Artwork Courtesy of Jamie Gilmore www.gilmorearts.com

International Sandalwood Symposium 2012

East-West Center Conference CenterUniversity of Hawai’i, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

21-24 October 2012INTERNATIONAL SANDALWOOD FOUNDATION

SYMPOSIUM AGENDA SUNDAY-21 OCTOBER 2012 12:00-2:00- REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION 2:00-2:30 OPENING REMARKS Danica T. Harbaugh-Reynaud1, Dan Reynaud1, & Susan Leopold2 (Moderators), 1International Sandalwood Foundation, CA, USA; United Plant Savers, VT, USA. 2:30-3:30 [1.1] KEYNOTE ADDRESS: SANDALWOOD PLANTATIONS IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Anantha Padmanabha, Forestry Consultant, Bangalore, India 3:30-4:00 [1.2] SANDALWOOD MARKET AND THREATS Tim Coakley, Wescorp Group of Companies, WA, Australia 4:00-4:30 SNACK BREAK 4:30-5:00 [1.3] HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF TRADITIONAL USE AND POST-CONTACT EXPLOITATION OF SANDALWOOD SPECIES IN HAWAI’I AND OTHER TROPICAL PACIFIC ISLANDS Mark Merlin, Botany Department, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI, USA 5:00-5:30 [1.4] ILIAHI FOUNDATION OF HAWAII Jon Larson, Jim Haley, Ron Iwamoto, Iliahi Foundation, HI, USA 5:30-5:50 [1.5] ILIAHI ALOHA, THE SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HAWAII'S SANDALWOOD Leigh-Wai Doo, Foundation for the Islands of Harmony, HI, USA 5:50-6:00 HULA PERFORMANCE: “PUA ILIAHI” Dancers from Iliahi Elementary School, HI, USA 6:00-8:00 DINNER RECEPTION

MONDAY- 22 OCTOBER 2012 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN & COFFEE SESSION 2: CHEMISTRY & GENETICS 9:00-9:10 INTRODUCTION Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao (Moderator), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, TN, USA and Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, FL, USA 9:10-9:30 [2.1] THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY: A REVIEW ON SANDALWOOD QUALITY D.S. Hettiarachichi, Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Australia 9:30-9:50 [2.2] NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF SANDALWOOD ESSENTIAL OILS Daniel Joulain*1, Jean Waikedre1, Hugues Brévard2,, 1Serei No Nengone, District de Guahma, Lieu dit Lyo, B.P. 142, 98858 Tadine, New Caledonia (France); 2 Robertet S.A., Grasse (France) 9:50-10:10 [2.3] CHEMICAL DIVERSITY AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF AUSTRALIAN SANDALWOODS’ (SANTALUM SPICATUM) ESSENTIAL OIL Jessie Moniodis*1,2, Christopher G Jones1, Julie A Plummer1, Emilio Ghisalberti2, Liz L Barbour1,5 and Jörg Bohlmann3 , 1School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Australia; 2School of Chemistry, University of Western Australia, Australia; 3Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Canada; 4Forest Products Commission of Western Australia, Australia 10:10-10:30 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 10:30-10:50 COFFEE BREAK 10:50-11:10 [2.4] ACOUSTIC IMAGING OF SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM) LOGS Roger Turpening*1, Carol Asiala1, John Diebel2, Chris Done3, & Andrew Brown4, 1Geophysical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA; 2Technology Commercialization, Michigan Technological University, USA; 3Tropical Forestry Services, Ltd., Australia; 4Mount Romance Australia Pty, Ltd., Australia.

                                                                                                               

11:10-11:30 [2.5 TBC] THERMAL DEGRADATION STUDIES OF SANTALUM ALBUM/SPICATUM WOOD AND SANDALWOOD INCENSES Harendrakumar Dave, Department of Natural Science, ECU, Australia 11:30-11:50 [2.6] BIOCHEMICAL COLOUR REACTION A TOOL TO EVALUATE OIL CONTENT IN SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) TREES S. H. Jain*, G. Ravi Kumar, K. Murugesan & S.C. Joshi, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India 11:50-12:00 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 12:00-1:00 LUNCH BREAK 1:00-1:30 [2.7] GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO SANDALWOOD SPECIES, SOURCES, SUBSTITUTION & SUSTAINABILITY Danica T. Harbaugh Reynaud, International Sandalwood Foundation, El Cerrito, CA, USA; AuthenTechnologies LLC, Albany, CA. 1:30-1:50 [2.8] MAPPING SANDAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN INDIA: THREATS AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao*,1,2, K.N. Ganeshaiah3, & R. Uma Shaanker4, 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 2Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, FL, USA, 3Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore India, 4Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India. 1:50-2:10 [2.9] EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTED AREAS IN CONSERVING SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) GENETIC RESOURCES Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao*,1,2, K.N. Ganeshaiah3, & R. Uma Shaanker4, 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, TN, USA, 2Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, FL, USA, 3Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore India, 4Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India. 2:10-2:30 [2.10 TBC] TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS FOR DEFINING THE SANTALOL PRODUCTION IN SANTALUM ALBUM Arti Rani*, Puja Ravikumar, & Anil Kush, Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation, Bangalore, India 2:30-3:00 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 3:00-3:30 SNACK BREAK

TUESDAY- 23 OCTOBER 2012 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN & COFFEE SESSION 3: CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION 9:00-9:10 INTRODUCTION Sylvia Yuen (Moderator), Special Assistant to University of Hawaii President M. R. C. Greenwood on Food Security and Safety, HI, USA 9:10-9:40 [3.1] THE SUCCESS OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD IN AUSTRALIA Richard Alston, TFS Corporation, WA, Australia 9:40-10:00 [3.2] DOMESTICATION OF SANDALWOOD TREES IN DRYLAND AND SEMI-ARIDS OF NORTH INDIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Anjani Kumar* & Abha Sharma, Global Education & Research Foundation, Delhi, India 10:00-10:20 [3.3] SANTALUM IN SUCCESSION AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ON LEEWARD HAWAII ISLAND Neil Logan, Mohala Lehua Farm, Kohala HI 10:20-10:40 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 10:40-11:00 COFFEE BREAK 11:00-11:20 [3.4] REVIEW OF SANTALUM ALBUM SEED PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENTS WITH A FOCUS ON LOW-COST METHODS Bronwyn Clarke & John Doran, CSIRO Plant Industry, Australian Tree Seed Centre, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia 11:20-11:40 [3.5 TBC] CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD PLANTS AS A TOOL FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE ARAVALI HILLS OF INDIA Abha Sharma* & Anjani Kumar, Global Education & Research Foundation, Delhi, India 11:40-12:00 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 12:00-1:00 LUNCH BREAK SESSION 4: ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT 1:00-1:10 INTRODUCTION Randy Senock (Moderator), California State University at Chico, CA, USA

1:10-1:30 [4.1] EFFECTS OF HOST TREES ON WESTERN AUSTRALIAN SANDALWOOD SEED OIL D. S. Hettiarachchi*1,2, Z. Y. Ang2, J .E. Brand3, J. E. D. Fox4, V. B. Sunderland2 & Y. Liu4, 1Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd., WA, Australia; 2School of Pharmacy Curtin University, WA, Australia; 3Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, WA, Australia; 4Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, WA, Australia 1:30-1:50 [4.2] OPERATION WOYLIE AND SUSTAINABLE SANDALWOOD IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN OUTBACK Benjamin Sawyer, Forest Products Commission, WA, Australia 1:50-2:10 [4.3] STATUS OF DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SANTALUM PANICULATUM IN THE DRY MONTANE FORESTS OF THE BIG ISLAND R.S. Senock*1, W.C. Lee2, A.J. Lee2, & A. Johnson1, 1California State University at Chico, CA, USA, 2Haloa Aina, HI, USA 2:10-2:30 [4.4] CURRENT STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE ON THE ECOLOGY OF SANTALUM PANICULATUM IN THE DRY MONTANE FORESTS OF THE BIG ISLAND R.S. Senock*1, W.C. Lee2 & A.J. Lee2, 1California State University at Chico, CA, USA, 2Haloa Aina, HI, USA 2:30-2:50 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 2:50-3:10 SNACK BREAK 3:10-3:30 [4.5] INSECT PEST COMPLEXES OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) IN AREAS OUTSIDE FOREST AND THE CHALLENGES IN ITS MANAGEMENT (20 min) Ramachandran Sundararaj*, O.K. Remadevi, Raja Muthukrishnan, and S.C. Joshi, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India 3:30-3:50 [4.6] MOLLUSCAN PESTS OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) IN INDIA Ramachandran Sundararaj* & Lingappa Basappa, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India 3:50-4:10 [4.7] SANDALWOOD BIODETERIORATION IN INDIAN CONDITIONS – CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIES O.K. Remadevi*, Raja Muthukrishnan, & S.C. Joshi, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India 4:10-4:30 [4.8 TBC] REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF THREE

SPECIES OF SANDALWOOD (S. ALBUM, S. AUSTROCALEDONICUM AND S. LANCEOLATUM) Tony Page, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia 4:30-4:50 [4.9 TBC] ARAECERUS FASCICULATUS LINN. (ANTHRIBIDAE: COLEOPTERA) BREEDING ON SANTALUM ALBUM SEEDS: A CHALLENGE TO SANDAL CULTIVATION/ SEED ORCHARDS AND PLANTATIONS Raja. Muthukrishnan*, V. Varun Rajan, O.K. Remadevi & S.C.Joshi, Wood Biodegradation Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India 4:50-5:20 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION

WEDNESDAY- 24 OCTOBER 2012 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN & COFFEE SESSION 5: REGIONAL USE & DEVELOPMENT 9:00-9:10 INTRODUCTION Mark Merlin (Moderator), Department of Botany, University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA 9:10-9:30 [5.1] SANTALUM ALBUM: CURRENT STATUS AND RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SRI LANKA S.M.C.U.P. Subasinghe*1, B.S. Nawarathne2, H.K. Rohana2,& D.S. Hettiarachchi3, 1Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; 2Sadaharitha Plantations Limited, 6A, Alfred Place, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka; 3Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Limited, 26, Coulson Way, Canning Vale, WA 6155, Australia 9:30-9:50 [5.2] SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR PROVINCE, INDONESIA Yani Septiani1 & Titiek Setyawati, Directorate General of Forest Utilization, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia. 9:50-10:10 [5.3] MUSINGS OF A SANDALWOOD OIL DISTILLER John Day, Paperbark Essential Oils, WA, Australia 10:10-10:30 COFFEE BREAK 10:30-10:50 [5.4] UPDATE ON SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND TRADE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Lex Thomson, EU-FACT Team Leader, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji 10:50-11:10 [5.5 TBC] TONGA: TITLE TBA Tevita Faka’osi, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji 11:10-11:40 [5.6] COMMUNITY-MEDIATED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SANDALWOOD CONSERVATION: A DISCUSSION FORUM TOWARDS A COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE BASE Ryan D. Huish*1, Helen K. McKinney1, Cara Rose Wyatt1, Tevita Faka’osi2, Heimuli Likiafu2, Joseva Mateboto3; 1 Biology Department, Hollins University, USA, 2Tongan Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Fisheries and Forests, 3 Fiji Department of Forestry 11:40-12:00 [5.7 TBC] STUDY OF ETHNOBOTANY RELATED MECHANICAL PULPING OF SANTALUM ALBUM/SANTALUM SPICATUM WOOD

Harendrakumar Dave, Department of Natural Science, ECU, Australia 12:00-1:00 LUNCH BREAK 1:00-1:20 [5.8] SANDALWOOD OIL: EVERYDAY USE IN NORTH AMERICA Tim Blakley, Aura Cacia & Frontier Coop, HI, USA 1:20-1:40 [5.9] HAWAII’S SANDALWOOD NUT TREES Mark Hanson, Hawaii Reforestation Program, Mt. View, Hawaii, USA 1:40-2:00 [5.10] SEEMINGLY ENDLESS AMOUNTS OF SANDALWOOD Stephen E. S. Smith, Hawaii Forestry Management Consultants, HI, USA 2:00-2:20 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 2:20-2:40 SNACK BREAK SESSION 6: REGULATION & SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT Moderators: Danica Harbaugh-Reynaud and Sheri Mann 2:40-3:00 [6.1] INTRODUCTION & SUSTAINABLE SANDALWOOD™ CERTIFICATION: WHAT, WHY, AND HOW? Danica Harbaugh-Reynaud (Moderator) & Daniel Reynaud, International Sandalwood Foundation, CA, USA 3:00-3:20 [6.2] HAWAIIAN SANDALWOODS AND THE UNITED PLANT SAVERS “AT-RISK LIST” TOOL Susan Leopold, United Plant Savers, VT, USA 3:20-3:40 [6.3] CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Patricia Ford, Division of Scientific Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA, USA 3:40-4:20 [6.4] THE FUTURE OF ‘ILIAHI, HAWAIIAN SANDALWOOD: LEARNING FROM THE PAST AND LOOKING FORWARD Paul Conry, Interim Deputy Director for Department of Lands and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘I, HI, USA 4:20-5:00 QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION 5:00-5:15 CLOSING REMARKS 5:15-6:30 [TBC] DOFAW RECEPTION

STEERING COMMITTEE Dr. Danica Harbaugh-Reynaud (Chair) Executive Director, International Sandalwood Foundation, CA, USA Dr. Susan Leopold (Co-Chair) Executive Director, United Plant Savers, VT, USA Ms. Bronwyn Clarke Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO Plant Industry, Australia Mr. Tim Coakley Executive Chairman, Wescorp International, Australia Mr. Leigh-Wai Doo Foundation for the Islands of Harmony, HI, USA Dr. John Doran Forestry Consultant, Australia Dr. J.B. Friday College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Univ. of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA Mr. Jim Haley Director, Iliahi Foundation, HI, USA Dr. Mark Merlin Department of Botany, University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA Dr. Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao Dept. of Plant Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Dept. of Biological Sci., Polk State College Dr. Lex Thomson Facilitating Agriculture Commodity and Trade Team Leader, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Fiji, Dr. Sylvia Yuen Special Assistant to University of Hawaii President M. R. C. Greenwood on Food Security and Safety, HI, USA

Iliahi Level

Thank You to Our Sponsors!

Haloa Aina

Australian Tree Seed CentreCSIRO Plant Industry

Wescorp International

Botanical Dimensions

Division of Forestry & WildlifeHawai’i Department of Land and

Natural Resources

Seed Level

Seedling Level

ORGANIZER & SPONSOR CONTACT INFORMATION International Sandalwood Foundation Web: www.sandalwoodfoundation.org Contact: Danica Harbaugh-Reynaud, Executive Director Email: danica@sandalwoodfoundation.org Phone: 1-510-965-5310 Mail: P.O. Box 2924, El Cerrito, CA 94530 USA Mission: International Sandalwood Foundation 501(c)(3) charitable, nonprofit organization incorporated in 2007 dedicated to the conservation of sandalwoods and other threatened flora of the Pacific and Asia through education, research and sustainable harvesting programs. The International Sandalwood Foundation brings together the world’s leading scientists and sandalwood experts, landowners, growers, and representatives from natural products industries and local governments for one common goal: conserving one of world’s most culturally and economically valuable plants. Through its novel and ambitious three core programs, Sustainable Sandalwood™, SandalGeneBank™, and SandalSeedBank™ the International Sandalwood Foundation aims to ensure that sandalwood sold on the market today has originated from sustainable sources, increasing its marketability, and to guarantee that seeds and genetic resources are preserved for future generations. Other activities of the Foundation include educational workshops and discussion forums to bridge-the-gap between individual and corporate members and the public, to help bring awareness of the research and conservation issues facing sandalwood today. United Plant Savers Web: www.unitedplantsavers.org Contact: Susan Leopold, Executive Director Email: susan@unitedplantsavers.org Phone: 1-802-476-6467 Mail: P.O. Box 400, East Barre, VT 05649 Mission: Our mission is to protect native medicinal plants of the United States and Canada and their native habitat while ensuring an abundant renewable supply of medicinal plants for generations to come. Wescorp International Web: www.wescorp.com.au and www.newmountain.com.au Contact: Tim Coakley, Executive Chairman Email: tim@wescorp.com.au Phone: +61-894555788 Mail: P.O. Box 1298, Canning Vale, Western Australia, 6970 Mission: Wescorp Holdings Pty Ltd is a private holding company with four 100% owned subsidiary companies that operate in the industry of Sandalwood and Agarbatti. It was established in September 1987 and includes: Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd, which is the world specialist in Santalum spicatum

sandalwood. It processes and markets over 2,000 tonne of Western Australian sandalwood per annum. It is the agent for Forest Products Commission of Western Australia for processing and marketing all of the Governments sandalwood; New Mountain Sandalwood Pty Ltd is a manufacturer, brand owner, and marketeer of finished sandalwood products to Australian retailers and distributors overseas; Wescorp Agarwood Pty Ltd; and Wescorp Pacific Sandalwood Pty Ltd specialises in all other Santalum sandalwood other than spicatum. This merchant company trades in Santalum lanceolatum, yasi and austrocaledonicum. The five major objectives we strive to achieve: Provide satisfactory returns on shareholder's funds generated from core business activities within our 50 year plan; Achieve and maintain beneficial relationships with suppliers and customers by understanding their needs, and promoting open and transparent communications; Provide employees with opportunities for career development, cross training and personal growth within a work environment that is stimulating, secure and family oriented; To work with indigenous communities to strengthen their involvement in the Sandalwood industry by focusing on their position in the global Sandalwood market; Maintain a high standard of community and business ethics within all aspects of our operation, including environmental awareness, sustainability and compliance with our ISO accreditation. Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO Plant Industry Web: http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/National-Facilities/Australian-Tree-Seed-Centre.aspx Contact: Bronwyn Clarke Email: Bronwyn.clarke@csiro.au Phone: +61262464833 Mail: GPO Box 1600, Acton ACT 2601, Australia Mission: This year the ATSC celebrates 50 years of collecting, researching and supplying quality, fully documented tree seed to both domestic and overseas customers. Collections of seed are sourced from wild populations and genetically improved seed from our domestication and improvement programs. We also undertake seed germination, storage and conservation research. Haloa Aina Web: http://haloaaina.com Contact: Jeff Lee Mission: The gods Wakea, father sky and Ho’ohokukalani, mother earth gave birth to Haloa their first born. Haloa was stillborn and shaped like a bulb. Wrapped in kapa he was placed in the earth where Ho’ohokulani cried and chanted for the loss of her son watering the grave. A plant soon grew from the gravesite with leaves in the shape of a heart that collected and caressed water droplets at it’s center with each rainfall. It’s stems were slender and swayed gracefully in the wind as in a hula paying homage to the spirit of caring. This first taro plant produced kalo or bulbs in which to regenerate and nourish Haloa the second born and healthy son of Wakea and Ho’ohokulani. The older Haloa

represents the aina or land and the younger the first Hawaiians or man. Haloa would care for his younger brother the aina and the aina forever nourish his younger brother, man. Hawaiians call themselves ‘keiki o ka ‘aina’, or children of the land, each caring for the future of each other. Their relationship forever entwined and respected. Division of Forestry & Wildlife, Hawai’i Department of Land and Natural Resources Web: http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw Contact: Sheri Mann, Forestry Program Manager Email: sheri.s.mann@hawaii.gov Phone: 1-808-587-4172 Mail: Kalanimoku Building, 1151 Punchbowl St., Room 325, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA Mission: The mission of DLNR/DOFAW is to responsibly manage and protect watersheds, native ecosystems, and cultural resources and provide outdoor recreation and sustainable forest products opportunities, while facilitating partnerships, community involvement and education. WA Sandalwood Plantations Pty Ltd Web: www.wasandalwood.com Contact: Marian Drage Email: mdrage@wasandalwood.com Phone: +618-9244-7300 Mail: P.O. Box 221, Subiaco, WA 6904 Australia Mission: WA Sandalwood Plantations is a Western Australian company, dedicated to growing and managing commercial plantations of Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). Since being founded in 2001, the company has established 9,500 acres of greenfield plantations in Western Australia. We manage a further 13,700 acres of previously established plantations resulting in approximately 23,000 acres under management, across 22 plantations, accounting for nearly 65% of the global Santalum spicatum plantation base. We offer annual investments in greenfield projects to companies, institutions and high net worth individuals. Hawai’i Forest Industry Association Web: www.hawaiiforest.org Contact: Heather Gallo Simmons Email: hfia@hawaiiforest.org Mail: P.O. Box 66 O’okala, HI 96774 USA Phone: 1-808-933-9411 Mission: Hawai’I Forest Industry Association is a nonprofit corporation established in Hawai’I in 1989. Our mission is to promote the health and productivity of Hawaii’s forests through forest management, education, planning, information exchange, and advocacy. As Hawaii’s recognized forest industry

trade association, HFIA promotes healthier forests, increased business, and more jobs within the sector. Aura Cacia Web: www.auracacia.com Contact: Jane Merten Email: jane.merten@auracacia.com Phone: 1-319-227-7996 Mail: 5398 31st Avenue, Urbana, IA 52345 USA Mission: Founded in 1982 and based in Urbana, Iowa, Aura Cacia provides 100% pure essential oils and other natural personal-care products that can be used every day by the whole family. Aura Cacia is a registered brand of Frontier Natural Products Co-op™, based in Norway, Iowa. Botanical Dimensions Web: www.botanicaldimensions.org Contact: Kathleen Harrison, Executive Director Email: kat@botanicaldimensions.org Mail: P.O. Box 807, Occidental, CA 95465 USA Mission: Botanical Dimensions is a 501c3 organization, based in California, that is "dedicated to collecting, protecting, propagating and understanding plants of ethnomedical significance and their lore." Started in 1985, we manage projects in Peru, Mexico, California and Hawaii. Former projects have been in Costa Rica and Ecuador.

ACCESSIBLE AREAS TO SEE NATIVE SANDALWOODS The following sites are arranged from closest to furthest away from the East West Conference Center: University of Hawaii’s Lyon Arboretum and Botanical Garden Web: http://www.hawaii.edu/lyonarboretum/ Phone: 808-988-0456 Hours: Monday-Friday 8:00 am to 4:00 pm, Saturday 9:00 am to 3:00 pm, closed Sunday Admission: $5.00 donation per person Location: 10 minute drive from the East West Center; approx. 3.5 miles up University Avenue to 3860 Manoa Road, in Manoa Valley (Honolulu). What to See: In addition to a vast array of native Hawaii plants, there are three nice specimens of Santalum freycinetianum x S. album hybrids near the front entrance, as well as one S. album. In the Ethnobotany section, there is S. haleakalae. Diamond Head Location: Near the entrance to Kapiolani Community College and to the interior of the Diamond Head Crater, on Diamond Head Rd, about 3 miles or an 8 minute drive from the East West Center. What to See: A few medium-sized Santalum ellipticum trees, once of which is designated as “An Exceptional Tree of Honolulu”, about 50-100 feet up a service road off Diamond Head Rd. near entrance to Kapiolani Community College. Hawaii Loa Trail Location: Puuikena Dr., Honolulu about 7 miles East, or a 15 minute drive from the East West Center. A HAWAII STATE DRIVERS LICENSE IS REQUIRED BY THE DRIVER TO PASS A GUARDED GATE. What to See: After about a 30-60 minute hike up through a Strawberry Guava take-over area, you emerge into an area with quite a few native species including several Sandalwoods (nice relative flat area where the Sandalwood trees are located). Makapu’u Beach Park Location: Makapu’u Beach Park is located at the most Southeastern point of the island of O’ahu at 41-095 Kalanianaole Hwy, Waimanalo. It is a very scenic drive, approximately 15 miles or 25 minutes from the East West Center. What to See: A very unique low-growing groundcover form of Santalum ellipticum growing between the parking lot at the beach. Also a nice white sandy beach for sunbathing nearby! Aiea Loop Trail, Keaiwa Heiau State Park Web: http://www.hawaiistateparks.org/parks/oahu/keaiwa.cfm

Hours: Daily from 7:00 am to 6:45 pm Admission: Free of charge Location: Aiea Loop Trail is in the Keaiwa Heiau State Park, located at 99-1849 Aiea Heights Drive, in Aiea, about 15 miles or a 30 minute drive from the East West Center. What to See: This is one of the best and easily accessible areas to find Santalum freycinetianum; there are several medium-sized S. freycinetianum a few hundred feet from the trailhead. There is also a large lava-rock “Heiau”- ancient ruins of a temple on the way up the road. Waimea Valley Arboretum and Botanical Garden Web: www.waimeavalley.net Phone: 808-638-7766 Hours: Daily from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Admission: $15.00 per person Location: Waimea Valley is located at 59-864 Kamehameha Highway on O‘ahu’s North Shore across from Waimea Bay, about 1 hour drive from Honolulu. What to See: Along with a garden of native plants, there are several young Santalum freycinetianum plants in cultivation. Additionally, wild plants are accessible about a mile from the trailhead at the top of Pupukea Road nearby. Ka’ena Point State Park Location: Ka’ena Point is located in the most Northwestern tip of the island of O’ahu, about 40 miles or 1 hour drive from the East West Center. What to See: Kaena Point is a wonderful place to visit, probably the best accessible coastal ecosystem on the island. Here, there is the low coastal sandalwood, Santalum ellipticum, along the coast and some larger upright plants up on the hill above the point. Additionally, there are usually monk seals and the sheerwaters nesting too in October.

ABSTRACTS SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION [1.1] KEYNOTE ADDRESS: SANDALWOOD PLANTATIONS IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Anantha Padmanabha Forestry Consultant, Bangalore, India Sandalwood and Sandalwood oil industry is one of the oldest in world of perfumes. Since the oil can blend well with most of the natural essential oil, it is in more demand in perfumery industries. New sandalwood based industries have evolved after 1990 using more and more natural sandalwood oil. As a result there is over exploitation of the species in the world, consequently the production is on the decline. There are 16 recognised species of sandalwood in the world and are endemic to the region and most of them are facing the threat of extinction. Sandalwood is naturally grown in the forest and due to over exploitation there is no sustainable supply to the industries and the price of wood and oil is fluctuating. Afforestion programmes have suffered from technological weakness, which has limited the productivity and impact of these efforts are easily visible. On account of this our forests are not able to meet the demand. There is a lack of the quality planting material, appropriate models and modalities of management techniques and primarily lack of private participation. Sandalwood trees has been successfully grown as commercial crop in different countries and the harvesting period has been reduced significantly compared to the wildly grown trees. The fragrant heartwood and oil obtained in 15 years has all the qualities of a well grown tree and it can be commercially harvested. Agro forestry systems with appropriate commercially important trees with sandalwood offer promising options, moderate the effects of heat stress locally. These models are not only commercially viable but has an impact on the changes of microclimate of the region, influencing radiation flux, air temperature, wind speed, saturation deficit of under story crops, all of which will have a significant impact on modifying the rate and duration of photosynthesis and subsequent plant growth and transpiration of soil water. Different growth models for sandalwood have been discussed with host species, benefiting large to medium farmers and corporate bodies. These models are sustainable and will reduce the management costs and provide periodic additional revenue before the final harvest of sandalwood with out risks. I am sure the agro forestry systems can be taken as a challenging programme to save other Santalum species in the world and derive additional benefits from the host species.

[1.2] SANDALWOOD MARKET AND THREATS Tim Coakley Wescorp International, WA, Australia When I refer to sandalwood I am only talking about the "real" thing; the 8 commercially harvested Santalum species. Many other products and trees are marketed as sandalwood. We believe about 500,000 tonne of agarbatti is produced in the world per annum. About 300,000 tonne of this is sold as sandalwood. We know that there is between 5,000 and 7,000 tonne of sandalwood harvested in the world per annum. Of this, 5% to 7% goes to the carving, furniture, and status market. Something doesn't add up. How does 1% percent raw material become 60% finished product. Over ninety percent of the consumers do not recognise the "actual" aroma of true sandalwood. The market is strong for raw sandalwood, but the lower end of the market is tough as they are competing against synthetics and plastics being labelled as sandalwood with essential oils. As an industry we must educate Governments and consumers of the true aroma. Untrue representation and deceptive labelling must be exposed and heavily penalised. This should be a major objective that the International Sandalwood Foundation should embrace, and we should all get behind them, to protect the future of our industry.

[1.3] HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF TRADITIONAL USE AND POST-CONTACT EXPLOITATION OF SANDALWOOD SPECIES IN HAWAI’I AND OTHER TROPICAL PACIFIC ISLANDS Mark Merlin Botany Department, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa Santalum has a modern disjunct distribution among the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Recent phylogenetic research has produced additional biogeographical evidence pertaining to the origins and natural dispersal of the genus. During the prehistoric period, Melanesian and Polynesian Islanders, who had access to native sandalwood trees and shrubs, utilized the aromatic heartwood for a variety of medicinal and other purposes. Some uses had significant social import, motivating trade of Santalum from Fiji to Tonga for status and aesthetic reasons. Pre-contact trade of sandalwood may also have occurred between other South Pacific Islands in Eastern Polynesia. This paper focuses on the ancient and more recent history of the use of, and human environmental impact on, sandalwood species in the Pacific with a special emphasis on Hawai`i. Natural colonization of Santalum in the Hawaiian archipelago has provided these remote islands with a number of endemic species and varieties. The prehistoric Polynesian inhabitants of Hawai‘i utilized the sandalwood trees for many of the same traditional purposes as their South Pacific ancestors who had developed ethnobotanical relationships with Santalum. The ancient Hawaiians probably reduced the number and geographical distribution of sandalwood trees significantly through their extensive cutting and burning, especially in the dry forest regions. Nevertheless, vast numbers of the fragrant trees still existed in Hawai‘i at the time of Western contact in 1778. Within less than a century after this contact, the extensive trade in sandalwood produced a massive decline in the Hawaiian species of Santalum. Cultivation attempts during the last century with both introduced and native sandalwood species had limited success in Hawai‘i, and biologists in general have continued to caution against large-scale harvesting of the remaining Santalum trees, suggesting that more research be undertaken first to determine the distribution and vigor of the remaining species.

[1.4] ILIAHI FOUNDATION OF HAWAII Jon Larson, Jim Haley, Ron Iwamoto Iliahi Foundation, HI, USA The Iliahi Foundation of Hawaii seeks to restore and preserve groves of rare iliahi sandalwood and other native trees and plants in Hawai`i. Just as iliahi thrive in relationship with other species, we recognize that our natural world and cultural heritage are similarly related. The Iliahi Foundation promotes the conservation, preservation, and restoration of native flora in Hawai`i through stewardship, research, education, reforestation and partnerships. We believe through these efforts our cultural history and natural environment can rise together, renewed. The Iliahi Foundation of Hawai'i seeks to awaken and strengthen veneration for the heritage of Hawai’i's land through its indigenous native species of trees. The hallmark of this organization is to establish groves of iliahi sandalwood and other endemic indigenous trees, on Oahu initially in the Waianae Mountains, then the Koolau Mountains, and then eventually to link with and provide support to other groups doing this same work on the outside islands. Our special education programs with The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii and Malama Hawaii expose high school and college age youth to out-planting and forest maintenance operations designed to enhance their knowledge and appreciation for how they can participate and contribute. We are especially proud that Danica Harbaugh was one of our special students who we introduced to our Iliahi outplanting operations in the Waianae. All of us associated with the eco-reforestation mission are aware of the benefits that accrue from this important work. Working together we: Contribute to clean ground water systems; Prevent soil erosion and flooding; Encourage Eco-tourism; Sustain a host of rare and endangered species that depend on the forests for their habitat; and Give a lift to the Human Spirit.

[1.5] ILIAHI ALOHA, THE SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HAWAII'S SANDALWOOD Leigh-Wai Doo Foundation for the Islands of Harmony, HI, USA Has the original vitality of life in the land of Hawaii, Ke Ea i ka Aina, Thrived or Diminished in the past two centuries of International Contact and Trade? Has the international trade of ILIAHI, Hawaiian Sandalwood, enhanced or decreased the vitality of the spiritual life of the Hawaiian Culture and People? Is Sandalwood a positive or negative symbol of Hawaii's future spirituality and culture? Prehistory of Iliahi, Hawaiian Sandalwood: Prior to Year 1789, ILIAHI was a Kupuna Tree,an ancestral tree and a manifestation of a god spirit, a Kini Akua - one of the 40,000 god manifestations. Being in Hawaii long before Pacific people arrived on the shores of the Hawaiian Island Chain, Sandalwood was one of the multitude of plants, trees, fishes, birds, turtles even rocks that were spiritually respected as a manifestation of god, the creators. Thus, Hawaiians related to nature culturally with respect and in kinship. Iliahi shavings and oil was used as a preservative rubbed on the skin of a deceased body, ingested as a curative for genital and gastrointestinal conditions, used as a preservative to ward away insects from valuable tapa cloth while in storage and as a scent in the hair to be more attractive. Iliahi was intrinsically a part of the ancient Hawaiian spirit and culture before the first Western contact in 1779. International trade of Hawaiian Sandalwood from 1789 to 1830 created the historical Sandalwood Era, a tragic period for the spirit, culture and life literally of the Hawaiian common people. During the reigns of Kamehameha I to III, the most valuable resource in Hawaii for international trade was sandalwood.. Kings and chiefs compelled, serf like, makaaina to cut sandalwood trees and carry the logs to the international trading ships, and commoners gained the nickname "sore back". Famine and many deaths ensued due to the people being compelled to leave their farming and fishing to pay their taxes to the chiefs in sandalwood, which also weakened their resistance to introduced diseases. The Sandalwood Era coincided with the monarchial decree abolishing the traditional Hawaiian Kapu system, Kini Akua, and the foundations of Hawaiian spirituality and traditional ancient culture. Culture shock accompanied the forced labor, famine, diseases, spiritual disembodiment, population decreases and international trade in sandalwood. Sandalwood trade ushered in Western culture and was the cause of many firsts: 1. Hawaiian self-sufficient economies of the ahupuaa, mountain to the sea caretaking and sustainance was replaced by the Western Market economy. 2. Hawaiians first Buying on credit by the chiefs purchasing Western attire, furniture, European lifestyles...paid for by credit with payment promised in sandalwood carried on the backs of the commoners. 3. The first income revenue from foreign trading ships charged harbor, portage taxes learned in Chinese ports. 4. The Hawaiian Flag designed for Sandalwood trading ships from Hawaii. 5. The purchase of western ships, paid for with sandalwood, for the Hawaiian royalty to trade with Asia and to attempt to conquer

other island kingdoms in the South Pacific for its sandalwood- with disastrous losses of life, funds and ships. 6. The first tax on the sale of a forestry product, sandalwood cutting, in 1830 just as Hawaiian Sandalwood was nearly totally exploited with the few isolated trees remaining in the difficult to access locations on 7 of the 8 main Hawaiian Islands. Sandalwood became a commodity with the arrival of western culture, market economies and international trade. Upon the decimation of sandalwood forests, the sandalwood era came to an end, as did Iliahi as an icon of the spirit and culture of the ancient Hawaiian people. Today and for the past one hundred and eighty years, 1831 to 2011, sandalwood was commonly believed to be no longer in existence. On all islands in Hawaii but for the Big Island that is nearly the case. Hawaiian Sandalwood is in oblivion, forgotten and not thought of. There is not a known mature Hawaiian Sandalwood Tree in the 5 botanical gardens on Oahu. Nor in the National Botanical Garden on Kauai Island. Nor is there an Exceptional Tree designation of a Sandalwood Tree by any county in Hawaii.

SESSION 2: CHEMISTRY & GENETICS [2.1] THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY: A REVIEW ON SANDALWOOD QUALITY D.S. Hettiarachichi Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd, Canning Vale, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Curtin, Australia Sandalwood is generally known as the scented heartwood of several species of Santalum genus. Nearly fifteen different species are known in this genus while five to seven are commercially exploited as sandalwood. Some of these species are on the brink of extinction, while others are sustainably harvested; interestingly there is a growing emphasis on cultivation of sandalwood as a timber crop. Heartwood essential oil quantity and its chemical composition determine the quality of sandalwood. Santalol family sesquiterpenes are the main fragrant components in sandalwood; however other compounds also play an important role in the characteristic aroma. Most of these compounds have variations in proportion depending upon the species, age, morphological part of the tree and other external factors. Our laboratory possesses over five hundred samples of sandalwood collected from around the world. These samples were analysed and the quality is interpreted based on the gas chromatographic data and oil content. Results cover a diverse range of natural sandalwood of Western Australia, Pacific region and Indian subcontinent. Several samples obtained from research trials and commercial plantations have revealed interesting findings. Typical examples of the different types and qualities are discussed with a chemical perspective. Uses of sandalwood are also diverse and variation in sandalwood quality could attract different end uses. Diversity in quality of sandalwood is inevitable as in many other natural products; however, a proper resource management guided by quality assurance could improve the overall value.

[2.2] NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF SANDALWOOD ESSENTIAL OILS Daniel Joulain*1, Jean Waikedre1, Hugues Brévard2 1 Serei No Nengone, District de Guahma, Lieu dit Lyo, B.P. 142, 98858 Tadine, New Caledonia (France); 2 Robertet S.A., Grasse (France) To date, no reliable analytical method has been published for the quantitative determination of volatile oils present in sandal heartwood. As a result, most publications reporting studies related to the biochemistry or ecology of sandalwood are mainly based on inaccurate measurements by gas chromatography (GC), which may generate questionable allegations and/or conclusions. We report here a validated GC method, which achieves the goal of providing an accurate analytical tool for these measurements. Identification and quantification of minor components of sandalwood oils are also of interest for various purposes. Apart from the pioneering work of Semmler at the beginning of the last century, little is known about the ability of sandalwood oils, in either their essential oil or extract form, to undergo oxidative degradation, as well as analytical methods to monitor this phenomenon. Having available a number of genuine essential oils from different Santalum species which had been aged from a few days to more than 40 years, we were able to identify and quantify a number of tracers, including aldehydes, formates and acetates. Analytical techniques involved regular GC-MS and comprehensive GCxGC-MS.

[2.3] CHEMICAL DIVERSITY AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF AUSTRALIAN SANDALWOODS’ (SANTALUM SPICATUM) ESSENTIAL OIL Jessie Moniodis*1,2, Christopher G Jones1, Julie A Plummer1, Emilio Ghisalberti2, Liz L Barbour1,5 and Jörg Bohlmann3 1School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Australia; 2School of Chemistry, University of Western Australia, Australia; 3Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Canada; 4Forest Products Commission of Western Australia, Australia The sandalwoods have widespread applications in perfumery, medicine, wood carvings and in the manufacture of joss and incense sticks. Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) contains a valuable essential oil in the heartwood which is comprised mostly of sesquiterpenes. Currently, this species is harvested from natural stands and has suffered a decline in natural numbers due to unsustainable harvesting practices combined with slow regeneration, habitat loss, grazing and illegal poaching. To combat the dwindling numbers in natural populations, plantations have recently been established in agricultural regions of Western Australia which will enable a sustainable supply of sandalwood products in the future. To assist future tree improvement programs and plantation management, our research seeks to understand the origins of chemical diversity and factors which control sesquiterpene biosynthesis. A PCR-based cloning strategy was used to isolate cDNAs encoding four multiproduct terpene synthases from S. spicatum that were functionally expressed in E. coli including a santalene synthase. Approximately ¼ of the oil components may be explained by the functions of these enzymes and several P450 sequences have been mined as potential contributors to oil production. Terpene synthase sequences from different individuals indicate chemical diversity may be due to polymorphisms in promoter regions and/or through transcriptional regulation rather than mutations in these genes. Variability in this species is driven by two key sesquiterpene components – α-santalol, which is a highly desirable component and farnesol which is considered a potential irritant. Application of this research for future tree improvement, as well as the potential for metabolic engineering, will be discussed.  

[2.4] ACOUSTIC IMAGING OF SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM) LOGS Roger Turpening*5, Carol Asiala1, John Diebel6, Chris Done7, & Andrew Brown8 1Geophysical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA; 2Technology Commercialization, Michigan Technological University, USA; 3Tropical Forestry Services, Ltd., Australia; 4Mount Romance Australia Pty, Ltd., Australia. Non-destructive testing of plantation grown sandalwood trees was motivated by several factors related to plantation management and planning. The standard practice to monitor oil formation in the heartwood has been to extract increment cores for study using a cordless drill as a power source. The shortcomings of this method include potential exposure of highly valuable trees to pests and pathogens, limited data along a single radial line, slow drilling in very dense wood and not being conducive to tracking changes over time. The combination of these factors generally led to a reluctance to sample which, in turn, led to a lack of objective data. Plantation managers were frustrated in their ability to monitor response to various management treatments and their ability to make site specific projections. Plantation managers approached researchers in geophysical engineering at Michigan Tech to discuss the possibility of developing non-destructive techniques to track oil/heartwood formation that would not put the trees at risk, could be quickly implemented in the field, and yield a 2-D image. Two trees were eventually selected, harvested, and shipped to Michigan Tech for experimental evaluation using modified seismic techniques. High-frequency, acoustic tomography was selected to image the interior of the sandalwood logs. A small number (15 to 19) of transducers (peak response at 144KHz) were deployed in a dense manner around each log. The source pulse was applied, in a sequential manner, to each transducer while all other transducers were used as receivers. A 1 MHz square wave pulse was used as the source signal; after propagation through a few centimeters of sandalwood this yielded a compressional wave signal typically in the 125 KHz range. The highest frequency band possible was selected so that the wavelengths (approx. 1.5 cm) would be as short as possible. This, in turn, means that small features can be resolved. Imaging was accomplished using a fast, linear, (straight ray) tomographic algorithm. The narrow range of compressional wave velocities found in healthy sandalwood (Santalum album) logs allowed us to use straight rays, with little error, instead of the correct nonlinear formulation using curved rays. Segments of wide, individual growth rings were seen in most images by their distinctive high-velocity signature. Fortunately, the greatest interest in sandalwood trees lies near the center of the tree where the ray density is the largest and therefore the image is most accurate. Images produced by this process were subsequently determined to have a significant correlation with sandalwood oil concentration by independent chemical analysis of core samples. High-

                                                                                                               

frequency. compressional wave tomography offers a potential solution for non-destructive sampling to monitor the formation of heartwood/oil in sandalwood plantations. Work remains to be done to move this technology from the lab to the field.

[2.5 TBC] THERMAL DEGRADATION STUDIES OF SANTALUM ALBUM/SPICATUM WOOD AND SANDALWOOD INCENSES Harendrakumar Dave Deparment of Natural Science, ECU, Australia The sensory system of human being is the product of millions of years of evolution. Natural selection has resulted in our capacity to detect a wide range of compounds present in environment. The fragrance emitted by natural products in the environment is the first experience of sensing smell by the early man. The early man used basic techniques like crushing, burning, boiling and grinding to librated fragrant molecules from the different parts of the plant. The fragrance emitted was used in religious ceremonies as perfume and therapeutic agents. Santalum album/spicatum species are used in incense manufacturing. Incense can be considered as controlled fragrance release devise. It releases desired sandalwood fragrance along with harmful pollutant. Pollutants are formed by degradation of wood polymers during the smouldering combustion of incense and are released along with fragrance in the environment. In the present study different parts of sandalwood smouldering incenses are identified, namely drying, charcoal forming, and glowing regions by using thermocouples. To understand the mechanism of thermal degradation and its relation with different regions in smouldering combustion of incense, Santalum wood powder degradation is studied using TGA and DTA. Different temperature range of degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are identified by comparing it with literature values. Factors affecting smouldering rate of incense are discussed in detail. Possible release of pollutant molecule as a result of degradation of incense is discussed along with fragrant molecules. Changes in the chemistry of wood polymer degradation of different regions are also studied by FTIR.

[2.6] BIOCHEMICAL COLOUR REACTION A TOOL TO EVALUATE OIL CONTENT IN SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) TREES S. H. Jain*, G. Ravi Kumar, K. Murugesan & S.C. Joshi Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India Sandal (Santalum album L) tree is mainly exploited for its heartwood and essential oil. Initiation of heartwood and formation of oil in sandal plants start only after 10 – 15 years of age and maturity reaches only after 30 – 35 years of age. The oil percentage increase with increase in girth and remains constant at 4% after 80 cm girth and rise in oil percentage beyond 80 cm girth was found to be marginal. The methods of estimating oil content in sandalwood (after felling the tree) by steam distillation in Clevenger’s apparatus or by taking small core sample from standing tree (UV method) were found to be time consuming and laboratory oriented. At present, we do not have any field method for estimation of oil content which otherwise would help sandal growers to screen sandal plants for high yielders and also to evaluate the standing trees for its economic value. The estimation of catalytic activities of enzymes in plant tissues can contribute significantly to the elucidation of metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms which control them. It is noticed that enzymes in most of the tissues other than living bark tissues show seasonal variation. Hence it is of great importance to study enzymes in living bark tissue. Peroxidase, a hemoglyco protein has often been used as a marker enzyme of altered plant growth and development by plant scientists of varied interest. Peroxidase has often served as a parameter of metabolic activity during growth alterations. In sandal, negative correlation between sandal oil content and peroxidase enzyme activity has also been reported. The study can be utilized to screen sandal plants for high oil yielders at seedling (1.5 year old) stage, but practical difficulty in taking this technique to field (lab to land) is of great hindrance. Also activity of the different peroxidase isoenzymes depend on season, temperature and many types of stress parameters like flowering, leaf fall, etc. Keeping this in view, initial work to develop a colour reaction using specific, economic and promising substrates (benzidine and guaiacol) to be used in the field has been carried out. A simple field method was developed to distinguish high and low yielders of sandal, to further modification and refining the method so as to develop simpler technique to distinguish various oil contents in the field by measuring colour intensity using portable colorimeter is discussed in this paper.

[2.7] GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO SANDALWOOD SPECIES, SOURCES, SUBSTITUTION & SUSTAINABILITY Danica T. Harbaugh Reynaud and Daniel Reynaud International Sandalwood Foundation, El Cerrito, CA, USA; AuthenTechnologies LLC, Albany, CA, USA Over the past decade, genetics have played an important role in revising the taxonomy and diversity of sandalwood species and unraveling their complex biogeographic and dispersal patterns. For instance, the genus Santalum has now been revised to include a total of 18 species, with several previously recognized taxa resurrected in Australia and Hawaii, as well as new varieties and combinations identified in Hawaii. The biogeographic analyses reveal several long distance dispersal events out of Australia, throughout the islands of the Pacific. Now, the same DNA methods used for understanding the history of sandalwoods may offer an invaluable solution for combatting substitution and adulteration in the marketplace as well as helping to ensure a sustainable sandalwood industry. In this paper, we will (1) review our current state of knowledge for Santalum taxonomy and biogeography based on DNA sequence and microsatellite data, (2) identify our research priorities for ongoing and future genetic-taxonomic studies, and (3) introduce the International Sandalwood Foundation’s SandalGeneBank™ and discuss how this database can be used both for authenticating sandalwood and detecting substitutes, but also to identify the geographic source area of wood and wood products, to ensure that they have come from sustainable sources. Lastly, we will explain how these methods can also be used as a component of the International Sandalwood Foundation’s Sustainable Sandalwood™ Certification Program.

[2.8] MAPPING SANDAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN INDIA: THREATS AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao*,1,2, K.N. Ganeshaiah3, & R. Uma Shaanker4 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 2Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, Winter Haven, FL, USA, 3Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore India, 4Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India. Sandal (Santalum album L.) known as East Indian Sandal is an economically important tree harvested extensively for its heartwood and heartwood oil. More than 70 per cent of sandal occurs in the deciduous forests of the Deccan Plateau, India. Owing to extensive logging, both organized and unorganized, the natural populations of sandal are rapidly getting depleted resulting in the erosion of genetic diversity as well. This has necessitated an urgent need to study the genetic structure and diversity of natural stands of sandal in order to determine the effect of logging on its genetic diversity and to formulate strategies for the conservation of its genetic resources. We studied the genetic variation within and among the natural populations of sandal in South India using various molecular markers. Our results suggest the existence of clear genetic provenances of sandal based on which a rationale conservation program for sandal genetic resources can be planned. We discuss the protocols for the in situ conservation of sandal genetic resources in the country.

[2.9] EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTED AREAS IN CONSERVING SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) GENETIC RESOURCES Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao*,1,2, K.N. Ganeshaiah3, & R. Uma Shaanker4 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 2Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, Winter Haven, FL, USA, 3Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore India, 4Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India. Sandal, being one of the costliest fragrant wood in the world, forms a major component of foreign exchange and immense promise in furthering the trade. The sandal genetic resources in the India are threatened by a variety of factors including logging of the trees, poaching and large scale changes in land use. We analyzed the patterns in the extraction of sandal in the state of Karnataka, India, over the past 50 years. As an index of threat to the sandal resources through poaching, attempts were made to obtain data on the estimates of illicit felling of sandal trees and the estimated loss of revenue thereof. We also examined the impacts of extraction pressure of sandal on the regeneration and genetic diversity of populations in and around the protected areas of Karnataka. The relative threats to sandal populations in three zones viz., core, buffer and periphery of the forest and outside the limits of the sanctuary were assessed. These three zones were assumed to offer decreasing immunity to poaching due to the decreasing levels of protection. We discuss the implications of our study on the role of protected areas

[2.10 TBC] TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS FOR DEFINING THE SANTALOL PRODUCTION IN SANTALUM ALBUM Arti Rani*, Puja Ravikumar, & Anil Kush Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation, Bangalore, India Santalum album commonly known as chandan is a hemi-parasitic, evergreen and one of the most valuable trees in the world known for its highly priced oil. The volatile oil produced by it is of great economic value as it provides a range of health benefits. Although the oil contains more than hundred components, the principle chemical constituents are sesquiterpenoid compounds mainly alpha-santalol (40-55%) and beta-santalol (12-27%) that provide characteristic, sweet-woody fragrance to the oil. Santalols are sesquiterpenes and their biosynthesis occurs via terpenoid pathway, first step of which involves head to tail condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) with its allylic co-substrate dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) to produce geranyl diphosphate (GDP; C10 - a monoterpene). GDP upon one additional condensation with IDP produces farnesyl diphosphate (FDP; C15 - a sesquiterpene). FDP in the cytosol acts as a precursor for the biosynthesis of other sesquiterpenes. The essential oil in sandalwood accumulates in the heartwood region once the plant attains certain age (>30 years) and biosynthesis appears to occur in the transition zone. Although there are numerous reports about the quality and composition of oil, but there is no report about the molecular mechanisms involved in the production of key constituents of oil. To study this, an attempt was done to isolate putative genes involved santalol production, utilizing transcriptomics and proteomics routes. In transcriptomics route, suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) library was prepared using heartwood samples from two contrasting populations - the heartwood mRNA of mature tree (>30 years old) and young tree (<10 years old). SSH technique enabled hybridization of common sequences present in both the populations and getting unsubtracted unique clones present exclusively in mature heartwood samples, the most probable sites of oil biosynthesis. SSH library screening yielded numerous clones along with two sesquiterpene synthases namely farnesyl diphosphate synthase (SaFDS) and santalene synthase (SaSS), which were raised to full length by RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends). To confirm that the cDNAs yielded a functional protein, the entire coding region of SaFDS and SaSS was cloned into pET 20b(+) expression vector, transformed into BL21 competent cells and induced with 1 mM IPTG. The recombinant SaFDS and SaSS were assayed for enzyme activity. Analysis of reaction products by GC-MS indicated that substrates were converted into expected products thus confirming the functionality of recombinant protein. Further tissue specific expression of the genes was studied in leaf (immature and mature), wood (immature sap wood, mature sap wood, mature transition zone and mature heartwood) and fruit (unripened and ripened) tissues by RT-PCR. In proteomics route, total protein was isolated from heartwood region of immature and mature plants. The protein was resolved by 2D-gel electrophoresis. The protein spots obtained in immature and mature wood protein were compared and

unique spots present only in mature wood protein were selected for further studies. The protein spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. The protein sequences matching with terpene synthases of other plants were selected to design degenerate primers which are now being used for isolating important genes involved in santalol production. Hence using various functional genomics approached to decode the Santalol biosynthesis in Sandalwood would be discussed.

SESSION 3: CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION [3.1] THE SUCCESS OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD IN AUSTRALIA Richard Alston TFS Corporation, WA, Australia Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) has a deep history as a tradeable commodity spanning thousands of years. Over the last few decades, it has become endangered due to the illegal harvest of wild trees throughout the world. Subsequently, Indian sandalwood has become scarce and its price has risen significantly. It is the world’s most expensive tropical hardwood and its heartwood currently trades for in excess of A$100,000 per tonne, having risen at a compounded rate of 18% per annum over the past 18 years. Indian sandalwood oil is distilled from the heartwood and is a globally important ingredient in fine fragrances and cosmetics industries. It is also used in toiletries, incense sticks, aromatherapy, Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. The wood is used for high quality carvings. Indian sandalwood has a well entrenched market throughout the world, particularly in India and China, two of the fastest growing economies in the world. Indian Sandalwood Oil is a complex compound with a myriad of constituent parts and this has made it extremely difficult to develop substitutes in the fragrance industry. There is no synthetic replica of Sandalwood Oil in the market today. Indian sandalwood oil also benefits from its botanical status and TFS is able to provide a sustainable, ethical and traceable source of oil. In a commercial world that is increasingly environmentally conscious, these attributes mean that the synthetic fragrance industry is more likely to face higher level buyer resistance than a natural ingredient from a sustainable source. Currently, research is being conducted on Indian Sandalwood Oil for its application in treating various conditions. A clinical trial program is being conducted in the US to ascertain the efficacy of the oil in the treatment of HPV common warts. There is also potential for application in the anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-microbial categories. In regard to the pharmaceutical industry, the botanical status of the oil provides an advantage vis a vis new chemical entities which are well known to have side effects to people and potentially, to the broader environment. The US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has developed guidelines to support the development of medicine from botanical sources. The cost of using Indian sandalwood oil within the prescription medication sector is relatively competitive with the cost of developing medicines from new chemical entities. Developing a successful Indian Sandalwood plantation is an extremely difficult exercise. It involves a complicated management regime in conjunction with suitable land, water and climatic conditions. Sandalwood trees require free draining soils and soils that are inhospitable to termites. Seed is meticulously cultivated and screened in order to ensure that only superior seed is planted in the field. TFS has developed a breeding program where seed supplied by the orchard is generating over 30% improvement in tree size, as compared with tree

size outcomes from original seeds used when TFS commenced operations. As a hemi-parasite, Sandalwood requires a certain hosting regime for a given soil profile. Post planting, management requires intensive pruning over the first few years to establish the correct form of tree and weeding to eliminate competition for water and sun light. There have been a number of instances of new entrants having failed to develop a successful plantation estate for a variety of reasons that range from the lack of patient capital to expertise. TFS was established with the specific purpose of incorporating all the ingredients to achieving a successful plantation business. TFS has organically developed the expertise to manage this operation as well as the financial resources to see the vision through to fruition.

[3.2] DOMESTICATION OF SANDALWOOD TREES IN DRYLAND AND SEMI-ARIDS OF NORTH INDIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Anjani Kumar* & Abha Sharma Global Education & Research Foundation, Delhi, India Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) is highly prized among all other Santalum species for its scented heartwood and commercially valued Indian sandalwood oil. In India almost 90 percent of sandalwood grows naturally in deciduous forests in the Deccan Region of Peninsular India. The sandalwood conservation and protection has many instance of maintaining a state monopoly over the growing trade of this prized tree. Till 2002 state governments of Karnataka and Tamilnadu in particular had complete monopoly over all sandal tree resources. This monopolized control was neither able to put a check on the illegal trade and harvesting of this tree nor it helped its conservation anyway. At one stage its production fell drastically from 4000MT in 1950s, to 500mt in 2006 and the demand skyrocketed to 5000-6000 MT/ annum by 2007 (@ US $ 93000 approx./ MT). The IUCN (International Union for the Conservation) in 1998, had already listed this spices as vulnerable. To address the declining sandal supply in international markets, major producers states (Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) in India relaxed the existing rules and regulation related to Sandal in 2001-2002. Under this the Karnataka Forest (Amendment) Bill 2011 now allows cultivation of sandal trees in private lands with much higher revised price to the growers. The Bill came as a major policy change for sandalwood cultivation and abolished the Governments total control over this very high value tree crop . Earlier, the law did not allow anybody to grow and sell Sandalwood except the government depots which was one of the major bottlenecks in its domestication. These amended policies encouraged private growing domestication of sandal. Cultivation of sandal on private land has since become on attractive option. It has emerged as a suitable species for agroforestry system in Northern India because of its hardiness and adaptability to biotic interferences. Its ability to grow in a wide variety of soil has made it excellent income generator for farmers of stats like Haryana, Gujrat, Punjab, Rajsthan, Himachal Pradesh etc. With little bit of tuning in cultural practices as per the local growing condition. the Foundation (GERF) has been into trial plantation of this tree at different locations since last 8 years and has come out with some interesting findings which will be discussed during the presentation at the symposium. An analysis of sandal tree plantation as monoculture and as integrated agro forestry system in the dryland/semi arid areas of Northern India revealed different but promising commercial opportunities, which is worth discussion. Natural occurrence of sandal tree been also observed in the different state mentioned above in especially in semi-arid areas.. Even a few small plantations have been also successfully established and are growing well. Few northern states like Rajasthan & Gujrat have vast wasteland which could be utilized for large scale plantation of this species but requires provision of mandatory initial irrigation and strict protective measures which is a costly affair for small growers.

[3.3] SANTALUM IN SUCCESSION AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ON LEEWARD HAWAII ISLAND Neil Logan Mohala Lehua Farm, Kohala HI Hawaiian Sandalwood functions as a secondary species in ecological succession. Secondary species are often bird dispersed, follow pioneer species, and typically take ten or more years to establish at economically viable rates on new sites. Succession agroforestry systems mimic natural succession by building species assemblages that contain necessary stages of succession. Succession agroforestry systems focused on Santalum as the primary crop can significantly offset the cost of establishment by planting economically stable species alongside of sandalwood at the time of initial planting. Crops like taro, sweet potato, manioc, yacon, banana, papaya, pineapple, certain vegetables and legume crops are suitable for polycultures that provide microclimate and income while the young sandalwood trees develop. Succession agroforestry represents a break-through in agriculture because both yield and biodiversity are relatively high. Mohala Lehua farm on leeward Kohala mountain, Hawaii Island is developing succession agroforestry systems that incorporate endemic Hawaiian trees as the long-term species mixed with staple food crops and medicinal plants. These systems have been found to significantly lower the cost of establishment and maintenance over time with the potential to offset the costs of reforestation within a ten-year period. Such systems reduce soil erosion and moisture loss while maintaining a diverse flora. Product diversity provides stable yields over time while exchanging maintenance (pulling weeds, insecticides and fertilizers) for harvesting, pruning, and replanting. Pruning helps extend the life cycle of species in the system and provides the organic matter necessary to drive production. If desired, long-term systems will phase sandalwood out in exchange for more long-lived climax species. A diversity of species provide Santalum with a variety of hosts at different stages of development that contribute significantly to nutrient cycling and stability during seasonal climatic fluctuations resembling the natural processes found in pristine forest settings. The forester mimics catastrophic events that accelerate the process of succession. By developing these kinds of agricultural systems we intend to place humans back into positive ecological balance in harmony with nature while providing for the needs of people. Succession agroforestry systems developed around secondary species of economic importance in Brazil have proven profitable and require less people per hectare to manage. The author/presenter was trained in this “strategy” by Ernst Gotsch in Brazil where thousands of hectares have been transformed from pasture with poor soils to fertile, regenerating forests. For more info on this work see www.agroflorestra.net.

[3.4] REVIEW OF SANTALUM ALBUM SEED PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENTS WITH A FOCUS ON LOW-COST METHODS Bronwyn Clarke & John Doran CSIRO Plant Industry, Australian Tree Seed Centre, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia This paper reviews germination methods used for Santalum album to ascertain best practice. The focus was to identify pre-sowing treatments that do not involve expensive and often difficult to obtain chemicals such as hormones that are not generally available to sandalwood growers in developing countries. A dormancy period of up to 60 days for freshly collected and cleaned S. album seed is well established in the literature. The exact cause of dormancy in S. album seed has not been definitively determined to date. It is most likely exogenous and associated with the seed coat as, with removal of this organ, seed germinates within 9 days. Typically, germination of cleaned S. album seed can be staggered over a long period of time (e.g. up to 6 months) if sown without application of an appropriate pre-sowing treatment. These treatments, apart from reducing the time of germination and improving its uniformity, often increase the percentage of seeds germinating in a seedlot. Application of some form of pre-sowing treatment to S. album seed has become standard practice as a consequence. Pre-treatment methods that have been most successful include nicking, scarification and soaking in the hormone, gibberellic acid (GA). Of these the most easy to use operationally is the hormone treatment of soaking in GA, with a concentration of 0.05% for 16 hours being most commonly used. However, individual farmers or communities do the majority of sandalwood plantings in developing countries and, in these situations, the use of hormones that are relatively expensive and might be difficult to access may not be a feasible option. In this review we have identified a range of alternative, low-cost methods that have been reported, often without the backing of research, as being successfully applied as pre-sowing treatments to S. album seed. CSIROs Australian Tree Seed Centre is planning to research the most promising of these methods in an attempt to provide farmers in developing countries with sound, operationally suitable advice.

[3.5 TBC] CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD PLANTS AS A TOOL FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE ARAVALI HILLS OF INDIA Abha Sharma* & Anjani Kumar Global Education & Research Foundation, Delhi, India

This paper describes the assumptions and results of a study to assess whether cultivation of sandalwood (Santalum album) plants can serve as a tool for combined biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The study was carried out in the Aravali Hills region of North India, where sustained beliefs in agro-forestry systems, also under non-traditional conditions, has resulted in an increase in commercial demands of various high value trees and other medicinal plants. It was based on the assumption of poverty alleviation not only referring to an increase in income and labour, but also an increase in social capital and human dignity especially women folks. They study assessed the local perceptions of the use and cultivation of Santalum album plants and the need for conservation of this species, as well as the features of already ongoing cultivation practices, in other parts of country, and options for increased cultivation. It consisted of participatory trials with rural women willing to grow sandalwood at commercial scale and other medicinal plants in urban markets. The study indicated that the growing demand for sandalwood plants is related to the great socio-economic significance attached to this species. The growing demand has not only resulted in increased hazard for overexploitation of natural plant populations, but also increased interest in sandalwood cultivation. Several factors need attention in linking of biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation: (a) selection of specific target groups and the identification of the links between cultivation practices and livelihood conditions, (b) role of cultural factors in sandalwood plant use and cultivation, and (c) cultivation by local people being not primarily based on local awareness of the loss of naturally growing species , but on local perceptions about financially lucrative incentives. It is concluded that the scope for cultivation of sandalwood plants for combined biodiversity conversation and poverty alleviation should be considered seriously. However, the impact can be more positive in case cultivation of sandalwood and other high value, fast growing plants, considered for protecting and strengthening the cultural values of biodiversity and creating an awareness towards biodiversity conservation in general.

SESSION 4: ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT [4.1] EFFECTS OF HOST TREES ON WESTERN AUSTRALIAN SANDALWOOD SEED OIL D. S. Hettiarachchi*1,2, Z. Y. Ang2, J .E. Brand3, J. E. D. Fox4, V. B. Sunderland2 & Y. Liu4 1Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd., WA, Australia; 2School of Pharmacy Curtin University, WA, Australia; 3Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, WA, Australia; 4Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, WA, Australia Seeds of the Western Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum R.Br.) are seen as a suitable secondary income for plantation sector. The seed is rich in oil, which consists of an unusual fatty acid with the major one being trans-ximenynic acid. Use of the seed oil in cosmetic and pharmaceutical has been envisaged. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of host trees on seed production, oil and ximenynic acid contents. The initial study samples were collected from Curtin University field trial area; the result has illustrated a considerable effect of host trees on seed oil production. Therefore, a further study was conducted in Narrogin field trial area, and the host trees are Acacia accuminata, A.aneura, A.macrobotraya and Casuarina equistifolia. The results show that larger seeds (22.31mm diameter and 4.74 g with shell) were produced by sandalwood tree with two A. accuminata hosts. Interestingly, the oil content is higher when A.macrobotraya as single host (51.04%w/w). Sandalwood trees with single A.aneura or A. accuminata have shown comparable results for oil content and seed size. Seed size, weight and oil content found to be least in the sandalwood with C.equistifolia as host. The result of ximenynic acid content was in agree with published data. S. spicatum trees have shown the highest ximenynic acid content (39.25%) when C.equistifolia used as host, while lowest (35.02%) was shown by the trees with host of A.aneura. There was a clear correlation observed between oleic and ximenynic acids composition in sandalwood seed oil. Further research in to host tree effect on sandalwood seed fatty acids are in progress.

[4.2] OPERATION WOYLIE AND SUSTAINABLE SANDALWOOD IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN OUTBACK Benjamin Sawyer Forest Products Commission, WA, Australia At present, sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) harvesting occurs mainly from wild stands in the semi-arid and arid regions (typical annual rainfall 150-300 mm) of Western Australia. Wild sandalwood regeneration in theses regions has been low since landuse change associated with European settlement. This is due to factors including drought, poor seed dispersal and grazing. The objective of the Operation Woylie research program was to improve germination and establishment of sandalwood in its wild environment and implement findings into management practice. To achieve the objective, the relationship of establishment to rainfall was investigated with soil and seed preparation techniques to utilize trace moisture levels. Results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between germination and rainfall with the threshold proposed to be 264mm per year. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant relationship between germination and soil preparation with the measures of ripping crust forming soils prior to sowing and the construction of water harvest banks (limans) having a positive effect. Information gained from these studies has led to the Western Australian State Government implementing a significant and specialized seeding program to bolster sandalwood populations in the semi-arid region.

[4.3] STATUS OF DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SANTALUM PANICULATUM IN THE DRY MONTANE FORESTS OF THE BIG ISLAND R.S. Senock*1, W.C. Lee2, A.J. Lee2, & A. Johnson1 1California State University at Chico, California, USA, 2Haloa Aina, Hawaii, USA

[4.4] CURRENT STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE ON THE ECOLOGY OF SANTALUM PANICULATUM IN THE DRY MONTANE FORESTS OF THE BIG ISLAND R.S. Senock*1, W.C. Lee2 & A.J. Lee2 1California State University at Chico, California, USA, 2Haloa Aina, Hawaii, USA

[4.5] INSECT PEST COMPLEXES OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) IN AREAS OUTSIDE FOREST AND THE CHALLENGES IN ITS MANAGEMENT Ramachandran Sundararaj*, O.K. Remadevi, Raja Muthukrishnan, & S.C. Joshi Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India The Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L. is a small to medium sized, evergreen tree species occupying a pre-eminent position in Indian forestry. It has been synonymous with ancient Indian culture. The annual global sandalwood production is estimated to be approximately 5610 tonnes in which India contributes 90% of the S. album output of the world. However the production has declined markedly over the past 20-30 years. In the context of unsuccessful conservation of sandal in natural areas, ex-situ conservation strategies assume great relevance in India which includes growing sandal in areas out side forest in agroforestry, farm forestry systems etc. Encouraged by the relaxation of rules by the sandal growing states, which clearly state that, “every occupant or the holder of land shall be legally entitled to the sandalwood trees in his land” most of the progressive farmers taking up sandal plantations in various agricultural and horticultural conditions. In such new plantations many insect pests of agricultural and horticultural importance were found affecting sandal. A total of 170 species of insects representing seven orders viz., Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera were found infesting sandal in nurseries and plantations in varied agri-silvi-horticultural models and mixed plantations. It includes 92 species of sapsuckers, 60 species of defoliators, 6 species of stem borers, 5 species of bark/dead wood feeders, 3 species each of seed feeders and dry wood borers and a species of flower feeder in which 13 species of sapsuckers and two species of borers form first report on Indian sandalwood. Though these pests are not severe in natural forest areas their outbreak is common on sandal grown in areas outside forests and many pests of agricultural and horticultural importance could establish on sandal and often lead to failure of plantations. The concerns outlined above emphasizes to develop truly integrated insect pest management approaches for sandal insect pests in areas outside forests, creating opportunities for increased inclusion of biologically based pest management strategies using parasitoids and predators. The challenges in this goal is discussed in this communication

[4.6] MOLLUSCAN PESTS OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) IN INDIA Ramachandran Sundararaj* & Lingappa Basappa Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India Mollusca is the second largest phylum of the animal kingdom next to Arthorpoda, forming a major part of the world fauna. They are one of the most diverse groups of animals, both in shape and habit, with at least 85,000 species named, and estimates of up to 200,000 species occurring worldwide. They inhabit nearly all ecosystems. It is the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Among the classes, Gastropoda is the only class of molluscs which have successfully invaded land. Many land mollucs are agricultural, horticultural and tree pests. In India few species of gastropods are reported as major pest of important trees. Detailed surveys conducted in nurseries and young plantations of Indian sandal wood (Santalum labum L.) in India revealed the infestation of many species of gastropods. They are Acahtina fulica (Bowditch), Ariophanta cysis (Benson), Mariella dussemiere (Gray), and six species unidentified gastgropods. Among them A. fulica is an invasive species of India. The record of these gastropods on S. album forms first records. Their infestation often results in complete defoliation and in severe case death of seedlings and stunned growth of young plants. S. album is an important bioresource in India. Its wild populations are currently threatened mainly because of illicit felling, forest fire and grazing and to certain extent spike disease coupled with heavy domestic and international demand. For conservation of sandal ex-situ conservation strategies assume great relevance for which nurseries have been established. In this context the threat of molluscan pests on the seedlings and young plantations of S. album is discussed in this communication.

[5.7] SANDALWOOD BIODETERIORATION IN INDIAN CONDITIONS – CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIES O.K. Remadevi*, Raja Muthukrishnan, & S.C. Joshi Institute of Wood Science and Technology Sandalwood tree is very precious primarily because of its scented heartwood which yields the famous Indian sandalwood oil and the wood is used in multiple ways to make carvings, sandal paste, sandal garlands, medicinal preparations etc. During the long period of its formation in the tree, the wood is amenable to the attack of several biodeteriorating agents like wood borers, termites and fungi. The deterioration of wood continues after harvesting and in storage leading to reduction of quantity and quality of sandalwood. The termites, Odontotermes brunneus, Coptotermes heimi and Microcerotermes fletcheri attack trees and dead logs. Odontotermes sp. was found to infest upto 50% of trees especially in winter months. Many coleopteran (Aristobia octofasiculata Aurivillius, Blepephaeus modicus Gahan and Purpuricenus sanguinolentus Oliver ) and lepidopteran (Zeuzera coffeae Nietn., Indarbela quadrinotata Walker) borers live in the sap and heartwood of trees and their feeding activities lead to cavities and hollows in the trunk of trees. Basidiomycetous fungi, slime molds, subterranean termites, and powder post beetles attack sapwood and rarely heartwood in storages. Two species of bostrychid beetles and one species of wood wasp are found attacking sandal under storage. 9 species of fungi are reported from the logs of sandal. Polyporus, Gnanoderma, Poria species were observed as most common fungi in stored wood in depots. The estimates reveal that more than 25% of logs reaching the depots are with hollowed wood. 20% of the volume of heartwood is lost due to insect and fungal action. Protection of trees from termite, fungal and borer attack employing physical and biological methods need greater attention to reduce the wood deterioration in trees. The policy of leaving trees for harvesting only after a certain age has to be reviewed as the retention of affected trees in situ only aggravates the deterioration. Harvesting a deteriorated tree by proper and timely diagnosis can prevent further loss of wood. The stocking conditions also contribute to termite and fungal deterioration if the stock is directly on ground and with moisture contact. Hence stocking sandal logs should be on cemented dry platforms where termites/ fungi cannot attack the wood. Prevention and protection from biodeterioration can contribute to better yield of the valuable sandalwood.

[5.8 TBC] REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF SANDALWOOD (S. ALBUM, S. AUSTROCALEDONICUM AND S. LANCEOLATUM) Tony Page James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

[5.9 TBC] ARAECERUS FASCICULATUS LINN. (ANTHRIBIDAE: COLEOPTERA) BREEDING ON SANTALUM ALBUM SEEDS: A CHALLENGE TO SANDAL CULTIVATION/ SEED ORCHARDS AND PLANTATIONS Raja. Muthukrishnan*, V. Varun Rajan, O.K. Remadevi & S.C.Joshi Wood Biodegradation Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India Although sandal is distributed all over India, its population is dwindling day by day due several factors such as pests, disease, fire, smuggling grazing etc., This has resulted in substantial decline in production figures from 3176 tons/year from 1960-61 to 1964-65, to 1500 tons/year in 1997 and less than 100 tons in 2000-2001. Consequently, huge quantities of quality seeds are essential for propagation of sandal. Presently, there are several limiting factors, which play a vital role for procuring good quality sandal seeds for sandal cultivation. During seasonal surveys conducted to different sandal growing areas, a new seed borer namely Araecerus fasciculatus Linn. was recorded causing extensive damage to sandal seed as a whole, when the seed was ripening on the tree or after the seeds were harvested and stored for propagation. This seed borer could on the long run, seriously affect sandal cultivation and natural regeneration of sandal in reserve forests. The description of the seed borer, its biology and damage potential are discussed in this paper.

SESSION 5: REGIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT [5.1] SANTALUM ALBUM: CURRENT STATUS AND RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SRI LANKA S.M.C.U.P. Subasinghe*1, B.S. Nawarathne2, H.K. Rohana2, D.S. Hettiarachchi3 1Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; 2Sadaharitha Plantations Limited, 6A, Alfred Place, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka; 3Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Limited, 26, Coulson Way, Canning Vale, WA 6155, Australia Santalum album is a native plant of Sri Lanka and its value and quality have been used to show the characteristics of good in the ancient literature. It naturally distributes in the area where mean annual the temperature is between 22.5-25.0 0C; mean annual rainfall is between 1,000-1,500 mm; and at the elevation between 500-1,000 m above mean sea level. However, recent research has proven that S. album grows in wider climatic and elevation regions than the above with a growth rate of 0.3 to 1.0 cm of dbh and 0.3 to 1.0 m of height per year. S. album has been listed as a protected species in Sri Lanka under the Flora and Fauna Act of 1964 and again with the recent amendment of the year 2009. Felling and harvesting have become a lengthy procedure due to this reason and therefore planting is unpopular among the general public. The major threat to the existing trees is the illegal harvesting which heavily caused the resource depletion. Due to the severity of the illegal harvesting, protection has become useless and owners tend to sell trees before the maturity. However, establishment of commercial S. album plantations has become popular and fast growing among the private sector since recent years. This activity became accelerated since 2010 as one company started establishing plantations in different climatic zones of Sri Lanka after some silvicultural studies. Limited availability of lands, poor land quality and poor access to the available lands are the current problems faced in establishing such plantations. For the existing S. album plantations, Altenanthera is used as seedling host and Sesbenia grandiflora and Gliricidia sepium are used as medium-term hosts. S. album research has been stated recently in Sri Lanka and studies on oil quantity and quality, seed germination and seedling hosts were already completed. Recognising the value of S. album research, in December 2012, the government of Sri Lanka has funded a three-year research project through the National Research Council in collaboration with University of Sri Jayewardenpura and Sadaharitha Plantations Limited, Sri Lanka and Curtin University of Technology and Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Limited in Western Australia to further study on medium and long-term hosts and santalol quantity and quality of the trees growing in different agro-ecological zones. The results of this study will reveal the most suitable medium and long-term hosts for different regions of the country

and will test the relationships between santalol quantity and quality with climatic, geographic and topographic variations.

[5.2] SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR PROVINCE, INDONESIA Yani Septiani1 & Titiek Setyawati Directorate General of Forest Utilization, Ministry of Forestry Indonesia and ITTO Project PD 459/07 Rev 1 Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is an important natural asset for the East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Province. The wood has a specific characteristic with its pleasant odor and it is used for various products, from handicrafts, woodcarvings, joss sticks or sandalwood oil for perfume and cosmetics industries. Sandalwood has been contributing significantly to the regional economic. Since the last two decades, sandalwood population in the ENT province has been decreasing with an alarming rate due to over cutting, wild grazing and land conversion to support agriculture activities. The Indonesia government has concerned with the future of sandalwood sustainability and has initiated collaborative work with the Government of ENT province with support from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) to implement a study on sandalwood through an ITTO funded project PD 459/07 (F) Rev. 1, “Improving The Enabling Conditions For Sustainable Management of Sandalwood Forest Resources In East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Indonesia”. The project is aiming at developing a sustainable sandalwood resource management through strengthening policies, economic incentives and local institution capacity. This paper presents results of study on sandalwood population including its management strategies in ENT province as part of the project activities. Information and opinions of stakeholders were collected from four provincial districts: Alor, East Flores, East Sumba and Timor Tengah Selatan (South Central Timor). Direct observations, interviews, and group discussions with local stakeholders were completed at the study sites. The study revealed that low improvement on policies has been taken place in the region since the last decade to foster more sustainable management of sandalwood resources. Low economical benefits and unclear rights on sandalwood have constrained local people participation in sandalwood cultivation activities. A number of strategy options were recommended for sustaining the sandalwood resources in the future. Firstly, revision of existing regulation that accommodated local people needs where people should have independency in cultivating the sandalwood, including in marketting the products to make it economically attractive. Secondly, government policies and practices should be supportive to their efforts and are applied fairly and equitably. And lastly, building trust at local community and among stakeholders involved. Although the Project’s activities were focused primarily on the regulatory framework, other intervention that interacts with the regulatory framework was also applied to ensure that sustainable forest resource management objective is achieved. In particular, to develop and disseminate technical packages for local communities covering all aspects of Sandalwood silviculture including seed collection, seedling production, planting (particularly host selection and management) and post planting operations.

[5.3] MUSINGS OF A SANDALWOOD OIL DISTILLER John Day Paperbark Essential Oils, WA, Australia Musings, otherwise contemplation, or giving long consideration. Distilling sandalwood oil is a long drawn out process and 5 days plus watching the production of tiny bubbles of oil gives plenty of time for contemplation and long consideration of the science, practicalities, intrigue and politics of this fascinating and beautiful oil. A brief history of steam distillation is followed by an examination of the factors contributing to the high price of sandalwood oil. The cost of raw materials is outside our control, but factors such as the cost of consumables and labour can be minimized with efficient distillation plant design. A review of the factors taken into consideration in the design of a 100tpa steam distillation plant follows, covering items such as: steam generation, fuel selection, steam flow rate, sizing of distillation pots, selection of condenser, configuration of oil separation vessel, boiler feed water treatment, cooling water, etc. There will follow a brief discussion of the composition of Australian Sandalwood oil, and the huge variation that occurs depending on part of the tree distilled, and the geographical location of harvest. The relevance of the Australian Standard AS2112, and what goes into producing the final product to ensure it meets specification.

[5.4] UPDATE ON SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND TRADE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Lex Thomson Land Resources Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji Worldwide there continues to be shortfalls in supplies of Santalum heartwood and oils, leading to strong demand and continual price rises. This situation has had several effects and consequences for the conservation, management, utilization and trade in South Pacific Island species of Santalum. Firstly, it has led to increased, unsustainable and often illegal exploitation and harvesting, and associated poorly documented trade. It has also contributed to a strong and growing interest in replanting and prioritization for sandalwood research and extension activities by Government Forestry Departments, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and others in Fiji, New Caledonia, Tonga and Vanuatu. This interest in sandalwood has extended to several other Pacific Island countries such as Cook Islands and Niue, and in recent times including countries outside of sandalwood’s natural range, such as Samoa and Solomon Islands. This paper provides an update (from Thomson and Doran, 2010) on key developments related to sandalwood planting, utilization and trade in the South Pacific Islands. It principally describes the situation with regard to Santalum species native to the south-western Pacific Islands, viz. S. austrocaledonicum (in Vanuatu and New Caledonia), S. yasi (in Fiji and Tonga), S. macgregorii (in PNG). It also discusses the introduced east Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) which has been planted in Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu and hybridizes freely with native Santalum species, and a poorly known Santalum sp. in Western Province, PNG. Annual sandalwood production and trade data is provided for the past 10 years in Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu.

[5.5 TBC] TONGA: TBA Tevita Fakaosi Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Fiji

[5.6] COMMUNITY-MEDIATED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SANDALWOOD CONSERVATION: A DISCUSSION FORUM TOWARDS A COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE BASE Ryan D. Huish*1, Helen K. McKinney1, Cara Rose Wyatt1, Tevita Faka’osi2, Heimuli Likiafu2, Joseva Mateboto3 1 Biology Department, Hollins University, VA, USA, 2 Tongan Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Fisheries and Forests, 3 Fiji Department of Forestry. Sandalwood (Santalum spp. L., Santalaceae) is an exceptionally valuable cultural and economic resource, harvested for its aromatic heartwood and oil. As such, it has faced a long history of intense exploitation and ongoing regulation challenges. Consequently, sandalwood species have become threatened or even extinct. While sandalwood is sometimes planted in home gardens and plantations, the majority of sandalwood is still harvested from wild populations. In situ conservation, therefore, needs to be addressed more vigorously—especially in the context of community-mediated conservation efforts—in order to preserve genetic resources for this increasingly rare taxon. General theories and encouraging examples regarding conservation of indigenous resources have been documented in the literature. One common theme for long-term success is to empower local communities in the decision-making process and to endow more stewardship rights to them. This approach can help mediate many of the difficulties inherent in a “top-down” approach to the conservation of environmental resources. This presentation offers a platform for active networking and discussion to create a collaborative knowledge base of community-mediated management strategies on the in situ conservation of sandalwood within local paradigms and customs. Examples of successful management strategies will be discussed and solicited from participants through a questionnaire. This collaborative knowledge may then be used as a catalyst to promote community-based resource stewardship in ways that ensure ethical and sustainable harvesting and trade.

[5.7 TBC] STUDY OF ETHNOBOTANY RELATED MECHANICAL PULPING OF SANTALUM ALBUM/SANTALUM SPICATUM WOOD Harendrakumar Dave Department of Natural Science, ECU, Australia Sandalwood history at least is as old as Hindu religion and its aesthetic properties has been utilised in Hindu rituals even today in the same way. The functional properties also influenced the particular species wood. Santalum album wood has very unique mechanical properties. It can defibrate/fibrillate by rubbing small piece of sandalwood gently on grinding stone in the presence of very little amount of water. The naturally encapsulated fragrance of heartwood of sandalwood is released while rubbing piece of wood on small grinding stone. The fragrant hydro colloidal mechanical pulp formed is spread on the forehead of deities as well as worshipers. It has been also utilized by young women as facial mask for the treatment of acne and skin rash. It is obvious these properties influenced its use. In the present study the role of water in mechanical pulping is discussed in detail. The chemistry of the pulp is characterised by FTIR. The fragrant molecules are characterised by SPME. Pulp and deliberated wood is studied by SEM and light microscopy. Particle size distribution is also studied and difference between Santalum album and Santalum spicatum mechanical pulp is discussed. Anatomy of two different species is compared, and its possible role in mechanical pulping is discussed.

[5.8] SANDALWOOD OIL: EVERYDAY USE IN NORTH AMERICA Tim Blakley Aura Cacia & Frontier Coop, HI, USA Sandalwood oil is a top ten seller in N. America by dollar volume, why? We'll discuss the various common, and not so common, uses of sandalwood oil in N. America. From Yoga to killing fungal pathogens it has a multitude of health benefits. It's base note qualities make it ideal for blending and it's used in a variety of formulas. Though there are scientific studies validating some of its uses, most of it's uses today are based more on anecdotal evidence. We'll go through at least 10 of it's most common uses today. We'll discuss a couple of case studies as well as a few stories of reactions to topical applications.

[5.9] HAWAII’S SANDALWOOD NUT TREES Mark Hanson Hawaii Reforestation Program, HI, USA Imagine you are one of the members of the first Polynesian crew that arrive here on a canoe. You are told to go collect the fruit of the land. You bring back a basket filled with what you have found. The elder of your canoe spreads your collection on his cloth and examines it. Then he takes a small rat out of a cage and places it among the fruit. She sniffs around going from fruit to fruit. She picks up this dark purple fruit and peels off the skin and thin shell and devours the white meat. She gathers and eats them all leaving a small pile of shells. Your elder has peeled one and places it in his mouth and slowly chews it. He smiles and says to the crew I’liahi (the tree of life). In 20 years of growing sandalwood I have learned that they will grow most any where a person will care for them. Host on most any plant, the more amount of different plants the better. They do like nitrogen fixing plants. A well drained media with a time release fertilizer with iron added to it will grow a health tree, ready to plant 6-9 months. Deeper the pot the faster they grow. Seed can sprout in 3 months to 3 years. The average is about one year. The highest value of Sandalwood is to sell the nuts as the caviar of the forest till the tree dies. Then cut down to be used as wood for carving, incense, and oil for perfumes or medicine for venereal disease. I like to roast the nuts, then put two of them with my coffee beans in the grinder to flavor my coffee in the morning. Raw they make a great Sandalwood pesto. Sandalwoods true potential as food source has yet to be realized. So I speak to you today with high hope that I may inspire my fellow earthlings to grow sandalwoods to eat the nuts and create a better life for everyone.

[5.10] SEEMINGLY ENDLESS AMOUNTS OF SANDALWOOD Stephen E. S. Smith Hawaii Forestry Management Consultants, Hawaii, USA Noted Bishop Museum natural historian, Alan Zeigler, states in Chapter 26 “Historic Ecology” of his 2002 book, Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution, that "seemingly endless amounts of sandalwood" were collected for Hawaiian chiefs by their subjects “because they (the chiefs) could personally gain vast stores of foreign goods by providing sandalwood for this enterprise” (China Trade). He continues “That the more accessible populations of sandalwood on several main islands were almost annihilated by this exploitation between about 1812 and 1830 is of less importance than the fact that this episode was a major early factor in the breakup of the traditional way of life.” Collection by Hawaiian commoners of these “seemingly endless amounts of sandalwood” led to the disruption of their normal societal agricultural, fishing and other subsistence activities. Did “seemingly endless amounts of sandalwood” really exist? Obviously not, but does it really matter? No matter what amounts of sandalwood were collected it is generally accepted that the collection techniques utilized were disruptive to societal norms that had existed prior to arrival of the new economic norm of International trade. The older societal norm was disrupted by a new economic benefit to a much smaller segment of the society. Merlin & VanRavenswaay (USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-122. 1990) provide some insight into quantities of sandalwood imported to the Port of Canton, China during the period 29 year period between 1803 – 1834 in their Table 1 tabulation of amounts from the following citation - Gutzlaff C. 1834. A sketch of Chinese history, ancient and modem. Vol. II. London: Smith, Elder, and Co. But what do these seasonal trade totals reflect as metrics of a forestry economic scenario? This presentation will use generally accepted analytic methods to develop assessments of these reported amounts in modern forestry production & economic terms. The analysis will also compare the reported seasonal sandalwood metric to current or recent economic metrics of other timber species in Hawaii. The failure of the "seemingly endless" concept of sandalwood supply has gone on to influence several hundred years of resource management supposition, theory, and practice in Hawaii. Understanding the reported quantities in the current context will provide a historical basis that may be of assistance in enhancing understanding of sandalwood’s potential role in future commerce for Hawaii.

SESSION 6: REGULATION & SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT [6.1] SUSTAINABLE SANDALWOOD™ CERTIFICATION: WHAT, WHY, AND HOW? Danica T. Harbaugh Reynaud* & Daniel Reynaud International Sandalwood Foundation, El Cerrito, CA, USA; AuthenTechnologies LLC, Albany, CA, USA The International Sandalwood Foundation is developing the world’s first Sustainable Sandalwood™ Certification Program designed to certify that sandalwood has originated from sustainable sources. In this presentation, we will discuss what the objectives of the Sustainable Sandalwood™ Certification Program are and why such a certification program is necessary to control and promote a sustainable sandalwood industry. Finally, we will discuss how the program could be structured and solicit feedback from participants.

[6.2] HAWAIIAN SANDALWOODS AND THE UNITED PLANT SAVERS “AT-RISK LIST” TOOL Susan Leopold United Plant Savers, East Barre, VT, USA

[6.3] CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Patricia Ford Division of Scientific Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, VA, USA The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) entered into force in 1975, and is the only treaty designed to ensure that international trade in plant and animal species does not threaten their survival in the wild. CITES is one of the most effective forces in the world for conservation of wildlife and plants, both in halting the trade in species threatened with extinction and in fostering sustainable use of vulnerable species. This is accomplished through a system of permits and certificates issued by exporting and importing member countries to CITES. Currently, 175 countries (referred to as Parties), including the United States, implement CITES. Species protected by CITES are listed in one of three Appendices that determine how the Parties apply import and export controls on specimens of listed species. The level of listing also determines the types of findings required for the issuance of permits. A listing may cover an entire family (e.g., Orchidaceae) or genus (e.g., Guaiacum spp.), or an individual species (e.g., Swietenia macrophylla). Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction and provides the greatest level of protection, including restrictions on commercial trade. Appendix II includes species that, although currently not threatened with extinction, may become so without trade controls. It also includes species that resemble listed species which need to be controlled to effectively control trade in listed species. Appendix II includes the most listed species. Appendix III includes species that are listed by a Party that are already protected in the country, and require cooperation of other Parties to prevent the exploitation of its native species to regulate international trade. Unlike Appendices I and II, Parties can independently list its native species in Appendix III. Each Party must designate a Management Authority (MA) and Scientific Authority (SA) to implement CITES. In the United States, Section 8 of the Endangered Species Act designates the Secretary of the Department of Interior as the MA and SA for implementing CITES, with the functions of these Authorities carried out through the Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). The MA ensures that specimens of CITES-listed species were legally acquired and are traded with the appropriate permits and certificates. The SA is responsible for making non-detriment findings for the import of specimens of Appendix-I listed species, and export of specimens of Appendix-II listed species. The Service’s SA uses the best available biological and trade information to determine whether the export of specimens of wild-harvested Appendix-II listed species is sustainable and not detrimental to the survival of the species. Changes to Appendices I and II must be proposed at and approved by a Conference of the Parties (CoP), which meets every three years. The next CoP is the 16th meeting (CoP16), March 3-15, 2013, in Thailand. For CoP16, the Service’s SA is currently examining trade and biological data for species that may warrant

protection under CITES and whether changes are warranted for certain listed species.

[6.4] THE FUTURE OF ‘ILIAHI, HAWAIIAN SANDALWOOD: LEARNING FROM THE PAST AND LOOKING FORWARD Paul Conry Interim Deputy Director for Department of Lands and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘I, HI, USA Hawai‘i is home to six endemic Sandalwood species (‘Iliahi), which have had a long history of cultural significance, economic, prosperity and unsustainable harvests. Earlier this year the State of Hawai‘i Legislature contemplated two proposed bills related to the conservation of Hawaiian Sandalwood which were introduced in response to the controversy surrounding the current unregulated harvesting of Santalum paniculatum on Hawai‘i Island. The debate sparked by these legislative initiatives renewed discussions of Sandalwood’s history in Hawai‘i, as well as highlighted the degraded condition of its historic and current habitat, ongoing threats to these species and the potential commercial opportunities for Hawaiian Sandalwood in the global market. Although neither bill passed, the Department of Land and Natural Resources was asked to explore and review the status of ‘Iliahi and propose appropriate actions needed to ensure that this important natural and cultural resource is sustained into the future. The Department is soliciting local knowledge to fill information gaps about Hawaiian Sandalwood, as well as expertise and insight from other nations that have dealt with similar issues and challenges associated with the sustainable management of Sandalwood within their regions

INTERNATIONAL SANDALWOOD FOUNDATION

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sandalwoodfoundation.org

WA   Sandalwood   Plantations   is   a   Western   Australian  

company,   dedicated   to   growing   and   managing  

commercial   plantations   of   Australian   sandalwood  

(Santalum  spicatum).    

Since   being   founded   in   2001,   the   company   has  

established  9,500   acres   of   greenfield   plantations   in  

Western  Australia.  We  manage  a   further  13,700  acres  

of   previously   established   plantations   resulting   in  

approximately  23,000  acres  under  management,  across  

22  plantations,  accounting  for  nearly  65%  of  the  global  

Santalum  spicatum  plantation  base.      

We  offer   annual   investments   in   greenfield  projects   to  

companies,  institutions  and  high  net  worth  individuals.  

 

Please  contact  us  at  info@wasandalwood.com.