International Year of Chemistry 2011 - A Presentation by KSSP
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Transcript of International Year of Chemistry 2011 - A Presentation by KSSP
k´p-en-Xm-hØ
{]mb-amb-h-cn tkmUnb¯nsâ Ipdhv. ]n¨pw t]bpw ]dbpw.
t{]X-_m-[sb¶v hnizmkw.
cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-fpsS
k´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-bmWv
\mtam-cp- -cpw.
Dan-\oÀ Xp¸n-¡-f-bm-\p-Å-X-Ã.
• Hcp Znhkw H¶c enä-tdmfw Dan-\oÀ.
• `£Ww Dan\ocpw tNÀ v Nh- -c-¡-Ww. tSmt«m-¨msâ tSmtam-bnse Nh- -c-bv¡Â ]m«v.
• Dan-\ocnse Assa-tekv F¶ F³sskw A¶-Ps¯ amÄt«mkv F¶ ]©-km-c-bm¡namäp¶p.
• Bam-i-b- n-se¯n sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv A¾-hp-ambn tNcp-¶-Xp-hsc Assa-tekv {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡pw.
aq{X- p-c-I-fn 300 tImSn
• hnäm-an³ _n-þ12 sâ BKn-c-W-¯n\v klm-bn-¡p-¶ Kmkv{Snsâ DÂ-]m-Z-\w th−-{X-bnÃm- -h-cn _n-þ12 sâ Ipd-hp-−mIpw.
• C -c-¡mÀ _n-þ12 sâ Ipd-hp- ]cn-l-cn-¡m³\yqtdm-_-tbm¬ t]mepÅ _n-þ12 Kpfn-I-IÄIgn-¨n«v Hcp Imcy-hp-an-Ã. Kmkv{Sn-\n-ÃmsXAXpw BKn-cWw sN¿m-\m-In-Ã.
• Hcp hÀjw 300 tImSn cq]-bpsS Kpfn-I-IÄshdpsX aq{X-¯n-eqsS \jvS-am-Ip-¶p.
Aâm-kn-Up-IÄ Ign-¡p-t¼mÄ
• Bam-i-b- nse HCl sâ pH c−v B-Wv.
• Akn-Un-än¡v Ign-¡p¶ sPeq-kn t]mepÅAâm-kn-Up-IÄ, `£Ww Zln¨p Ignªv_m¡n-bpÅ HCl s\ \nÀÆo-cy-am-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-Wv.
• CXv `£Ww Ign-ªp-Ss\ Ign-¨mtem ?
• Aâm-kn-Up-IÄ `£-W-¯n\v Ac-a-Wn-¡qÀapt¼m `£Ww Ignªv 2þ3 aWn-¡qÀIgntªm am{Xw.
`£-Whpw acp¶pw
• hb-än `£-W-ap-Å-t¸mÄ Bkn-Up-
Ifpw D−m-Ipw.
• Nne Bâo-_-tbm-«n-¡p-I-tfbpw (DZm:
Bw]n-kn-en³) Bkn-Up-IÄ \in- n-¡pw.
• AXn-\m `£Ww Ign-ªÃ, shdpw hb-
än-emWv Ah Ign-t¡-−-Xv.
B¡-tlm-fnsâ Afhv
• hntZ-i-aZyw þ 42.8%
• Nmcmbw þ 35%
• _nbÀ þ 4%
• ssh³ þ 6%
• IÅv þ 4%
• A\-[n-IrX aZyw þ ambw þ sa -t\mÄ
DÅn-se- p¶ Nmcmbw
_nbÀ: 4% x 12 Hu¬kv = 0.48 Hu¬kv B¡-tlmÄ
ssh³: 12% x 4 Hu¬kv = 0.48 Hu¬kv B¡-tlmÄ
hnkvIn: 40% x 1.25 Hu¬kv = 0.50 Hu¬kv B¡-tlmÄ
kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv
• B¡-tlmÄ Unssl-t{Um-Pn-ss\-kn§v
F³ssk-ansâ (ADH) {]hÀ -\- -e-ambnF -t\mÄ Ak-ämÂUn-ssl-Um-Ip-¶p.
• Ak-ämÂUn-ssl-Uv Unssl-t{Um-Pn-ss\-kn§v
F³ssk-ansâ (ALDH) {]hÀ -\- -e-ambnAk-ämÂUn-ssl-Uv Ak-tääm-Ip-¶p.
• ]s£ Gjy³hwi-P-cn 50% t]cnepw ALDH
{]hÀ -\-£-a-a-Ã.
A]-ISw• ASn-ªp-Iq-Sp¶ Ak-ämÂUn-sslUv lrZ-b-
kv]-µ-\-¯nsâ \nc¡v IqSen\pw a\w]nc-«en\pw OÀ±nen\pw A[n-I-ip²o-I-cW¯n \psams¡ Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. CXv Ic-fn\v tISp-h-cp-¯p-¶p.
• aZy-]m\w \nÀ¯m³ \ÂIp¶ ssUkÄ^ndmw
ALDH sâ {]hÀ -\s¯ XS-bp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. aZy-]m\w \nÀ¯m-\pÅ B{K-lhpwCOm-i-ànbpw CÃm¯ BÄ¡v CXp \ÂIp-Ibpw ho−pw IpSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶Xv IqSp-X A]-I-S-am-Wv.
BÂhn-tbmssf
70 Zi-e£w
BÂhn-tbmssf-IÄ
70 NXp-c{i aoäÀ
hnkvXo˨w
•Hcp an\n-«n 6 enäÀ HmIvkn-P³.
•izmk-tImi tcmK-§Ä IqSp-¶p. ImcWw izkn-¡m³\à hmbphnÃ.
\Ã hmbp
• hmbp-hn 21% HmIvkn-P³. 5% D]-tbm-Kn¡pw. ]pd-t¯¡v hnSp¶ hmbp-hn 16% HmIvkn-P³.
• ]cn-k-cs¯ hmbp aWn-¡q-dn 3 {]mhiywF¦nepw amd-Ww, 6 {]mhiy¯n IqS-cp-Xv.
• Xd -hn-kvXoÀ®- nsâ 25% hmXnÂ+P¶Â -hn-kvXoÀ®w. shân-te-äÀ+Xmg¯pIqsS hmbpIS-¡m-\pÅ kwhn-[m-\w.
• kn\na Xotb-äÀ, kvIqÄ þ Dbcw IqSp-X thWw
]än-¡m³ ck-X-{´hpw
• cà-¯n lotam-t¥m-_n-\p-−v.
• lotam-t¥m-_n-\n Ccp-¼p--−v.
• Ccp-¼ns\ Im´w BIÀjn-¡pw.
• Im´nIInS¡bn Im´w D−v.
• AXn-\m Im´nIInS¡bn InS-¶m cà-Hm«w hÀ²n-¸n-¡pw. Akp-J-§Ä hcn-Ã.
• Xpcp-¼nepw Ccp-¼p-−v. ]ns¶t´ Im´w Xpcp-¼ns\ BIÀjn-¡m-¯Xv F¶v F´p-sIm-−mWv Bcpw tNmZn-¡m¯Xv ?
\nb-{´n-¡p-¶-hÀIpd-ªmÂ
hnjmZw
Ipd-ªmÂ
Akw-Xr]vXn
IqSn-bmÂ
tZjyw
cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-fpsS
Gä-¡p-d- n-emWv
\½psS kz`m-hs¯
\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Blm-chpw Xe-t¨mdpw
kntdm-t«m¬, tUm]an³ Ch-bpsS \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v
Ah-iy-amb {Sn]vä- m³ DÅ Blmcw
hnjm-Zs¯ CÃm-Xm-¡pw.
Xte-se-gp¯v
• cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä \½sf ASn-apSn kzm[o-\n-¡p¶p þ Xte-se-gp- v.
• Cu cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶-Xn \½psS `£-Ww, Nn´, A\p- -h-§Ä, ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄFÃmw henb ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p-−v.
• cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä \½psS kz`m-hs¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ \½psS `£-Whpw Nn´bpwA\p- -h-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§fpsS \nÀ½m-W-s¯bpw kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.
• \½psS Xte-se-gp v \ap¡v amän-sb-gp-Xmw.
{i²n-¡pI• ]mNIw Ipd¨p shÅ-¯nÂ.
• shÅw Duän-¡-f-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-I.
• AS-¨p-h¨v thhn-¡p-I.
• Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw sXmen
sN¯n-¡-f-b-cp-Xv.
• Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw thhn-¡-cp-Xv.
• ] -¡dnIÄ ssl{U-P³s]-tdm-
IvssktUm Dt¸m tNÀ¯
shÅ-¯n Igp-Ip-I.
]-¡
-dn-IÄ
thhn-¡
p-t¼mÄ
] -¡-dn-bnse \mcp-IÄ
• ]pdw-tXm-Snepw X−nepw
Ce-bnepw FÃmw skÃp-
temkv (\m-cv) D−v.
F§s\ ]mNIw
sNbvXmepw \mcn\v cmk-
amäw hcn-Ã. Aev]w arZp-
hm-Ip-sa¶p am{Xw. CXv
a\p-jy-i-co-c- n Zln-¡p-
Ibpw CÃ.
\mcp-IfpsS KpWw
• \mcv ae- nsâ hym]vXw hÀ²n- n-¡pw. tim[\ kpJ-I-c-am-¡pw.
• sImgp- ns\ hen-s¨-Sp-¡pw. Zl\w Ffp- -am-¡pw.
• AXn-\m ]¨-¡dn \pdp-¡p-t¼mÄ Bh-iy- n-e-[nIw sXmen sN¯n-¡-f-b-cp-Xv.
tKmX¼vv1. B« þ XhnSpw _oPm¶hpw {`qWhpw
tNÀ¶ s]mSn þ A¶-Phpw t{]m«o\pw Poh-Ihpw J\n-Phpw þ N¸m¯n D−m-¡m³
2. dh þ tKmX-¼nsâ _oPm¶w Xcn-bm-¡nbXv þ {][m-\-ambpw A¶Pw þ D¸p-am-hv, lÂh, ssakqÀ]m¡v F¶n-hbv¡v
3. ssaZ þ tKmX-¼nsâ DÄ¡m-¼p-am{Xw s]mSn-bm-¡n-bXv þ A¶Pw am{Xw þ s{_Uv, s]mtdm-«, tI¡v, _nkv¡äv þ ]i
CSn¨v Ipg-¡Ww
• N¸m-¯n-¡pÅ amhv \¶mbn Ii¡n aÀ±n¨v
Ipg-¡p-t¼mÄ A¶Pw ]pd-t¯¡p hcpw.
• _oä Assa-tekv F¶ F³sskansâ
{]hÀ -\- -e-ambn A¶Pw amÄt«mkv F¶
]©-km-c-bmbn amdpw. CXv amhn\v teiw
a[pcw D−m-¡pw.
• amhv Ipg¨v Ipd¨p t\cw hbv¡p-¶Xv \Ã-Xm-
Wv.
hmk\ thWw
•sdm«n samcn-¡p-t¼mgpÅ aWwB¡-tlm-Ä _mjv]o-I-cn-¡p-¶XmWv.
•amhn\v InWz\w kw -hn-¡p-
t¼mÄ D−m-Ip¶ B¡-tlmÄ
_mjv]o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpw ]©-kmc
Aev]w Icn-bp-¶-Xp-amWv N¸m-
¯n-bpsS sImXn-¸n-¡p¶ hmk-
\bv¡v Imc-Ww.
tISp-h¶ F®
• HmIvko-I-c-Ww aqe-ap-−m-Ip¶ Pe-hn-tÇ-jWw hgn
F®bv¡v ZpÀK-Ô-ap-−m-hp-Ibpw tISp-hcpIbpw
sN¿pwþ I\-bv¡p-I, ImdpIþ Btcm-Ky-¯n\v
lm\n-I-cw.
• Htc F® ]e-{]m-hiyw ]mN-I- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-
¨m F® hnL-Sn¨v At{Im-en³ F¶ hnj-
hkvXp D−m-Ipw.
• F®bpw sImgp¸pw `£-W-¯n\v kzmZv \ÂIpw.
• Aan-tXm-]-t`mKw A]-I-Sw.
tISm-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³• _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fpsS {]hÀ -\w-aq-e-
amWv shfns¨® I\-bv¡p-¶-Xv. F®-bn D¸p-]-c C«p-h-bv¡pt¼mÄ _mIvSo-cn-b-bpsS ico-c-¯n \n¶pÅ Pemwiw Hmkvtam-knkv aqew D¸n-te¡v hcpw.
• ]q¸Â ]nSn¨ tX§-bnÂ\n¶p−mIp¶ A vfmtSm-Ivkn³F¶ hnj-abLS-Is¯ F®shbn-e¯p h¡p-t¼mÄ AÄ{Sm-h-b-eäv civan-IÄ hnL-Sn¸n¨v hnj--a-baÃm-Xm-¡p-¶p.
F® s]m«p¶ Ip¸n-bnÂ
• F® Ipsd Imew-sIm−v ]Xps¡
]Xps¡ ¹mÌn-¡ns\ ImÀ¶v Xn¶pw.
• AXv \½psS ico-c-¯n-\p-Ån F¯p-
Ibpw sN¿pw.
AXp-sIm−v F® C¶p Xs¶
s]m«p¶ Ip¸n-bn-em-¡p-I.
apf- n-¡Â
• IS-ebpw ]bdpw Hs¡ apf- nt¨m Xte-Zn-h-kw-Xs¶
shÅ-¯n-en«v IpXnÀt¯m AÃ thhn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ
]qÀ®-ambpw Zln-¡msX h³Ip-S-en-te¡v F¯pw.
• IS-ebntebpw ]bdntebpw Zl-\-¯n\v XSÊw
\n¡p¶ LS-I§sf Ah apf-¡p-t¼mÄ D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m apf-¸n-¨h Ffp- - n Zln-¡p-¶p.
• h³Ip-S-en Zl\w \S-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw Zln-¡msX
_m¡n-h-¶-hsb _mIvSo-cn-b-IÄ Zln-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ
“Kymknsâ AkpJw” D−m-Ip-¶p.
Iªow ]bdpw
• Ic-fn t{]m«o³ \nÀ½mWw \S-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ20 Aan-t\m-A-¾-§Ä thWw. CXn H¶n-sÃ-¦n t{]m«o³ \nÀ½mWw \S-¡nsöp-am-{X-aÃDÅ ]s¯m-¼-Xn-t\bpw aq{X-¯n-eqsS ]pd- -Åp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
• Iªn-bn 19 Aan-t\m-A-¾-§Ä D−v. Ccp-]-Xm-at¯Xv (sseko³) ]b-dn-ep-−v.
• Iªow ]b-dpw -þ- tNmdpw Idn-I-fpw þ CXmWvtNcp-h-I-fpsS {]m[m-\yw.
\nd-§Ä thWw• ck-X-{ -]-c-ambn hfsc IqSp-X {]hÀ -\-
§-fn GÀs -Sm³ Ign-hpÅ IWn-I-I-fmWv
Free radicals.
• {]mb-am-Ip-I F¶ {]{In-b D−m-Im-\pÅ HcpImc-W-w icoctImi-§-fn IqSp-X-embn D−m-
Ip¶ Free radicals BWv.
• ] -¡-dn-IÄ, ]g-§Ä Ch-bpsS \nd¯n\vtlXp-hmb hkvXp¡Ä, hnäm-an³ F, kn Ch-
sbms¡ Cu Free radicals \v FXntcAntioxidant Bbn {]hÀ¯n-¡pw.
hÀ®-I-§Ä
• kzm`m-hnI hÀ®-I-§Ä þ aªÄ, Ip¦p-a-¸qhv
• Ir{Xna hÀ®-I-§Ä þ A\p-h-Zn-¨n-«p-ÅXv F«v
F®w þ AXn Xs¶ SmÀSvdm-kn³ Nne
AeÀPn-tcm-K-§Ä D−m-¡pw.
• A\p-h-Zn-¨n-«n-Ãm-¯h þ saäm-en³ FtÃm(_ncn-
bm-Wn, eÍp, aªÄs]mSn), seUvt{Im-taäv
(aªÄs]mSn), Xpcn-iv(-]m-h-¡, ]«m-Wn- -b-dv)
• saäm-en³ FtÃm Adn-b-s -Sp¶ AÀ_p-Z-Im-cn.
a®nse sImtfm-bvUp-IÄ
• Hcp ssat{Im-ao-ä-dn Ipd-hphep-¸apÅ Xcn-
IfpÅ Ifn-a®pw t¢Z-hp-w a®nse
sImtfmbvUv kz`m-h-apÅhbmWv.
• Ch¡v (þ) sshZypX NmÀPp−v. AXn-\m ]c-
kv]cw hnIÀjn-¡pw. NmÀPp-Å hkvXp¡Ä
tNÀ¯m sImtfmbvUv kz`m-hanÃm-Xm-Ipw.
• ]m Hcp sImtfmbvUv. ]pfntbm Dt¸m
tNÀ¯m ]ncn-bpw.
hnfI-fpsS Blmcw
• hnf-IÄ¡v t]mj-I-aq-ey-§Ä Atbm-Wp-I-fmtb kzoI-cn-¡m-\m-Iq. IqSp-Xepw [\-A-tbm-Wp-I-fm-bmWv kzoI-cn-¡-s -Sp-I.
• sImtfm-bvUp-IÄ¡v EW NmÀPmWvF¶-Xn-\m [\ NmÀPpÅ Atbm-Wp-IÄ sImtfm-bvUp-Ifn ]än- n-Sn-¡pw.
Ip½mbw tNÀ¡Â
• tIc-f- nse `qcn- mKw a®p-Ifpw A¾o-b-
amWv. Cu a®n ImÕy-¯nsâ A`m-h-
ap-−mIpw F¶-Xn-\m Ip½mbw
tNÀ¡Â Bh-iy-ambn hcp-¶p.
• [\m-b-W-, EWm-b-W hn-\n-a-b-
ab§Ä¡pw Ip½mbw tNÀ¡Â {][m-\-
am-Wv.
t]mjI aqe-I-§Ä
• {]Ir-Xn-bn 92þ kky-tIm-i-§-fn 60þ hfÀ¨¡v 17.
• ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³, ss\{S-P³,- t^m-kv -d-kv, s]m«m-kyw, ImÕyw, aáojyw, KÔ-Iw, amwK-\o-kv, Ccp-¼v, sN¼v, \mIw, tamfn-_vUn-\w, t_mtdm¬, t¢mdn³, \n¡Â.
• IqSmsX acp-`q-an-bnse Nne sNSn-IÄ¡vtkmUn-bw, ss\{S-P³ kw -cn-¡p¶ _mIvSo-cn-b-IÄ¡v tIm_mÄ«v, s\Ãn\pw Icn-¼n\pw knen-¡¬
Ah-iy-aq-e-I-§Ä
• 17  3 þ D-W-§nb kky`mK¯nsâ 94 % hpwImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³þhm-bp-hn \n¶pw Pe-¯n \n¶pw e`y-am-Ipw.
• _m¡n 14 \v a®v Xs¶ B{ibw
• {]mY-anI t]mjIaqe-I-§Ä/ hfaqe-I-§Äþss\{S-P³,- t^m-kv -d-kv, s]m«m-kywþIq-SnbAf-hn thWw.
• ZznXob t]mjIaqe-I-§Äþ ImÕyw, aáojyw, KÔ-Iw.
• kq£va aqe-I-§Ä- þ- 11 F®w.
ImÀ_¬þss\-{S-P³
A\p-]mXw• It¼m-Ìn ssPhm-h-in-jvS-§Ä \¶mbn
hnL-Sn¨v sNSn¡v Ffp¸w hen-s -Sp-¡m-hp¶
AhØbnÂ.
• ss\{S-P³ t{kmX-Êp-IÄþNmW-Iw, io-a-s¡m-
¶, ]b-dp-hÀ¤-]-¨n-e-IÄ, tImgn-¡m-jvTw,
Noª-aÕyw.
• ImÀ_¬-þ-ss\-{S-P³ A\p-]mXw 10 : 1
BIWw
ssPh-h-fw-þ-{]-iv\-§Ä
• C´y-bn Irjn-sN-¿p¶ hnf-I-sfÃmw IqSn
a®nÂ\n¶pw Hcp hÀjw 28 Zi-e£w S¬
t]mj-I-§Ä FSp-¡p-¶p. NmW-Iw, a\p-jy-
a-ew, hnfm-h-in-jvS-§Ä XpS-§n-bhsbÃmw
Iq«n-bmepw BsI 5.6 Zi-e£w S¬ t]mj-
I-§tf Xncn¨v \ÂIm³ Ign-bq.
• ssPh-hfw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn- m slIvS-dn\v
5 S¬ F¶Xv 14 S¬ Bbn DbÀ -Ww.
cmk-h-fw-þ-{]-iv\-§Ä
• Aan-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- m ]mcn-Øn-XnI
{]iv\-§Ä
• ssPh-hfw CÃmsX cmk-hfw am{X-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn- m a®nse t]mj-I-tiJcw
CÃm-Xm-Ipw. kq£va-aq-e-I-§-fpsS Ipd-hp-
−m-Ipw.
• CXv a®n-s\ Xs¶ _m[n-¡pw.
ssPh-Ir-jnþ]cn-anXn-IÄ
• hym]-I-ambn ssPh-Irjn¡v Bh-iy-amb ssPh-
h-f-¯nsâ e`yX C¶nÃ.
• ]s£ ssPhhfw Bh-iy-¯n\v e`y-amb Øe-
§-fn DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn amä-an-ÃmsX cmk-
hfw ]qÀ®-ambn Hgn-hm¡n Irjn km²y-hpam-Wv.
• Aan-X-amb cmk-hf{]tbmKw Ipg- -ap-−m-¡n-bn-«n-
Ãm¯ Xcn-ip-In-S-¡p¶ Øe-§-fn ssPh-Irjn
]co-£n-¡mw.
DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-
• C¶v cmk-hfw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Øe v cmk-
hfw ]qÀ®-ambpw Hgn-hm-¡p-t¼mÄ DXv]m-Z-\-
£-a-X-bn Ipd-hp-h-cpw. F¶m 5þ6 hÀjw
sIm−v DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X- hos−-Sp-¡m-\m-Ipw.
• a®n\v tISp-h-cp- msX DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X- hÀ²n-
¸n-¡m³ cmk-hfw Ce-I-fn Xfn-¨p-sIm-
Sp¡mw. (Folicular absorption)
kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbm-Kw
• ssPh-h-f-{]-tbmKw a®nsâ ^e-]pjvSn
\ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb `uXn-I, cmk-
Kp-W-§Ä sa¨-s -Sp- p-¶-Xn\v.
• t]mj-I-aq-e-I-§Ä cmk-h-f-§-fn-eqsS.
• A¾X IqSnb a®n Ip½mbw tNÀ¡Â.
• Ip½mb¯ntâbpw cmk-h-f¯ntâbpw
Afhv Bh-iy-¯n\v am{Xw.
{i²n-t¡-−h
a®v ^e-]p-jvSn-tbmsS
\ne-\n¡-W-sa-¦n ssPh-hfw,
cmk-hfw, Pohm-Wp-hfw, Ip-½mbw
F¶nh Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw tNÀ¡Â,
If-\n-b-{ -Ww, Dghv Ipd-¡Â,
]pX-bn-SoÂ, hnf-]-cn-{I-aw, ]b-dp-Ir-jn,
a®p-kw-c-£Ww
F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw {i²n-t¡−Xp−v.
cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄA]-I-S-km-[y-X-¡-\p-k-cn¨v hnhn[
te_-ep-IÄ
1. Nph¸v
2. aª
3. \oe
4. ]¨
Nph¸pw aªbpw te_-epÅ IoS-\m-in-\n-
IÄ A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ch Ign-hXpw Hgn-
hm-¡Ww
IoS-\m-in-\n-IfpsS te_epIÄ
Nph¸v
• BÂUn-ImÀ_v
• s_µn-tbm-ImÀ_v
• -^q-d-Um³
• ImÀ_-dn³
• UnHm-IvtkmÀ_v
• ^nt\m-_q-ImÀ_v
• s^t\m-Ivko-ImÀ_v
• sFtkm-t{]m-ImÀ_v
• satXm-a-bnÂ
aª
• F³tUm-Ä^m³
• t{]mkn-t\m-t^mkv
• {Snbm-tkm-t^mkv
\oe
• _nIvtkmÄ
• skhn-tUmÄ
• skhn-tamÄ
ssPh-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ
• ]pIbne¡jmbw
• ths¸-®- m-bkw
• th¸n³Ip-cp-I-jmbw
• as®® an{inXw
• Xpf-kn-bn-e-an-{inXw
• Im´m-cn-ap-fIp emb\n
kpdp-a-sb-gp-Xnb...............
• 1979þÂ apws_ I¬kyq-aÀskm-sskddn
Hm^v C´y ]co-£n¨ 13 kpdpa {_mâp-I-
fn 12 F®- nepw Imco-b- nsâ (se-
Uv) Afhv 29.7% apXÂ 85.7% hsc-bm-
sW¶v dnt¸mÀ«p sNbvXncp¶p.
• ]n©p-Ip-ªp-§sf \½Ä AWn-bn-s¨m-cp-
¡p-¶Xv CXp-sIm-−m-sW-t¶mÀ¡-Ww.
Idp- n-t\-g-gIv
• \mc-§m-\o-cv,- ssl-{U-P³s]-tdm-Ivssk-
Uv,- em-IvänIv A¾w XpS-§nb arZp-hÀW-
lm-cn-IÄ Xmev¡m-en-I-am-bn- shfp- n-¡pw.
• AXn-\m CS-¡nsS »o¨p- sN¿Ww.
• CXv sXmensb t\À¸n-¡p-Ibpw tcmK-{]-
Xn-tcm-[-tijn \jvS-s -Sp- p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶p.
shfp-¡m³ tX -Xv.........
• saÀ¡p-dnIvt¢mssd-Uv, ssl-t{Um-Izn-t\m¬ XpS-
§nb ià-amb hÀW-lm-cn-IÄ saem-\nsâ
cmk-L-S-\- amäpw.
• sslt{Um-Izn-t\m¬ saem-\ns\ s{]msa-em-\n\m¡n amäpw.
• HmÀ¡pI NÀ½s¯ AÄ{Sm-h-b-eäv civan-I-fnÂ\n¶pw c£n-¡p-¶Xv saem-\n-\mWv.
• hÀW-lmcnI-Ä arZpsh-¦n \nd-¯n\v amä-anÃ.
ià-amb hÀWlmcnIÄ A]-I-S-hp-w.
hm\n-jnMv {Iow
• Ìnb-dnIv A¾hpw s]m«m-kyw- ssl-t{Um-
IvsskUpw tNÀ¯p \nÀ½n¡p¶ arZp-tkm¸pw
{Zmh-I-F-®bpw sagpIpw tNÀ¶XmWv AkvX-
te-]-\-§Ä.
• Hcp tkm¸p-I-«-sIm−v apJ- p-c-bv¡pI F¶-
Xn Ihnªv henb KpW-sam¶pw CXpsIm-
−nÃ.
• ]s£ hnetbm?
AP-K-Pm-´cw
• kuµ-cy-hÀ²I hkvXp-¡-fp-sS-sbÃmw\nÀ½m-W-s¨-ehpw hnebpw X½n henbA -c-am-Wv.
• ho«n-semcp N«n-bn hfÀ¯m-hp¶
IämÀhmg “Contains Alovera”Fs¶-gpXnIp¸n-bn hcp-t¼mÄ hne 200þ300 cq]-bmIpw.
]c-ky-§Ä¡p ]ndtI
• Ij-−n-bn apSn-In-fn-¡m³
• h®w Ipd-¡m³
• hbdp Ipd-¡m³
• _p²n- hn-I-kn-¡m³
• s]m¡w sh¡m³
• ]Ãnsâ Btcm-Ky- n\v