International Conference: Asia Pacific Policy Dialogue on Water, Energy and Food Security for Poverty Alleviation in Dryland Regions, 23‐25th November 2016, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Hidayat Pawitan, Ph.D. In EngineeringProfessor of Water Resources HydrologyBogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, INDONESIAhpawitan@ipb.ac.id

OUTLINE: Some BackgroundsObjectives and scopes of presentation: Indonesia Water and Environment Resources

Condition and Availability, then follows the subjects on: Common threats - Anthropogenic Influences STUDY APPROACH: Defining Human

Environmental SustainabilityWater and food nexus - the challenge of

competing water uses o Sustainability indicatorConcluding Remarks

SOME BACKGROUND INFO

Present competing water demands are for domestic, industry, and irrigated agriculture water uses;

Indonesia water resources is relatively abundance with annual rainfall of about 2800 mm, however water availability for the different intensive uses is often in critical conditions that needs urgent resource management attention.

SOME BACKGROUND

Population pressure, especially in Java island and other developing areas;

degraded natural resources and increased extreme weather events have caused extensive water related disasters;

increased pollution and exposure to water- and vector-borne diseases;

decreased water availability and quality;Natural resources management issues.

Local government regulations tend to exploit natural resources, without considering carrying capacity and good management practices.

OBJECTIVES & SCOPES

Expose of Indonesia water and environment resources condition &

Recent changesAnthropogenic Influences and

Impacts of development interventions as key issues

related to water and food nexus for Citarum basin – West Java

INDONESIAWATER AND ENVIRONMENT RESOURCES

Land resources: 1,91 Mkm2 with 17 000 islands (1,3% of world’s land surface) that contains 10% of world’s plant species, 12 % of mammal species, 16 % of reptiles and amphibians, and 17% of bird species; land use and cover changes;

Forest resources: 144 Mha (~74%) with 109 Mha forest cover; 18,8 Mha conservation forest; 30,3 Mha protection forest; 64,4 Mhaprod forest; 30,5 Mha conversion forest; Deforestation rate: 0,3 Mha/yr in 1970’s to 3,8 Mha/yr in 2000, but about 1.0 Mha/yr at present;

Water resources: components of runoff cycles;Environment resources: air, water, wetlands,

wildlife, esthetics, as well as toxic & hazardous wastes. Some consequences: increase GHG, global warming, sea level rise;

Knowledge resources: Science and Technology, including local/traditional wisdoms.

ACEH

0100200300400500600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P ONTIANAK

0100200300400500600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Khatulistiwa

MENADO

010 020 030 040 050 060 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

PADANG

0100200300400500600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

TIMIKA

0100200300400500600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

BANYUWA NGI

0100200300400500600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

TELUK BETUNG

01 002 003 004 005 006 00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

JAYAPURA

01 002 003 004 005 006 00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Indonesia Rainfall climatology 

WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY ININDONESIA BY MAJOR ISLANDS

IslandArea[103

km2]

Rainfall[mm/yr]

Runoff Groundwater Total Water Available

[mm/yr] [m3/s] [mm/yr] [m3/s] [mm/yr] [m3/s]

Sumatra 477.4 2801 1848 27 962 280 4 236 2 128 32 198

Java 121.3 2555 1658 6 378 255 982 1 915 7 360

Bali&NT 87.9 1695 997 2 779 170 472 1 167 3 251Kalimantan 534.8 2956 1968 33 359 296 5 010 2 264 28 369

Sulawesi 190.4 2156 1352 8 157 216 1 301 1 564 9 458

Maluku 85.4 2218 1400 3 785 222 600 1 621 4 385

W.Papua 413.9 3224 2175 28 524 322 4 229 2 497 32 754

Indonesia 1911.1 2779 1832 110 944

278 16 831 2 110 127 775

2110 mm/year = 127,775 m3/s= 4,032,266 MCM/annum~10% total global discharges

Water availability index based on Indonesia population cencus 2010

~ 17,000 m3/cap/annum.

RECENT CHANGES OF INDONESIAFOREST RESOURCES (INTERPRETATIONFROM LANDSAT IMAGES) :

Degraded forest land is 59,62 million ha. Deforestation rate is 1,09 million ha /annum

(2000-2006). Degradation was severe and un-controlable

especially during reformation/autonomous era, as permit was not acknowledged, illegal logging, forest encroachment and conversion to other uses

(Source: Forestry Department, 2008)

Natural forests in Java have declined substancially in the last decade:

10 million ha (1800an)1 million ha (1989)0.4 million ha (2005)

(Baplan, Dephut RI, 2007)

The water resources problems in Indonesia

• Anthropogenic influences: Change of land use and land covers ‐ degradation of forest land

• Water pollutions and deterioration of environmental qualities

• Decrease in water resources availability• Vicious circle of poverty as threat to water resources degradation

STUDY APPROACH: DEFINING THE HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

DEFINITIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY

“…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” [the Brundtland report, 1987)]

“…to declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man.” [the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969]

Security

Resilience Risk

Consequence VulnerabilitySocial

Governance

Environment

Economy

Social

Governance

Environment

Economy

Hazard Susceptibility

SECURITY RISK RESILIENCE

HIGH LOW HIGH

MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM

LOW HIGH LOW

Deteriorating Water Quality

Decreasing Water Quantity

EutrophicationSedimentation

/Landslides Floating Fish Cage Operation

Agricultural Activities

Issue Chart of Jatiluhur

Multi-purpose damPopulation

increaseIncreased industries

Water pollutionsand Solid wastes

Erosion/ Land degradation Complex

social issues

Floods/ Droughts

Infrastructure deterioration

Tech & Financial

issues

1

2

5

3/4

6 9/ 10

7

8

Water and food nexus -the challenge of competing

water uses

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011

Prod

uksi Jarin

g Ap

ung (Ton

)

Tahun

Purwakarta

Cianjur

Bandung

Bandung Barat

Completed in 1967

Completed in 1988

Completed in 1985

Fish production KJA 2004-2011

3000 x10 6m3

2160x10 6m3

881x10 6m3

790 GWh/yr

1426 GWh/yr

2156 GWh/yr

Integrated risk management is to consider comparative advantages of local resources in terms of supply-demand trade offs

Citarum basin

RICE PADDY PRODUCTION IN CITARUM BASIN, 2003-2012

THE WATER-FOOD NEXUS IN THECITARUM BASIN, INDONESIA

Irrigation Tertiery Canal With Service Area 240,000 Ha

Floating Net Fishery 20,000 units

The annual uncollected garbage that invariably ends up accumulating in the drainage system and rivers amounts 500,000 m3/year.

ON WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS OFCITARUM BASIN:

Water use efficiency: water-food nexus

Rice production 2010: Prod.land 5692 ha Rice prod 270,574 tons Rice productivity 5.598 tons/ha Irrigation water allocation 100dx1 l/s/ha ~

8.640x106 l/season/ha Water use efficiency = 8.64x106/5598 = 1543

liters water/kg rice

SUSTAINABILITY INDICATOR FOR JATILUHUR/ CITARUM BASIN: CARRYING CAPACITY

Sustainability of the Citarum basin can be determined by calculating the carrying capacity using simple water supply-demand analysis through balancing the water availability for the total water demands and directed by the mass conservation law.

Estimated water availability in 2010 and 2030:

average river discharge 182.3 m3/s (2010) and 212.5 m3/s (2030)

trend/rate of change+ 1.51 m3/s (1922-1980)

ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND IN 2010 AND 2030:

Estimated water demand in 2010 is 204.5 m3/s with the different uses as follows:o paddy irrigation 175 m3/s (partly satisfied from Jatiuhur

reservoir with effective storage 2100 billion m3) fisheries 10 m3/s electric power 9.5 m3/s (non consumptive use) DMI 20 m3/s

Water demand in 2030 is (175 + 10~100) m3/s or + 0.5 ~5 m3/s/year based on incremental change as follows: paddy irrigation - 2000 ha/year equivalent to: - 2 m3/s/yr fisheries + (0.5 ~ 2) m3/s/yr electric power ~ DMI + (2 ~ 5) m3/s/yr

WATER SUSTAINABILITY OFJATILUHUR/CITARUM BASIN BY 2030 Apparently, even at present condition in 2010, carrying

capacity of Citarum basin was overshot already at demand level of 204.5 m3/s exceeding the average water available at 182.3 m3/s, and the balance was achieved only by sacrificing the competing water demands

The likely sacrifice was through restricting the agricultural water demand, either by improved efficiency in irrigation water use or allocation reduction.

In the long term, irrigation water allocation might need to be reduced even more to 60% only of available water to satisfy the increasing water demands from other users by 2030.

CONCLUSIONS1) The water and food nexus resources of the

Jatiluhur/Citarum basin have been exhausted for the different uses of available water resources, even at present conditions. Therefore compromises among the competing water uses are required to accomplish sustainable management for the water-food nexus;

2) Integration of the different components of nexus resources with different measures must be represented into a common unit of measure;

3) Successful development of sustainability indicator as a method of nexus approach need to consider satisfying the basic conservation law of mass as sufficiency condition.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research was part of the Water-energy-food Nexus (WEFN) Project 2013-2015 supported by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto,

Japan. Sincere appreciation is gratefully expressed to the Department of Geophysics

and Meteorology, the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University for allowing this

academic leave.

THANK YOUTerima kasih