Internet Applications (Cont’d) Basic Internet Applications – World Wide Web (WWW) Browser...
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Transcript of Internet Applications (Cont’d) Basic Internet Applications – World Wide Web (WWW) Browser...
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Internet Applications (Cont’d)
• Basic Internet Applications– World Wide Web (WWW)• Browser Architecture• Static Documents• Dynamic Documents• Active Documents• HTTP
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WWW: How A Browser Works• WWW project was initiated by CERN
(European Laboratory for Particle Physics) to create a system to handle resources necessary for scientific research.
• Web browsing uses client-server paradigm
• Browser: – Makes TCP connection – Sends request for page – Reads page
• If a page contains several images, Each different item - e.g., <IMG> tag (image) - requires separate TCP connection
• HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) specifies commands and client-server
interaction
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Fig. 22.1 (text book)
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How The World Wide Web Works• Use client-server interaction• The client:
– browser program uses the Internet to contact a remote server
• The server:– returns a copy of the requested page
with additional information• A URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
tells a browser which server to contact– Each URL uniquely identifies a page
of information by giving the name of a remote computer and a specific page of information available from the server
• URL specifies– an access protocol– the domain name of the remote
computer on which the server runs
– any specific item
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Fig. 22.7 (text book)
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Inside a Browser Program • Examples: Netscape Communicator, Microsoft IE• A Web Browser Architecture usually consists of 3 parts:
– controller:• receives and interpret input from the keyboard or the mouse • calls other components to perform operations specified by users (e.g.,
uses a client program to access a document)
– client programs: uses different protocols• HTTP client fetches HTML documents from WWW server• optional clients: FTP client and E-mail client• FTP client - access file transfer service• E-mail client - send & receive e-mails
– interpreters:• HTML interpreter displays HTML-formatted documents
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Inside a Browser Program
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Web Documents• Documents in WWW can be grouped into 3
categories: – static documents:
• fixed-content, created and stored in the a server. – dynamic documents:
• created by a Web server whenever a browser requests the document.
• contents can vary from one request to another.– active documents:
• contain program to be run at the client side, e.g. animation• stored in the form of binary code. • transported to the client in a binary form.
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Static Documents
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Fig. 24.1 (text book)
(1) A user enters a URL, causing a browser to contact a Web server and request the item
(2) the server extracts the specified item from its local disk and sends a copy to the browser.
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Dynamic Documents
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Figure 24.3 (text book)
(1) A browser requests a URL that corresponds to a CGI program, causing the server to start the program
(2) the CGI program computes a response, which the server returns to the browser.
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Dynamic Documents• Dynamic documents:
– e.g. documents generated using CGI
• A server follows these steps:– it examines the URL to find if
it defines a dynamic document, e.g. with extension .cgi
– if it is dynamic, then it executes the program.
– it sends the output of the program to the client.
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Active Documents
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Figure 24.4 (text book)
(1) A browser requests a URL that corresponds to an active document,
(2) Server sent a copy of active program to client (browser)
(3) the browser runs a copy of the active document, which then controls the screen.
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Active Documents• Active documents:
– e.g. documents containing Javascript.
• Its execution is as follows:– the binary code of the program is
created and stored at the server side.
– upon client request, the binary code is transported to the client.
– the client uses its own software to change the binary code into executable code.
– the client runs the program.
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Comparing Static, Dynamic & Active Documents
• Static Document• Advantages:
– Simplicity: straightforward formatting specifications – can be created by non-technical person
– Reliability: after it has been created and tested thoroughly, a static document remains valid indefinitely
– Performance: browser can (1) display static documents more rapidly and (2) place a copy on cache to speed up future requests
• Disadvantage:– Inflexibility: must be revised whenever information changes; not
useful for reporting information that changes frequently
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Comparing Static, Dynamic & Active Documents
• Dynamic Document• Advantage:
– Able to report current information• Disadvantage:
– Increase cost: more expensive to develop than static document– Inability to update information continuously: Do not deliver a continuous
stream of images
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Comparing Static, Dynamic & Active Documents
• Active Document• Advantages:
– ability to update information continuously– Ability to change the display quickly enough to show an animated image
• Disadvantage:– Additional cost (more programming skills needed, requires more sophisticated
browser software and more powerful computer)
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HTTP
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)– protocol used to access data on the WWW.– uses one TCP connection on well-known port 80.– two types of http messages: request, response– transfer data in the form of plain text, hypertext,
audio, video, and so on.– data transferred look like SMTP messages (see
Lecture note 2).
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HTTP• HTTP requests use the concept of resource locator (URL).• In more detail, URL defines four things: method, host computer, port and
path– Method is the protocol used to retrieve the document, e.g. FTP, & HTTP. An
access protocol (see slide 3)– Host is the computer where the information is located. Domain name of the
computer (see slide 3)– Port: port number of the server (optional)– Path is the pathname of the file where the information is located. Specify a
specific item to request (see slide 3)
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HTTP: Request and Response
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HTTP: Request and Response
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Status Line
Request Line
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HTTP Example: Retrieving a File
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HTTP Example: Retrieving a File• Request line
– request type (method): GET– path: /usr/bin/image1– HTTP version: 1.1
• client can accept images in GIF and JPEG formats• status line:
– HTTP version: 1.1– status code (a 3 digit number): 200– status phrase: OK (200 OK indicates request is successful)
• Header lines defines:– date: 04-Jan-99– server name: challenger– MIME version: 1.0 - (MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an SMTP extension
to allow non-ASCII data to be sent through SMTP.)– length of document: 2048 bytes
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