International Relations. Global Interdependence Means people and nations all over the world depend...
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Transcript of International Relations. Global Interdependence Means people and nations all over the world depend...
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International Relations
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Global Interdependence
• Means people and nations all over the world depend on each other for goods and services
• US imports 50% of its oil• Must maintain good relations = Foreign
Policy• US imports many minerals but exports
many finished products
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Global Trade
• Most important part of interdependence is trade
• Nations compete to sell products
• Many advantages – Business make more profit– More products to choose from
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Global Trade
• Many disadvantages– Force weak companies out of business– Hurts small nations economies– Higher unemployment
• Nations often try to protect their industries from foreign competition
• Protectionism – placing tariffs on imports
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Trade Agreements
• Free trade – a policy that eliminates tariffs
• NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement reduces tariffs among Canada, the US, and Mexico
• WTO – World Trade Organization – working to reduce tariffs among more than 150 nations and eliminate
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Growing Economic Inequality
• Large gap between worlds rich and poor• 25 or so “rich” nations like US, Japan,
Germany, Canada, Great Britain, France• Called Developed nations• Have many natural resources, production and
industry• Produce the most goods that are sold
worldwide• Less developed nations – 165 poor nations
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Characteristics of Developing Nations
• Such as Chad, Albania, Paraguay, Uganda• Few natural resources, little to export• Some have one major resource like the middle
east and their oil or South America and their coffee
• People of these nations suffer from famine, health issues and terrorism
• Most developed nations are in the northern hemisphere, less developed are in the south
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Process of Economic Development
• Developed and developing nations need each other
• Rich nations sell their things to poor ones
• 1/3 of American exports went to developing countries
• Rich nations try to help poor ones
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Foreign Aid
• Giving aid favors nations that support us• Should we be spending money on our own
problems
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Environmental Destruction
• Pollution does not recognize borders• Acid Rain – coal burning factories release sulfur
dioxide gas into the air, mixes with water vapor, then falls
• Countries try to form commissions to find solutions
• Conservation – limiting the use of polluting resources
• Some believe conservation is bad for economy• Poor nations can not afford anti-pollutions rules
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The United Nations
• Purpose of the UN– Internationalism – idea that nations should cooperate
to promote common aims– Started with League of Nations after WWI– US was creator of UN– 1945 – 50 countries signed in
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Main Goals of the UN
» Maintain international peace» Develop friendly relations among nations» Promote justice and cooperation» Seek solutions to global problems
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Structure of the UN
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General Assembly
– All 191 nations belong to it– Each nation has a single vote– Holds regular and special sessions
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Security Council– Peacekeeping arm– Five Permanent members – US, UK, Russia, France,
China– 10 non-permanent members for 2 year terms– Each has one vote, needs nine votes for important
decisions– Permanent members can veto– Tries to persuade countries to not fight
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Secretariat
– Day to day operations– Lead by Secretary General Ban Ki-moon– Five year term, two term limit
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International Court of Justice
– World court – judicial arm– Located in The Hague, Netherlands– 15 justices settle disputes between nations– No power to enforce its rulings
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Economic and Social Council
– Concerned with bettering human living conditions
– Promote higher standard of living for all– 54 nations serve on the council, 3 year term
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Agencies
• WHO – World Health Organization– International health work
• UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund– Started in 1946 to help children after WWII– Goal is to help protect and educate children
• World Bank– Loans money to developing nations at low interest
• IMF – International Monetary Fund– 183 nations promote financial and technological
cooperation
– Combat hunger, disease, poverty, ignorance, etc.
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Standards For Human Rights
• Human Rights – Basic freedoms and rights that all people should enjoy
• Right to safety, food, shelter• Some countries deny their people these rights• Commissions started to investigate countries • Groups and Individuals taken to court for war
crimes
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Signed in 1948• 30 articles about how the treatment of people should
be• Article 1 – All humans are equal in dignity and rights• Article 3 – Freedoms like movement, asylum,
nationality, to marry and have a family, own property• Article 22 to 27 – Social, economic, and cultural rights
of people• Article 28 to 30 – People should be free to enjoy
human rights
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Protecting Human Rights
• UN High Commissioner for Human Rights directs activism
• Oversees programs to protect humans and their rights
• Draws public attention to violations• International Tribunal – courts with the
authority from the UN to hear cases and make judgments about violations of human rights
• Genocide – the deliberate killing of a racial or cultural group
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Growth of Democracy
• 1900 – 12% of people lived in a democracy• 1950 – 31% • 2001 – 60%• Democracy – political system in which the
people choose their leaders freely• Beyond the definition – “Fully Free” 89 countries• 54 “Partly Free” countries, meeting minimum
standard• 37% of world’s population is not free
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Rights in South Africa
• 1960s White leaders of South Africa legalized apartheid
• Apartheid – Policy of racial separation between whites and blacks
• Laws dictated every part of black’s lives• Could be jailed indefinitely without cause like
Nelson Mandela• Lasted 40 years
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Safeguarding Democracy – The Cold War
• After WWII, Soviet Union forced countries to become satellites
• Satellites – countries politically and economically dominated by a more powerful nation
• Soviet’s wanted to expand their empire• Free nations of the West vs. Communist nations• Cold War – more a of a clash of ideas than
weapons• Democracy vs. Communism• 1945 to 1991• American Presidents have made it goal of US to
promote democracy
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The War on Terror
• In response to 9/11• US and other nations pledging to establish
democracy and liberty to all people around the world