International Technology Transfer

(ITT)

“New technologies from universities andresearch institutions to parties capable ofcommercialization”

Or in the sense of “Transfer of technologies acrossinternational borders, generally from developed todeveloping countries”.

• skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing.

Reasons for Technology Transfer:

Many reasons exist that why company would like to transfer its technology;

1) Due to lack of manufacturing capacity: A production of similar products are producing with minimum quantity so they need to transfer for larger manufacturing.

2) Due to lack of resources: Transfer of technology because there need of such resources which are not available to him/her.

3) Due to lack of marketing distribution and distribution capability: May have fully developed technology and even has approvals for launching the products but it may not have marketing and distribution channels so, must collaborate with another organization to that has capability.

4) Forming alliances with partners: that leads technology to take it to market. It forms marketing and distribution with partners and increases distribution capability.

5) Exploitation in field of transferring technology:If the inventing organization is a government laboratory, that

laboratory is forbidden in general by law or policy (in the United States) from competing with the private sector by selling products or processes. Therefore, the technology can only be brought to market by a private firm.

Licensing and FranchisingFranchising: is the practice of the right to use a firm's

successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time.

Is a huge business worldwide.

However, to be in a position to franchise your

business, product or service, you must be

successful.

Franchising and Licensing

Types of franchising:1) Distribution franchise: Product distribution franchises simply sell

the franchisor’s products and are supplier-dealer relationships.2) Manufacturing franchise: A franchiser grants a manufacturer the

right to produce and sell goods using its name and trademark.

3) Service franchise: That serves customer services, it means giving the ownership of similar product for only Customer satisfaction.

4) Business format franchise: not only use a franchisor’s product, service and trademark, but also the complete method to conduct the business itself, such as the marketing plan and operations manuals.

Franchising and Licensing

Licensing: Licensing simply means give Permission for a business entity.

A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)."

Franchising and Licensing

Licensing steps:

1) Identify and define technology:

2) Evaluate potential:

3) Negotiate the agreement:

4) Transfer the technology:

5) Monitor the license:

6) Terminate the deal:

Legal aspects of Franchising

A franchise is a particular form of licensing agreement indicating an agreement between the franchiser and franchisee.

Franchiser provides certain legal aspects relating franchising;

Copyrights - original works of authorship fixed in any tangible expression form

Patents - inventions

Trademarks - words, names or symbols identifying goods made or sold, distinguishing them from others…

Patent Violations

Patent: No one allowed for violating the rights of inventor by making same product by other company.

Patent infringement may vary by jurisdiction (Court of law).

(Patent infringement is a very large and complicated topic).

Patent Violations

Patent infringement occurs when a party makes, uses, offers to sell, sells, or imports products covered by the patent without the patent owner’s permission.

Apple and Taiwan-based HTC are currently engaged in an ongoing battle over smart phones, with each company accusing the other of patent infringement.

What will happen if someone sues me for patent infringement?

A patent owner can sue you in federal court for patent infringement.

If the patent owner is able to prove infringement, the court may order you to pay monetary damages and/or stop infringing one or more patent claims.

Protection of Trademark

A trademark, trade mark, or trade-mark is a recognizable sign, design or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others

Also, they can assure them about the quality of the products and therefore, play an important role in the market place.

Trademarks are registered in Developed countries where they serve its Right.

Protection of Trademark

Protection of well-known marks;

Many countries protect unregistered well-known marks in accordance with their international obligations under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement).

Protection of Trademark

How to protect trademark?you need both a good offense and a good defense.

The offense starts with choosing the business name, slogan, or logo that you want to, and will be able to, protect (Hard for competitors to steal).The defense comes once you have begun using your trademark—and involves three strategies:

• Using your mark correctly

• Monitoring for potential infringements, and

• Cracking down on those who trespass on your trademark turf.

Well! Nothing is free, for protection you will have to pay your tax in shape of insurance.

International Agreements Concerning Intellectual Property

There are few agreements which are internationally performed as follows;

The Agreement of Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO members.

International Agreements Concerning Intellectual Property

International intellectual property law is governed by multilateral agreements;

1) Paris convention2) Madrid agreement concerning the international registration of

trademark3) Madrid protocol4) World trade Organization Agreement Trade-Related aspects of

Intellectual Property (1995) and this agreement replaced General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) (1947-1994)

&5) World Intellectual Property Organization resolves International

intellectual property disputes.All these Agreements are followed by 158 Countries.