International Journal of Traditional and Natural Medicines ...

Copyright © 2018 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA

International Journal of Traditional and Natural Medicines, 2018, 8(1): 76-89

International Journal of Traditional and Natural Medicines

Journal homepage:www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/IJTNM.aspx

ISSN: 2167-1141

Florida, USA

Article

Strategies for Utilization of Wound Healing Herbals in and

around Mayiladuthurai, Nagapptinam District

*Kaliyamoorthy Jayakumar and M. Vinoth

Department of Botany, A.V.C College (Autonomous), Mannampandal 609 305, Mayiladuthurai Tamil

Nadu, India

Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University Constituent Arts & Science College,

Perambalur - 621 717, Tamil Nadu, India

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]

Article history: Received 22 June 2018, Revised 6 December 2018, Accepted 15 December 2018,

Published 24 December 2018.

Abstract: The present investigation deals with utilization of wound healing herbals in and

around Mayiladuthurai, Nagapptinam district. Wound is very critical problem in human

beings; the healing is a process of restoring normal structure functions of damaged tissue.

The damage of tissues irritated to the wound healers. Medicinal plants have been used as

traditional treatment for thousands of years in India. It is used for several medicinal plants

cure various types wounds in the internal and external application.

Keywords: Wound Healings, Medicinal plants, Curative process

1. Introduction

India has a rich flora that is widely distributed throughout the country. Herbal medicines have

been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditional

methods practiced such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Medicinal components from plants play an

important role in conventional as well as western medicine. Plant derived drugs have been a part of the

evolution of human, healthcare for thousands of years. Plant based drugs were commonly used in India

and china. Today a substantial number of drugs are developed from plants which are active against a

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77

number of diseases (Jayakumar, 2013b). The majority of these involve the isolation of the active

ingredient found in a particular medicinal plant and its subsequent modification. One of the survey

conducted by the WHO reports that more than 80% of the world`s population still depends upon the

traditional medicines for various diseases. In the developed countries 25 percent of the medical drugs

are based on plants and their derivatives and the use of medicinal plants is well known among the

indigenous people in rural areas of many developing countries (Jayakumar, 2013a and Jayakumar,

2015).

Plants have been used in traditional medicine for a long time. Plant diversity has a very rich of

the Indian sub continent in a wide range of ecosystem. Several thousand plant species have been

reported to posse`s medicinal properties and around 2,000 species are referred in literature. It is

estimated that around 8,000 plant species are used in Indian system of medicine and around 25,000

effective plant species based on formulation used in folk medicine. Eighty percent of world population

relies on the plant based drugs for their primary health care needs as estimated by world health

organization. (Jayakumar et al., 2013 and Jayakumar et al., 2015).

Wound may be defined as a disruption of the cellular and anatomic continuity of a tissue, with

or without microbial infection and is produced due to any accident or cut with sharp edged things. It

may be produced due to physical, chemical, thermal, microbial or immunological exploitation to the

tissues. Healing is a natural phenomenon by which body itself overcome the damaged to the tissue but

the rate of healing is very slow and chance of microbial infection is high. This creates demand of a

substance that speeds up the rate of healing. Wound healers are one of the most critical requirement in

the essential medicaments for soldier and may help in putting injured soldier back on the war field as

quickly as possible. A wound healer also minimizes demand of other drugs like antibiotics and also

their probable size effects by their use (Lazarus, et al., 1994). India has a rich tradition of plant-based

knowledge on healthcare. A large number of plants/plant extracts/decoctions or pastes are equally used

by tribals and folklore traditions in India for treatment of cuts, wounds, and burns.

Besides this, there is not a single synthetic drug formulation in the market which can claims for

its wound healing properties. The drugs available are either bacteriostatic or bactericidal and in these

cases healing is by a natural phenomenon only (Lawrence et al., 1994; Nguyen et al., 2009).

1.1. Classification of Wounds

Wounds may be classified by several methods; their location, type of injury or presenting

symptoms, wound depth and tissue loss or clinical appearance of the wound. Wounds are classified as

open and closed wound on the underlying cause of wound creation and acute and chronic wounds on

the basis of physiology of wound healing.

1.1.1. Open wounds

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In this case blood escapes the body and bleeding is clearly visible. It is further classified as:

Incised wound, Laceration or tear wound, Abrasions or superficial wounds, Puncture wounds,

Penetration wounds and gunshot wounds (Strodt beck et al., 2001).

1.1.2. Closed wounds

In closed wounds blood escapes the circulatory system but remains in the body. It includes

contusion or bruises, hematomas or blood tumor, crush injury etc.

1.1.3. Acute wounds

Acute wound is a tissue injury that normally precedes through an orderly and timely reparative

process those results in sustained restoration of anatomic and functional integrity. Acute wounds are

usually caused by cuts or surgical incisions and complete the wound healing process within the

expected time frame (Kumar et al., 2007).

1.1.4. Chronic wounds

Chronic wounds are wound that have failed to progress through the normal stage of healing of

pathologic inflammation chronic wounds either require a prolonged time to heal or recur frequently

(Kumar et al., 2007; Robert et al., 1998).

The aim of the present studies is to list the traditional medicinal uses of plants in the

Mayiladuthurai, the Nagai district. In this district human life and culture have directly or indirectly

been associated with and influenced by the surrounding environment. People live partly on leaves,

tubers and fruits of terrestrial forest plants and use plant drugs as medicines, thereby offering much

scope for Ethno botanical studies. The objective is to establish a documentation of the plants used by

Mayiladuthurai people of Nagai district Tamil Nadu with create awareness to the local communities

about the conservation strategies of these valuable genetic resources.

Wound healing is a normal biological response to the injury that sets into motion a sequence of

events. Although wound healing is a familiar process but its underlying biology is very complex and it

is still only partially understood. (Sherratt and Dallon, 2002).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the Study Area

Tamil Nadu is the eleven largest states in India with a geographical area of 13005 sq.kms and

lies between 11˚00' to 12˚00' North latitudes and 77˚28’ ̕ to 78˚50' East longitudes. Mayiladuthurai is

situated at a distance of 281kilometres (175 mi) from Chennai and 130kilometres (81 mi) from

Tiruchirappalli. The town is located at 11.10˚ N 79.65˚E. Situated at a distance of 24kilometres (15

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mi) from the Bay of Bengal coast, the town is situated at an altitude of barely 10metres (33 ft) above

mean sea level. The Cauvery River runs through the town bisecting it into uttaramayuram and

mayuram proper. Most of the town lays to the north off the while the Mayuranathaswami. Temple lies

a mile to its south. There is a bathing Ghat on the Cauvery River. Agriculture is the most widely

practiced occupation.

The climate of Mayiladuthurai is similar to the climate prevailing in the rest of the Cauvery

Delta. The average maximum temperature is 39.4 degrees Celsius while the average minimum

temperature is 32.8 degrees Celsius. The average annual rainfall is 1,125mm. The plants were

collected with the help of traditional healers and the information regarding the use of plants was

recorded in the field note book.

Local plants are used for nourishment, dyeing and medical purposes (Baytop, 1999). Like in the

other countries of the world, in recent years, the plants - used traditionally for curative purposes - have

attracted attention of the researches (Karigiogluet al., 2008; Kripper, 2003). Questionnaire method is

commonly used in these kinds of researches (Fochoet al., 2009). Local plants names are closely related

to the local language used by the people of that area. Local Tamil names for plants vary from one

region to another (Baytop, 1994). This variation is closely related to culture and, due to the cultural

richness of the Anatolia region, local names may vary even from one town or one village to another

(Akgul, 2008).

Documentation of the indigenous knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important for

the conservation and utilization of biological resources (Muthu et al., 2006). Therefore, determining

the local names and indigenous uses of plants has significant potential societal benefits (Bagci, 2000).

The present study investigated the plants traditionally used in the treatment of specific diseases, and

the local names of these plants.

2.2. Identification of Plants

The information recorded was further ascertained or cross checked by consulting the

beneficiary`s villagers and other traditional physicians. The plant specimens were also identified

according to different references concerning the medicinal plants of South India. The medicinal

information given in this paper includes botanical term family local name parts used and their

therapeutic use.

3. Results and Discussion

Plants have been used as traditional medicine for several thousand years. The exploration of

ethno medicinal studies was carried out n Mayiladuthurai. There are 20 species belonging to 20

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families were recorded. The species are arranged in sequential order. A wound may be defined as a

break in the epithelial integrity of the skin or may also be defined as a loss or breaking of cellular and

anatomic or functional continuity of living tissue. According to the wound healing society, wounds are

physical injuries that result in an opening or break of the skin that cause disturbance in the normal skin

anatomy and function. They result in the herbals are cure and recovery of the wounds healings.

Herbal medicines as therapeutic agents of a paramount importance in addressing health

problems of traditional communities and third world countries as well as industrialized societies of the

reported plants. Acalypha indica, Anacardium occidentale, Areca catechu, Calotropis gigantea,

Cleome viscosa, Euphorbia hirta, Ficus racemosa, Morinda pubescens, Pongamia pinnata, Vitex

altissima were studied for wound healing, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity on the basis of their

use in traditional medicine as wound healers.

Acalypha indica L. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is a weed widely distributed throughout the plains

of India. It has been reported to be useful in treating pneumonia, asthma, rheumatism and several other

ailments. The dried leaves of Acalypha indica was made into a poultice to treat bedsores and wounds

and the juice of Acalypha indica is added to oil or lime and used to treat a variety of skin disorders.

The leaves of Acalypha grandis have also been reported to possess contraceptive activity several

chemical and biological investigations have been carried out on this plant.

Azadiracta is a genus of two species of trees in the flowering plant family meliaceae.

Numerous species have been described in the genus but only two are currently recognized, Azadiracta

excelsa (Jack) Jacobs, and the economically important neem tree. The resins from the trees have been

attributed with medical benefits.

Wound infection is one of the most common diseases in developing countries because of poor

hygienic conditions (SenthilKumaret al., 2006). Healing of wounds starts from the moment of injury

and can continue for varying periods of time depending on the extent of wounding and the process can

be broadly categorized into three stages; inflammatory phase, proliferate phase, and finally the

remodeling phase which ultimately determines the strength and appearance of the healed tissue

(Sumitra et al., 2005).

Wound healing process holds several steps which involve coagulation, inflammation, formation

of granulation tissue, matrix formation, remodeling of connective tissue collagenization and aquisation

of wound strength (Suresh Reddy et al., 2002),

Kumar et al., (2007) and Biswas and Mukherjee (2003) reported that about 163 species of

plants were used as wound healing plants in Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha,

Unani and folk medicine.

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S.NO TAMIL NAME BOTANICAL

NAME

FAMILY PHOTO

1 Kupppaimaeni Acalypha

indica

Euphorbiaceae

2 Adathodai Adathoda

vasica

Acanthaceae

3 Vedikkai Ruellia

tuberose

Acanthaceae

4 Veppalai Wrightia

tintoria

Apocynaceae

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5 Yerukku Calotropis

gigantean

Asclepiadaceae

6 Ammanpacharisi Euphorbia hitra Euphorbiaceae

7 Vadanarayanan Delonix eslata Fabaceae

8 Seethaa Annona

squqamosa

Annoaceae

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9 Arasu Ficus religiosa Moraceae

10 Sundaikkai Solanum

torvum

Solanaceae

11 Vaembu Azadirachta

indica

Meliaceae

12 Thumbai Leucas aspera Lamiaceae

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13 Mudakkathan Cardiospermum

halicacabum

Sapindaceae

14 Nayuruvi Achyranthus

aspera

Amaranthaceae

15 Manathakkaali Solanum

nigrum

Solanaceae

16 Oomathai Datura metal Solanaceae

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The plants such as Tridax procumbens, Trigonella foenum-graecu, Leucas lavandulaefolia,

Aloe vera and calotropis procera (Rasik et al., 1999). Heliotropium indicum, plumbago zeylanicia

and Acalypha indica (Suresh Reddy et al., 2002), Cassia fistula (Senthilkumar et al., 2006),

Hypericum (Ozturk et al., 2007), Cissus quadranularis, and Butyrosperm uparkii (Inngjerdingenet al.,

17 Pungan Pungamia

glabra

Fabaceae

18 Nochi Vitex nesgundo Lamiaceae

19 Chothu kathalai Aloe vera Aloeaceae

20 Vazai Musa

paradisiaca

Malvaceae

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2004), Napoleona imperialis, Ocium gratissimum and Ageratum conyzoides (Chah et al., 2006) have

long been used both orally and topically for healing of wounds and burns in the folk medicine by the

tribal communities of various countries ( Jayaprakash et al., 2017).

4. Conclusion

The traditional Medicine is used in all parts of the world and has a rapidly growing economic

importance, mainly by the use of medicinal plants that have a respectable position today, especially in

the developing countries, where the modern health service is limited and represent the only accessible

treatment. This knowledge of traditional healing practices mainly by the use of wild plants is now fast

disappearing due to modernization and the tendency to change their traditional for more actual

lifestyle. There is an urgent need to study and recorder this precious knowledge of the uses of plants as

herbal remedies that are declined due to scarcity of species, which is caused mainly by the human

activity coupled with the long period of the dry season. In this context, those conservation and

scientific verification of rare and lesser known medicinal plants assume greater significance.

Medicinal plants represent an important health and economic component of biodiversity and

also conservation and sustainable use. Information on the traditional knowledge or ethnic groups of

medicinal plants and their uses would represent a vital role in the discovery of novel products from

plants as chemotherapeutic agents. The surrounding plants form an integral part of culture of these

people and the information about plants is passed on from generation to generation.

Biological activities in skin are due to its interaction with various binding proteins. In the tissue

repair process, inflammatory cells promote the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells leading

to neovascularization of connective tissue cells which synthesize extracellular matrices including

collagen resulting in re-epithelialization of wounded tissue.

This survey of traditional knowledge and utility of 20 medicinal plants belonging to 14 familes

for the treatment of wound healing properties of in and around peoples in Mayiladuthurai is still a

major part of their life and culture.

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