

MdPt Modal Particle yuqi zhdef

N Noun mfngcf

NP Noun Phrase zmmm mfngcf cfzu

Nu Numerals 9m shucf

0 Object blnyu

Ono Onomatopoeia ^.p^m xidngshengcf

OpV Optative Verb n&Mmm ndngyudn ddngcf

Pt Particle mm zhucf

PN Proper Noun zhuanydu mfngcf

Pr Pronoun ttm ddief

Pref Prefix cftdu

Prep Preposition ftm jidcf

PW Place Word tfo&m dididnef

QPt Question Particle mmmm yrwdn zhucf

QPr Question Pronoun yfwen ddief

S Subject zhuyu

StPt Structural Particle jidgdu zhucf

Suf Suffix mm cfwdi

TW Time Word shfjiancf

V Verb mm ddngcf

VC Verb plus Complement ddngbushi ddngcf

VO Verb plus Object dongbinshl ddngcf

VP Verbal Phrase ddngcf cfzu

- 224

± ia SR 3l(«**fgg) Vocabulary Index

(Simplified Script with Traditional Version)

i»)tt mar MW

fT (Int)

A

d ah, oh 1

p& (MdPt)

B

ba (modal particle) 12

(N) bdba dad 2,7

(Nu) bdi hundred 8

ftft (IE) bdibdi bye-bye (transliteration) 11

fr m (V) bdn to do 13

* (Nu) bdn half 11

% &j (V) bangzhu to help 13

& (N) bdo newspaper 10

(V/A) bdoqidn to feel sorry/sorry 6

4b S (PN) Bdijing Beijing 9

jh m MM (PN) Bdibei (name of a dog) 8

(N) b§nzi notebook 10

i§_ (M) bidn number of times (of action) 6

* ( Adv) bu not; no 2

(IE) bu haoyisi to feel embarrassed 14

*/8 (Adv) buybng need not 5

%-J]V (V)

C

canjia to participate; to attend 9

M (N) canting dining room 5

JSj #r A #f (N) cbsub toilet 13

* (M) c6ng story; floor 5

J. (V) chd to be short of, lack 11

tt (Adv) chdngchbng often 10

t (Adv) chang often 10

-225-

F& F£ (PN) Chdn (a surname) 3,11

*fc (V) chi to eat 9

(VO) chlfan to eat (a meal) 13

ib± (V) chusheng to be born 9

(N) chufdng kitchen 13

(V) chuan to wear 12

D

(V 0) da dianhua to make a phone call 13

*rx (V) dagong to have a part-time job 14

(V 0) daqiu to play ball 6,11

■fr# (V) dasdo to clean 14

*. (A) da big, large 8

M (N) dangao cake 9

(A) dangran as it should be; only natural

that

8

S'] (V) dao to arrive 11

(V) de to have, to get 13

frvJ (Pt) de ( a possessive or modifying

particle)

4

¥ (V) deng to wait 13

** (N) dldi younger brother 2,8

.&(*) »(«) (N) didn(zhong) o ’ clock 11

€#■ (N) dianhud telephone; phone call 13

M (N) didnyTng movie 13

T (PN) Ding (a surname) 2

T -A (PN) Ding Libo (name of a Canadian stu¬

dent)

7

ifc© j|L© (N) dongxi things; objects 11

4p (Adv) dou both; all 2,3

« (V) dudnlian to do physical exercise 12

(A) dui right, correct 14

(IE) duibuqT I ’ m sorry 5,10

(IE) dud da how old 9

(Adv) dud how 9

( QPr) duoshao how many, how much 8

£ (A) dud many, much 8

- 226 -

E

— (Nu) 6r two 5

F

mk (VO) fashao to have a fever 12

ZA (V) fayan to become inflamed 12

ft ft (N) fangzi house 13

ftm- (N) fangzu rent (for a house, flat, etc) 13

ft (M) fen minute 11

ft(i\) ft (4i) (M) fen(qidn) ( measure word of Chinese

monetary unit, equal to 1/

100 ^ ) ; cent

10

JL3 m? (V) fuxf to review 14

G

sw (V/N) gtinmdio to have a cold/cold 12

PI1] ft n •]& ( Adv) gangctii just now 14

Khft nn (A) gaoxlng happy; pleased 4,7

-grift ftift (V) gdosu to tell 13

ftft (N) gege elder brother 2

ft in (M) g£ (a measure word for general

use)

8

(ft (ft (V) gei to give 10

(ft (ft (Prep) gei to; for 12

it (Prep/V) gen with/to follow 10

i# (V/N) gongzuo to work/work 8

ft (N) gongs! company 13

(N) g6u dog 8

■ttit (N) guniang girl 13

teft « (V) guahdo to register ( at a hospital,

etc.)

12

it# (N) guangpan CD 10

A it (A) gui expensive, precious 10

(IE) gui xing what’ s your honorable sur¬ 4

name?

m (N) gu6 country, nation 3

i± 3^1, (V) gu6 to spend (time); to celebrate 14

(a birthday, a holiday)

-227-

H

££ it (Adv) h6i in addition 8,11

i£& itA ( Conj) h6ishi or 12

i5Li£r (N) Hdnyu Chinese (language) 4

(N) Hdnzl Chinese character 11

(A) htio good; well; fine; 0. K. 1,5

-f ft (N) hdo number 5,9

(V) he to drink 2,9

(Conj) he and 8

(Adv) hen very 1,7

£L$)gj >g &-Mjg (N) h6ng putaojiu red wine 9

VhJ (V) huf to return 11

J

JL (QPr) jl how many, how much 8

(N) jizhd reporter 4

ft (V) ji to post, to mail 14

(PN) Jiandda Canada 4,7

% (N) jid family, home 8

M (PN) JiamSi ( name of a house rental agen¬

cy)

13

I'h] W (M) jian (a measure word for room,

house, etc)

13

ft (M) jidn (a measure word)piece 13

p>] (V) jido to be called 4

(V) jido to teach 11

4U$. (N) jidoshdu professor 7

t (N) jie festival 14

M.M (N) jidjie elder sister 8

frig (V) jidshdo to introduce 7

(N) jTnnidn this year 9

ft (N) nidn year

(N) jTntian today 6,9

Jr (M) jin ( measure word of weight,

equal to 500g)

10

it it (V) jin to enter 5

it%- it%- (VC) jinlai to come in 4

- 228 -

■T- #] k- M (N) jTngju Beijing opera 6

MS MS (N) jrnglT manager 13

(N) juhui get-together; party 9

K

(N) kafei coffee 2,13

W* (VO) kdixud to start school 7

3k (V) kdn to watch, to look at 7

3k yk) (VO) kdnbing to see a doctor 12

(N) kdoya roast duck 9

Tt Tf (A) kd’di lovely, cute 8

T& (OpV) kdndng maybe 13

( Conj ) kdshi but 13

(OpV) kdyi may 4,11

*1 (M) kd quarter (of an hour) 11

if. if (N) kd class; lesson 9

if X if X. (N) kewdn text 14

(Adv) kdngpa to be afraid that; perhaps 6 o

nig-

(M) kdu (a measure word mainly for

the number of people in a

family)

8

Pig- (N) kduyu spoken language 14

*(&) 4fc(ifc) (M) kudi(qidn) (measure word of basic Chi¬

nese monetary unit, equal to

10 Aj ); dollar

10

ttfc ttJH (A) kudild happy 9

L

£ * (V) lai to come 4

(N) IdoshT teacher 3

* (A) Idng cold 12

(N) ITwu gift; present 11,14

3i'A

M3

(PN) Libo ( name of a Canadian stu¬

dent)

1

•M (V/N) lidnxi to practice/exercise 14 $) (Nu) liang two 8

7 (Pt) le (modal partical/aspect parti-

cal)

5,9

(PN) Lidng Zhu (name of a Chinese violin 10

concerto)

-229-

(PN) Lin Na (name of a British student) 1

o (Nu) ling zero 5

(N) Iiuxu6sheng student studying abroad; in¬

ternational student

14

m (N) I6u building 14

l&iS} Jp‘ ftiS-f- (PN) LCj Yuping (name of a Chinese reporter) 1

zMf (V) luxing

M

to travel 14

ms, (N) mama mom 2

J%*.A (PN) M6 Ddwei (name of an American student) 4,7

*% *§ (QPt) ma (Interrogative particle for ques¬

tion expecting yes-no answer)

1,2

£ I (V) m6i to buy 9

■ft (A) mdng busy 2,6

4,(^1) (M) mdo(qidn) ( measure word of Chinese

monetary unit, equal to 1/10

); dime

10

>JL ( Adv) m6i not 8

&MMfc (IE) mei guanxi never mind; it doesn * t matter 5

% (Pr) mSi every; each 12

km (PN) Meigu6 the United States; America 4,7

it#f (N) m&shu fine arts 7

(N) m6imei younger sister 8

■fn tfl (Suf) ta (used after pronouns 4k , fH ,

or certain nouns to denote

plural)

2,3

(N) mingpi&n calling card 7

(N) mingzi name 7

(N) mingtian

N

tomorrow 6

•up (QPr) n6 which 3

■sjp;L *p& (QPr) n<5r where 5

*P.s. ■*P& (IE) n6li no ( an expression of modest

denial)

11

*P (Pr) na that 3

ap;L *P>L (Pr) ndr there 10

(N) nfiinai grandmother on the father* s

side

3

- 230 -

X (A) nPn male 2,8

h 7i (N) ndnfang south 14

% (MdPt) ne (a modal particle used for el¬

liptical questions)

1,2

it (0PV) n6ng can;be able to 11

(Pr) nT you 1,3

itm (Pr) nlmen you( pi. ) 6

& (V) nidn to read 14

M (Pr) nin you (polite form) 3,4

-k (A) nu

O

female 5

gfeiWi tfcai (PN) OuzhOu

P

Europe 14

MA (N) p6ngyou friend 2,4

(A) piaoliang pretty, beautiful; nice 9 M (M) ping bottle 9

**. (N) pinggud apple 10

9 % (N) putao grape 10

Q

(vo) qTchudng to get up 11

41 (N) qidn money 10

fit (V) qTng please 4

ntn (V) qTngwdn May I ask.. . ? 4,5

£ (V) qu to go 6

(N) qudnshen all over (the body) 12

R

it (V) rdng to let; to allow; to make 13

A. (N) r6n people, person 3

ikiK Am (V) rdnshi to know (somebody) 4

(A) rdngyl easy 10

S

it# (VO) sdnbu to take a walk; to walk 13

"A# (N) sdngzi throat 12

(N) shangchGng market; bazaar; shopping mall 10

-231-

-h#

JLi^.

!ki*l

i.«

Bt#

Btl's]

PJL

A

%

Bi

■8L

E9

xM.

#-£-)l

*Mn

4&

i:

- 232 -

(PN) Shanghai

Jl# (VO) shdngke

(N) shdngwu

(QPr) shdi

(N) sheriff

(QPr) sh6nme

(N) shengcf

(N) shengri

(PN) Shengddn (tip# (N) shTfu

(N) shfhou

(N) shijian

(N) shir

(V) shi

(N) sh6umidn

♦ (N) shu

(A) shufu

(N) shuT

(VO) shuijido

(V) shui

(V) shuo

« (N) sijT

(Nu) si

fc* (PN) S6ng Hud

(N) sdng

(N) sushd

ffc. (M) sui

(N) suishu

(N) sunnur

T

fain (Pr) tamen

(Pr) ta

(Pr) td

(Adv) tdi

Shanghai 14

to go to class (both students 11

and teachers)

morning 9

who; whom 3 f 7

body, health [2

"’hat 4,6

new word 14

birthday 9

Christmas 14

master worker 10

time; moment 6

time 5

matter; affair; thing 13

to be 3

(birthday)longevity noodles 9

book 10

comfortable 12

water 12

to sleep 11

to sleep 11

to say; to speak 6

driver 11

four 5

(name of a Chinese student) 5,9

to give (as a present) 10

dormitory 5,13

year (of age) 9

years (of age) 11

granddaughter on son * s side 11

they; them 2,3

he; him 2,3

she; her 3

too; extremely 6

#■ (A) teng

(N) tian

(N) tianqi

St-il (V) tlngshuo * (N) tou

W *YM (N) w6igu6

(N) wdipo

*Yi& (N) wdiyu $ljl $tst (V) wdnr

B& (A) w6n

b&Jl (N) wfinshang

i.'bt (PN) Wang Xifioyun

(Qpr) w^ishenme

(M) w6i

(Int) wei

x-f (N) w6nxue

W (V) w6n

f°] (N) wenti

(Pr) w6

A'fn (Pr) w6men

X (N) xTyao

(V) XI

4-zk. sm (V) xlhuan

% (N) xi

T Jf- (N) xiawu

Jt± (N) xiansheng

JJL£ (N) xidnzdi

(N) xiangjiaopinggud « (N) xiangjiao

& (V/OpV) xifing

* (A) xiao -J'ia (N) xiaoji§

painful 12

day 6

weather q

to be told 13

head 12

foreign country 8

grandmother on the mother* s 3,14

side

foreign language 3,8

to have fun, to play 11

late 5,11

evening, night 11

(name of a Chinese student) 5,8

why 11

(a polite measure word for 13

person)

hello; hey 13

literature 7

to ask 7

question 1 [

me 1>5

we; us 2

Western medicine 12

to wash 14

to like, to prefer 8

faculty; department 7

afternoon 9

Mr. 4,10

now ft

apple with a banana taste 10

banana IQ

to think; to miss/to want to 12,14

do sth.

little, small 8

Miss; young lady 5

-233-

1 1

I ^

&

3?

|*5

% iftifft

S.M

!§; (V) xi6 to write 11

M (V) xlexie to thank 5,6

(N) xTngqT week 9

0 (N) xTngqTri Sunday 9

(V) xing to be O.K. 6

(V/N) xing one’s surname is.. ./surname 4

(V) xiOxi to take a rest 12

#£ (N) xu6sheng student 4,5

•f f (V) xu6xi to learn; to study 4,7

#F& (N) xudyudn institute; college 4,7

Y

# (PN) Ydng (a surname) 4

* (N) yao medicine 12

(V/OpV) ydo to want/must; to want to do 2,10,12

sth.

( Adv) y§ too; also 1

,£JL (-)*& (Nu-M) (yi)didnr a little bit 11

(Adv) yigdng altogether 8

( Adv.) yiqi together 12

yixid (used after a verb to indicate 7

a short, quick, random, in¬

formal action)

(N) yTfu clothes 12

(N) ylshcng doctor; physician 3

-f F& (N) yTyudn hospital 12

(N) yTnyue music 7,10

MM (OpV) yTnggai should; ought to 11

&m (PN) Yingguo Great Britain; England 4

&m (N) YTngyu English 11

(N) y6uju post office 14

(VO) y6uy6ng to swim 6

(V) ydu to have 6

;i (Adv) ydudidnr somewhat; rather; a bit 12

(A) youming famous 10

® (IE) y6u yisi interesting 6

ffa'/i: (N) yufd grammar 14

ms (N) yuyan language 4

M-& (OpV) yudnyl to be willing to do sth. 12

- 234 -

z

#

4 £ #

ft ft

ft ft

•ft

ft(ft) ft(M)

»Ut ii it

it A

* £

^ui£

f SI t ® tx t* tf tft ^ ^ ’f7 n

4 4

ft BE

ft

^5L

^iL #■£

ft

(IE) zaijidn

( Adv) zai

(V) zdi

(A) zdng

(QPr) zdnme

(QPr) zdnmeydng

(PN) Zhang

(M) zhang

(V) zhao

(V) zhao(qian)

(N) zhdopidn

(Pr) zhd

(Pr) zhdr

(A/Adv) zhen

(V) zhTdao

(PN) Zhonggud

(N) Zhongwdn

(N) zhongwu

(N) zhongxud

(N) zhongydo

(V) shu

(VO) zhuyudn

(V) zhu

(V) zhuhd

(V) zhu

(N) zhuanyd

(V) zu

(N) zudtian

(V) zud

(V) zud

good-bye 5

again 9

to be (here, there); to be 5,10

(in, on, at)

dirty 14

how 10

how is it? 6,9

(a surname) 7

(a measure word for flat ob¬

jects)

8

to look for 13

to give change 10

picture, photo 8

this 3,5

here 5

real/really 8

to know 5

China 3

Chinese 7

noon 14

middle school 14

traditional Chinese medicine 12

to be bom in the year of 9

to be in hospital; to be hospi¬

talized

12

to live; to stay 14

to congratulate 9

to wish 9

major; specialty 7

to rent 13

yesterday 6,11

to sit 5

to do; to make 8,10

235-

% is] ?t Supplementary Words

mw vm

B

(N) baogub

(V) baokuo

jnt (M) bei

(M) bbn

c ¥ (N) bT

(A) pibnyi

4L & (N) bibo

C

* (N) chb

(VO) changge

4 4 (N) che

4f 4Mp (N) Chun Jib

**)$- ■tej# (N) cfdibn

D

46-/ (VO) dbdr

-Mf *T# (VO) dbzhbn

(N) dbbian

M (N) dibnnbo

-f *Jl (N) didnshi

(N) duzi

F

4 it (A) fangbian

ifr (M) fen

(N) Fuhub Jib

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parcel 14

to include 13

cup of 10

(measure word for books and 10

notebooks)

pen 10

cheap; inexpensive 10

watch 11

tea 9

to sing( a song) 11

car; vehicle 8

the Spring Festival 14

dictionary 8

to take a taxi 11

to have an injection 12

stool 12

computer 8

TV 14

abdomen; stomach 12

convenient

/ . 13

(measure word for publica- 10

tions such as newspapers)

Easter 14

G

$ -S ip (N) Gdn’en Ji6 Thanksgiving Day 14 JLtlUip (N) gongchdngshT engineer 8

H (N) hdizi child 8

(N) hdnbdo hamburger 9

'o'j$. (A) heshi suitable 13

'M (N) hudxud chemistry 7

-ffclSt (V) hudydn to have a medical test 12

(V) hufdd to answer 11

EM? (N/VO) hiixin reply/to reply 13

J ** (N) jidoyu education 7

gift (N) jingji economy 7

t$-$- *4 (N) jTngxT pleasant surprise 14

K

ftft W4 (VO) kaiche to drive a car 11

ft 77 6977 (VO) kaidao to have an operation 12

“T^ (N) k§ld coke 9

ft ft £■* (N) kdtTng living room 13

L

li. (N) lishl history 7

ft '& ft ft (A) lidngkuai cool 12

'ft ft (N) ifishT lawyer 8

-& %i (A) luan in disorder; in a mess 14

M

f (V) mdi to sell 10

JfUK. (N) mlfdn (cooked) rice 9

© & 14 (N) midnbao bread 9

N

ft # (A) nan difficult 11

ftM (N) nidnai milk 9

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p

4* (N) pijiu beer 9

Q

*5 (A) qiao coincidental 13

ft (A) qfng sunny 14

R

& & (A) r6 hot 12

M (N) r&gdu hotdog 9

M:‘U (A) r&xTn enthusiastic 13

Hie, die, (N) riji

S

diary 14

(N) shenghud life 12

(N) Shdngddn

laordn

Santa Claus 14

nits Uti! (N) shduhudyuan shop assistant; salesperson 10

45/£ (N) shudian book store 10

454- (N) shGfdng a study 13

(N) shuxud mathematics 7

#.»&$ f (N) shuTdidnfdi utility 13

T

* (M) tdo suite 13

ttf# (N) tlyuguan gym 10

(VO) tidowu to dance 11

W

(N) wdigong grandfather on the mother’s

side

8

5C^ (N) wdnhud culture 7

M (N) wdshi bedroom 13

(N) wuli physics 7

X

(N) xlcan

’2UE) (VO) xTyan

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Western food

to smoke

9

11

&3Lfe (N) xizhuren chairman of the department 8

t an T# (VO) xibkb to get out of class; to finish

class

11

'h'ii. (N) xibobibn urine 12

(A) xTn new 13

ig# (V) xubnxiu to take an elective course 7

(N) xubbl Sprite 9

jfc. (N) xib blood 12

Y

* (N) yd tooth 12

(N) ybye grandfather on the father’ s

side

8

-s-fc (N) yTnyue music 7

(N) Yfngwbn English 12

zt (M) yuan (the same as “ ffe ” , but used

in written language)

10

7tS- (N) Yubndbn

Z

New Year’s Day 14

## (N) zhbxub philosophy 7

(V) zhbngIT to put in order; to arrange;

to sort out

14

L (M) zhT (a measure word for stick -

like things such as pens)

10

t* (N) zhongcan Chinese food 9

(N) zhujibo teaching assistant 8

(IV) zubjia writer 10

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