8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000

UMTS and IMT-2000• Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)

UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI

• UMTS UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) enhancements of GSM

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic) VHE (Virtual Home Environment)

fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI requirements

min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s) up to 2 Mbit/s urban

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 393

Frequencies for IMT-2000

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 394

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

IMT-2000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

MSS↑

ITU allocation(WRC 1992)

IMT-2000 MSS↓

Europe

China

Japan

NorthAmerica

UTRAFDD ↑

UTRAFDD ↓

TDD

TDD

MSS↑

MSS↓

DECT

GSM1800

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

IMT-2000 MSS↑ IMT-2000 MSS

↓GSM1800

cdma2000W-CDMA

MSS↓

MSS↓

MSS↑

MSS↑

cdma2000W-CDMAPHS

PCS rsv.

IMT-2000 Family

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 395

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

IMT-DS(Direct Spread)

UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)

3GPP

IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD

(TD-CDMA);TD-SCDMA

3GPP

IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)

cdma2000

3GPP2

IMT-SC(Single Carrier)

UWC-136(EDGE)

UWCC/3GPP

IMT-FT(Freq. Time)

DECT

ETSI

GSM(MAP)

ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network

IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T

IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R

Interface for Internetworking

Flexible assignment ofCore Network and Radio Access

Initial UMTS(R99 w/ FDD)

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

GSM and UMTS Releases

• Stages (0: feasibility study)

1: service description from a service-user’s point of view

2: logical analysis, breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them

3: concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped

(4: test specifications)

• Additional information: www.3gpp.org/releases

www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/ SpecReleaseMatrix.htm

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 396

3GPP Releases (I)

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 397

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

3GPP RELEASES

3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS

Phase 1 1992 Basic GSM

Phase 2 1995 GSM features including EFR Codec

Release 96 Q1 1997 GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data

Release 97 Q1 1998 GSM additional features, GPRS

Release 98 Q1 1999 GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE

Release 99 Q1 2000 3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access

Release 4 Q2 2001 UMTS all-IP Core Network

Release 5 Q1 2002 IMS and HSDPA

Release 6 Q4 2004 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with WLAN

3GPP Releases (II)

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 398

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

3GPP RELEASES

3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS

Release 7 Q4 2007 Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution

Release 8 Q4 2008 Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA

Release 9 Q4 2009 WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell HSUPA, LTE HeNB

Release 10 Q1 2011 LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA

Release 11 Q3 2012 Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

3GPP Releases (III)

3GPP RELEASES

3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS

Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation(2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrieraggregation), MIMO (3D channel modelling, elevationbeamforming, massive MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication, eMBMS enhancements.

Release 13 Scheduled for March 2016 LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz introduced

Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G

Release 15 End 2018 5G Phase 1 specification

Release 16 2020 5G Phase 2 specification

Release 17 Mid 2021 5G RAN

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 399

UMTS Releases and the Path Towards 5G

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 400

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

https://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/Releases/2019_large_ongoing_releases.jpg

Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, August 18, 2000

• UTRA-FDD: Uplink 1920-1980 MHz Downlink 2110-2170 MHz duplex spacing 190 MHz 12 channels, each 5 MHz

• UTRA-TDD: 1900-1920 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz; 5 MHz channels

• Coverage of the population 25% until 12/2003 50% until 12/2005

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 401

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Sum: 50.81 billion €

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Architecture (Release 99 used here!)

• UTRAN (UTRA Network) Cell level mobility Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks

• UE (User Equipment)• CN (Core Network) Inter system handover Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 402

UTRANUE CN

IuUu

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Domains and Interfaces I

• User Equipment Domain Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services

• Infrastructure Domain Shared among all users Offers UMTS services to all accepted users

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 403

USIMDomain

MobileEquipment

Domain

AccessNetworkDomain

ServingNetworkDomain

TransitNetworkDomain

HomeNetworkDomain

Cu Uu Iu

User Equipment Domain

ZuYu

Core Network Domain

Infrastructure Domain

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Domains and Interfaces II

• Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) Functions for encryption and authentication of users Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device

• Mobile Equipment Domain Functions for radio transmission User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections

• Access Network Domain Access network dependent functions

• Core Network Domain Access network independent functions Serving Network Domain

Network currently responsible for communication Home Network Domain

Location and access network independent functions

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 404

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Spreading and Scrambling of User Data

• Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s• Different user data rates supported via different

spreading factors higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa

• User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes users are not separated via orthogonal spreading

codes much simpler management of codes: each

station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes

precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 405

data1 data2 data3

scramblingcode1

spr.code3

spr.code2

spr.code1

data4 data5

scramblingcode2

spr.code4

spr.code1

sender1 sender2

OVSF Coding

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 406

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

1

1,1

1,-1

1,1,1,1

1,1,-1,-1

XX,X

X,-X 1,-1,1,-1

1,-1,-1,11,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1

1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1

1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1

1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1

1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1

1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1

1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8

SF=n SF=2n

...

...

...

...

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS FDD Frame Structure

W-CDMA• 1920-1980 MHz uplink• 2110-2170 MHz downlink• chipping rate: 3.840 Mchip/s• soft handover• QPSK• complex power control

(1500 power control cycles/s)• spreading: UL: 4-256

DL:4-512

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 407

0 1 2 12 13 14...Radio frame

Pilot FBI TPCTime slot

666.7 µs

10 ms

Data

Data1

uplink DPDCH

uplink DPCCH

downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot

666.7 µs

666.7 µs

DPCCH DPDCH

2560 chips, 10 bits

2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6)

TFCI

2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)

Data2

DPDCH DPCCH

FBI: Feedback InformationTPC: Transmit Power ControlTFCI: Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel

Slot structure NOT for user separation but synchronization for periodic functions!

8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000

Typical UTRA-FDD Uplink Data Rates

User data rate [kbit/s] 12.2 (voice) 64 144 384DPDCH [kbit/s] 60 240 480 960DPCCH [kbit/s] 15 15 15 15Spreading 64 16 8 4

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 408

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS TDD Frame Structure (Burst Type 2)

TD-CDMA• 2560 chips per slot• spreading: 1-16• symmetric or asymmetric

slot assignment to UL/DL(min. 1 per direction)

• tight synchronization needed• simpler power control

(100-800 power control cycles/s)

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 409

0 1 2 12 13 14...Radio frame

Data1104 chips

Midample256 chips

Data1104 chips

Time slot666.7 µs

10 ms

Traffic burstGPGP: guard period

96 chips2560 chips

UTRAN Architecture

• UTRAN comprises several RNSs

• Node B can support FDD or TDD or both

• RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE

• Cell offers FDD or TDD

RNC: Radio Network ControllerRNS: Radio Network Subsystem

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 410

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Node B

Node B

RNC

Iub

Node B

UE1

RNS

CN

Node B

Node B

RNC

Iub

Node B

RNS

Iur

Node B

UE2

UE3

Iu

UTRAN Functions

• Admission control• Congestion control• System information broadcasting• Radio channel encryption• Handover• SRNS moving• Radio network configuration

• Channel quality measurements• Macro diversity• Radio carrier control• Radio resource control• Data transmission over the radio

interface• Outer loop power control

(FDD and TDD)• Channel coding• Access control

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 411

8.5 UTMS/IMT-2000

Core Network: Protocols

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 412

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

MSC

RNS

SGSN GGSN

GMSC

HLR

VLR

RNS

Layer 1: PDH, SDH, SONET

Layer 2: ATM

Layer 3: IPGPRS backbone (IP)

SS 7

GSM-CSbackbone

PSTN/ISDN

PDN (X.25),Internet (IP)

UTRAN

CN

Core Network: Architecture

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 413

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

BTS

Node B

BSC

Abis

BTS

BSS

MSC

Node B

Node B

RNC

Iub

Node B RNS

Node BSGSN GGSN

GMSC

HLR

VLR

IuPS

IuCS

Iu

CN

EIR

GnGi

PSTN

AuC

GR

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Core NetworkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are separated into two logical domains:

• Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) Circuit switched service incl. signaling Resource reservation at connection setup GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR) IuCS

• Packet Switched Domain (PSD) GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN) IuPS

• Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access! Helps to save a lot of money … Much faster deployment Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6)

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 414

UMTS Protocol Stacks (User Plane)

Circuit Switched Packet Switched

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 415

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

apps. &protocols

MAC

radio

MAC

radio

RLC SAR

Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC

RLC

AAL2

ATM

AAL2

ATM

SAR

apps. &protocols

MACradio

MACradio

PDCP GTP

Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN

RLCAAL5ATM

AAL5ATM

UDP/IPPDCP

RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP

Gn

GTP GTP

L2L1

UDP/IPL2L1

GTP

3GGGSN

IP, PPP,…

IP, PPP,…

IP tunnel

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Support of Mobility: Macro Diversity

• Multicasting of data via several physical channels Enables soft handover FDD mode only

• Uplink simultaneous reception of UE data at several

Node Bs Reconstruction of data at Node B, SRNC or DRNC

• Downlink Simultaneous transmission of data via different cells Different spreading codes in different cells

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 416

CNNode B RNC

Node BUE

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Support of Mobility: Handover

• From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM) This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning

• RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)• RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)• End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS

Change of SRNS requires change of Iu

Initiated by the SRNS Controlled by the RNC and CN

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 417

SRNC

UE

DRNC

Iur

CN

Iu

Node BIub

Node BIub

Example Handover Types in UMTS/GSM

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 418

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

RNC1UE1

RNC2

Iur

3G MSC1Iu

Node B1

IubNode B2

Node B3 3G MSC2

BSCBTS 2G MSC3AAbis

UE2

UE3

UE4

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Breathing Cells

• GSM Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size

• UMTS Cell size closely correlated to the cell capacity Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity Noise generated by interference from other cells and other users of the same cell Interference increases noise level Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max. power limit) and

thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required Cell breathing complicates network planning

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 419

Breathing Cells: Example

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 420

8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Services (Originally)• Data transmission service profiles

• Virtual Home Environment (VHE) Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network, and device Network operators may offer new services without changing the network Integration of existing IN services

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 421

Service Profile Bandwidth Transport Mode Comments

High Interactive MM 128 kb/s Circuit-switched Bidirectional, Video Telephony

High MM 2 Mb/s Packet-switched Low Coverage, max. 6 km/h

Medium MM 384 kb/s Packet-switched Asymmetrical, MM, Downloads

Switched Data 14.4 kb/s Circuit-switched

Simple Messaging 14.4 kb/s Packet-switched SMS Successor, E-Mail

Voice 16 kb/s Circuit-switched

Example 3G Networks: Japan

FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan

Examples for FOMA Phones

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 422

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Isle of Man –Start of UMTS in Europe as Test

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 423

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS in Monaco

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 424

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS in Europe

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 425

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Vodafone/Germany

Orange/UK

8.6 HSPA

Enhancements I

• GSM Enhanced Message Service EMS / Multimedia Messaging Service MMS

EMS: 760 characters possible by chaining SMS, animated icons, ring tones, was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)

MMS: transmission of images, video clips, audio− see WAP 2.0

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was: GSM] Evolution)8-PSK instead of GMSK, up to 384 kbit/snew modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS

− MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 8.8/11.2/14.8/17.6 kbit/s− MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 22.4/29.6/44.8/54.4/59.2 kbit/s

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 426

8.6 HSPA

Enhancements II

• UMTS HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

initially up to 10 Mbit/s for the downlink, later > 20 Mbit/s using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas

can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally > 13 Mbit/s)user rates e.g. 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit/s

HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) initially up to 5 Mbit/s for the uplinkuser rates e.g. 1.45 Mbit/s

HSPA+ with 28-84 Mbit/s for downstream

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 427

HSDPA – Transmission Rates

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 428

8.6 HSPA

Source: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/kom/1301141.htm

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 3.6 MBit/s

HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 7.2 MBit/s

HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 1.8 MBit/s

HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 3.6 MBit/s

HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 384 kBit/s

HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 1.8 MBit/s

UMTS, Uplink: 64 kBit/s

UMTS, Downlink: 384 kBit/s

Data Rates for Different HSDPA Expansion Stages

8.6 LTE

Enhancements III

• LTE (Long Term Evolution)

Generation 3.9

Peak data rates of 300 Mb/s (downlink) and 75 Mb/s (uplink)

• LTE Advanced / LTE +

increased peak data rate, downlink 3 Gbit/s, uplink 1.5 Gbit/s

higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10

increased number of simultaneously active subscribers

improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell.

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 429

Development of HSDPA / HSUPA

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 430

8.6 HSPA

Source: http://www.ltemobile.de/HSPA.46.0.html TTI: Transmission Time Interval

8.6 HSPA

HSPA+

• Goal of 3GPP Specification HSPA+ Release 7: increase of data rate

• Higher frequency spectrum efficiency 64QAM in downlink 16QAM in uplink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

• Maximum data rate: HSPA+ Release 7: 28.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) HSPA+ Release 8: 42.2 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) HSPA+ Release 9: 56.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink)

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 431

8.7 LTE

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• Current standard for high-rate mobile data communication Migration from UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA to LTE Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple Input/Multiple Output antenna technology

(MIMO) Decrease of latency for IP-based voice communication Expected data rate of up to 300 Mb/s (downlink)

and 75 Mb/s (uplink)

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 432

8.7 LTE

LTE Netzaufbau

• eNB = E-UTRAN Node B• MME = Mobility Management Entity• S-GW = Serving Gateway

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 433

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/hamdani2/lte-long-term-evolution

Comparison of HSPA and LTE

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 434

8.7 LTE

http

://w

ww

.sm

arto

ne.c

om.h

k/ab

out/

inve

stor

/pr

esen

tatio

ns/4

G%20

LTE_

e_pr

esen

tatio

n.pd

f

Trends

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 435

8.7 LTE

http

://w

ww

.wire

less

andm

obile

new

s.co

m/

3art

/nok

iasli

de.jp

g

8.8 5G/IMT-2020

On the Way to 5G

5G (IMT-2020) with the following (ambitious) goals:• Increase of data rate by factor 100 compared to LTE (i.e. up to 10 Gb/s)• Increase of capacity by factor 1000• Addressing of 100 billion mobile devices worldwide at a time• Extremely low latency ping below 1 ms• Energy saving by factor 1000 per transmitted bit• 90% less power consumption

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 436

Source: http://www.lte-anbieter.info/5g/

8.8 5G/IMT-2020

5th Generation

• Tactile Internet• Said to be introduced in 2020 IMT 2020

• Main goals: Efficiency with low cost High bit rate using dynamic

spectrum access Convergence of fiber and

wireless network• Application scenarios Internet of Things (IoT) Integration of MANETs

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 437

5G Application Profiles

• Enhanced mobile broadband Data rates up to 20 Gb/s Video streaming, augmented / virtual

reality• Massive machine type communications Massive IoT: plentitude of IoT devices with

energy efficiency• Ultra-reliable low-latency communications Latency less than 1 ms Autonomous driving, Industry 4.0

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 438

8.8 5G/IMT-2020

mMTC

Outlook

6G – The next PLMN standard…

• Possibly to be expected in 2030• Even higher data rates to cope with the

huge amounts of data to be transferred• Extended mobile edge computing• Higher radio frequencies (Terahertz wave

spectrum above 95 GHz) But what about the ranges?

• virtually zero latency but what about speed of light?

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 439

References

References

• Al Agha, Khaldoun; Pujolle, Guy; Ali-Yahiya, Tara (2016): Mobile and Wireless Networks. London, Hoboken, NJ: ISTE Ltd.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Networks & Telecommunications Series. Advanced Networks Set, Volume 2).

• Commsbrief (2017): Mobile Networks Made Easy. A Simplified View of Mobile Networks for Professional Audience. Commsbrief Limited.

• Lin, Yi-Bing; Chlamtac, Imrich (2001): Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Sauter, Martin (2017): From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G. An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Smith, Clint; Collins, Daniel (2014): Wireless Networks. Design and Integration for LTE, EVDO, HSPA and WiMAX. 3rd edition. New York, Blacklick: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 440