International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics - Vol 2_Issue 2

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

Subm

it

Your

Article 2

017

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of

Thermodynamics &

Chemical Kinetics

Jul–Dec 2016

IJTCK

International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work

by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our

Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub

JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.

JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study.

Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.

JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.

JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the

research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary

technologies.

JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical

and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features

An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.

The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure.

Universal transmission and reflectivity.

A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process

Speedy Publication of Manuscripts

Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.

Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.

The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.


Thermodynamics

and Chemical Kinetics

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,

CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and

opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order

Cost of Journal

National Subscription

Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription

Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without

notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd.,

payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy;

Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as

follows:

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B.) For Subscribers:

Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct

information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

The access will be blocked:

If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights

as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media

for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These

journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.

The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very

welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue

as per the frequency.

Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be

entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per

the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID.

Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:

[email protected]; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Thermodynamics

and Chemical Kinetics

International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics welcomes research papers and review

articles concerning the development in the field of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. Maximum

entropy thermodynamics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, reaction's mechanism, gas phase kinetics and

solution kinetics are a few topics that are included in the journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal Atmospheric thermodynamics

Biological thermodynamics

Chemical thermodynamics

Equilibrium thermodynamics

Maximum entropy thermodynamics

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Maximum entropy thermodynamics

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Reaction's mechanism

Gas phase kinetics

Solution kinetics

International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics is published twice a year (bi-annual) in

India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks

stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or

value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information

before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written

permission to the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English

reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub

([email protected]).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Deepika Bhadauria

Rekha Rani

Commissioning Editors

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Chang-Yu SunState Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing

China University of PetroleumBeijing, China

Dr. Rekha LagarkhaAsst. Prof. Department of Chemistry

Bundelkhand University India

Prof. Karipeddi RamakrishnaDepartment of Chemistry, GIS GITAM

University, Visakhapatnam, India

Dr. Vidyavati A. ShastryProfessor and Head, Department of ChemistrySEA College of Engineering and Technology,

K. R. Puram Bangalore, India

Dr. Yee-Wen YenProfessor/Vice Dean of College of Engineering

Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of

Science and Technology, Taiwan

Dr. Bharat ModheraDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Maulana

Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Dr. Rose PhiloDepartment of Chemistry, St.Paul's College,

Kalamassery, Kochi, Kerala, India

Dr. Rajneesh Dutt Kaushik Department of Chemistry, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India

Dr. Sushil Kumar Chemical Engineering Department, Motilal

Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, U. P., India

Dr. Niki Sweta JhaNational Institute of Technology (NIT)

Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Ajaya Kumar SinghDepartment of Chemistry (DST-FIST

Sponsored) Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Vidyavathi A. ShastryDepartment of Chemistry, SEA College of Engineering & Technology, K. R. Puram,

Bangalore, India

Dr. Sandeep RaiDepartment of Chemistry/Polymer and Rubber,

Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Ankleshwar, India

Dr. Kishore DasariNavin Fluorine International Limited,

India

Dr. Lubna NajamScience Academy Coaching Centre, Mumbai

Ramakrishna RaoDepartment of Chemistry, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University, Bangalore,

Karnataka, India

Dr. Rajesh Kumar SahuDepartment of Chemistry, Vishwavidyalaya

Engineering College, Lakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur, Chattisgarh, India

Shaista AliDepartment of Chemistry, GC University,

Lahore, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Ranganathan SubramanianDepartment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of

Technology, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Annapurna NowduriDepartment of Engineering Chemistry, A. U.

College of Engineering (Autonomous), Andhra University,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,

India

Dr. Vajjiravel MurugesanDepartment of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman

University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. G Vijaya LakshmiDepartment of Chemistry, University College

of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. A. K. SoodDepartment of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev

University, Amritsar, Punjab, India

Dr. Suranani SrinathDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Warangal,Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics. This journal is

part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Thermodynamics and

Chemical Kinetics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and

the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Thermodynamics and

Chemical Kinetics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Thermodynamics and Chemical

Kinetics, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics in JournalsPub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Thermodynamics and

Chemical Kinetics in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their

papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical

Kinetics focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Atmospheric, Biological & Chemical

thermodynamics, Equilibrium thermodynamics, Reaction's mechanism, Gas phase kinetics, Solution

kinetics etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of

Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have

contributed to the creation and the success of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics. We are very thankful

to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are

certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of

Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Thermodynamics and

Chemical Kinetics readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Thermodynamics and

Chemical Kinetics.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. The Decomposition of Tris-(Oxalato)-Manganate (III) Complex Ion as the Reaction Suitable for the Laboratory Practice on Chemical Kinetics Pavel Anatolyevich Nikolaychuk, Mariya Mikhaylovna Vayner 1

2. Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Reduction of Some Carbonyl Compounds with Sodium Dithionite in Aqueous Alkaline MediumP.O. Ukoha, F.N. Okafor 11

3. Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Oxidation of Benzydamine Hydrochloride by Permanganate (VII) in Acidic MediumV. Shastry, B.C. Sateesh, S. Shashidhar, T.N. Padmini, K.S. Ravindra 20

4. A Note on: Thermodynamics in Our Daily LifeZeanut Akoijam 29

5. Chemical Composition in Atmosphere: An Introductory Approach for StudentsAmit Agnihotri 31

Contents

IJTCK (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

The Decomposition of Tris-(Oxalato)-Manganate (III) Complex

Ion as the Reaction Suitable for the Laboratory Practice on

Chemical Kinetics

Pavel Anatolyevich Nikolaychuk*, Mariya Mikhaylovna Vayner

Kafedra Analitičeskoj i Fizičeskoj Himii, Čelâbinskij Gosudarstvennyj Universitet, Brat'ev Kaširinyh,

Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

ABSTRACT

The complex ion 3

2 4 3[Mn(C O ) ] is very photosensitive and rapidly decomposes at the

daylight even at ambient temperatures. Although the mechanism of this reaction is

complicated, its kinetic equation obeys the pseudo-first order. In addition, the tris-(oxalate)-

manganate ion has a low thermal stability, and the reaction of its decomposition is highly

affected by temperature. This makes this reaction very suitable for demonstrating the laws of

chemical kinetics to the students – both the first-order reaction kinetics and the dependency

of the rate constant on temperature. The kinetic studies of this reaction using a

photocolourimetric method were performed; the influence of the initial concentrations of the

reagents and temperature on the rate was studied. The didactic implementation of the

reaction was discussed. The methodical instruction for the organization of the laboratory

practice is provided.

Keywords: activation energy, Arrhenius equation, chemical kinetics, decomposition, first-

order reaction

INTRODUCTION

Complex compounds of manganese (III)

with various ligands have a very high

chemical reactivity. The redox chemistry

of Mn+3

is very diverse and was studied

thoroughly.[1–4]

One of such species of

interest is the complex of tervalent

manganese with oxalate-ion. A tris-

(oxalate)-manganate (III) complex ion is

formed in a solution according to the

reaction[5,6]

:

(1)

or in ionic form:

(2)

IJTCK (2016) 11-19 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved


www.journalspub.com

Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Reduction of Some Carbonyl

Compounds with Sodium Dithionite in Aqueous Alkaline Medium

P.O. Ukoha, F.N. Okafor*

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Kinetics of the reduction of some carbonyl compounds (acetophenone, benzophenone,

benzaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde) with sodium dithionite was studied at 28± 0.5oC and

basic concentration in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 mol dm-3

(NaHCO3). Under these conditions,

the reaction rates were found to be first order with respect to sodium dithionite as plot of log

kobs versus log [S2O42-

] showed linearity to about 95% extent of reaction, however, the

overall reaction rate was second order at constant [OH-]. Furthermore, order of reactions

with respect to acetophenone, benzophenone, salicylaldehyde, and benzaldehyde was unity as

the plot of log(A∞-At) versus time showed about 90% linearity. Reaction rates increased with

ionic strength and addition of chloride ions of varying concentration. Michaelis–Menten plot

of 1/kobs versus 1/[S2O42-

] were linear and have small intercepts on y-axis. Increase in pH

(from 1-13) also showed remarkable increase in the reaction rates. Kinetic investigations

showed that an outer-sphere reaction mechanism was operational and plausible mechanisms

have been proposed for these reactions.

The rate laws for the reactions conform to the equations:

Rate = {k3K1 + k2 [OH-]

2} [S2O4

2-] [RCHO]

where RCHO = benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde

Rate = {k3K1 + k2 [OH-]

2} [S2O4

2-] [RCOR

1]

where RCOR1

= benzophenone and acetophenone

Keywords: carbonyl compounds, dithionite ions, kinetics, mechanism, reduction

INTRODUCTION

Over the years, a lot of interests have been

devoted to the study of redox reactions

using sodium dithionite[1–3]

due to its

strong reducing ability, the kinetic study of

these redox processes have also been

shown[4]

but not to a large extent.

Dithionite ion is used to reduce carbonyls

to their corresponding alcohols,[5]

and the

reduction, monitored kinetically.[6]

It is a

white crystalline powder with a weak

sulfurous odor,[7]

readily available

inexpensive reducing agent that is capable

of reducing a variety of functional groups

e.g. nitro, nitroso, oximes, aldehydes,

ketones, diazonium salts, imines and

haloketones.[8]

Its reducing power is

known to be generally enhanced in basic

pH.[9]

Though stable under most

conditions, it gets decomposed in hot

water and acidic solutions.[10]

It produces

sulphonyl anion, SO2- by reversible

dissociation;

(1)

This anion is a stronger reducing agent

than S2O42-

as shown by its redox

potential.[11]

Redox reactions of dithionite



www.journalspub.com

Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of Oxidation of Benzydamine

Hydrochloride by Permanganate (VII) in Acidic Medium

V. Shastry1*, B.C. Sateesh

2, S. Shashidhar

1, T.N. Padmini

3, K.S. Ravindra

1

1Department of Chemistry, South East Asian College of Engineering & Technology, Bangalore, India

2Department of Chemistry, Shri Pillappa College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

3Department of Chemistry, Shri Krishna Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

ABSTRACT

The kinetics and mechanism of Permanganate (Mn (VII)) oxidation of Benzydamine

hydrochloride (B.HCl) in acidic medium has been studied at 26 ± 0.1°C. The reaction shows

first order dependence in [Mn (VII)], less than unit order in [B.HCl] and fractional order

dependence in [H2SO4]. Variation of ionic strength by the addition of KCl has no significant

effect on the rate. The stoichiometry of the reaction is found to be 1:4 and the main oxidative

products were toluene, dimethyl aza propionic acid and benzoic acid. A mechanism involving

formation of complex has been proposed and the reaction constants involved in the different

steps of mechanism are calculated. Activation parameters with respect to slow step of the

mechanism are calculated and tabulated. The rate constant of reaction is found to be 1.960 ×

10−3

s-1

.

Keywords: benzydamine hydrochloride, oxidation, potassium permanganate

INTRODUCTION

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,

Benzydamine hydrochloride (B.HCl)

shows local anaesthetic and analgesic

action by stabilizing the cellular membrane

and inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.[1]

Benzydamine hydrochloride has a

tendency of increasing therapeutic effect;

hence it is used as an adjunct to other

therapy.

It is also used in the treatment of Strains,

Bursitis, Sprains, Synovitis, Myalgice,

Tendinitis and Periathritis

(musculoskeletal disorders).[2]

Benzydamine shows prominent invitro

antibacterial activity and also shows

synergic property in combination with

many antibiotics especially tetracyclines,

against antibiotic resistance strains of

Staphylococcus aureas and Pseudomonas

aeruginosa (Figure 1).[3,4]

N

NO N

CH3

CH3

Fig. 1. Structure of benzydamine.

In general anti-inflammatory drugs are

organic acids but benzydamine is a base

and available as its hydrochloride salt.

Benzydamine is fluorescent (exeitation

306nm: emission 362nm) and is detected

fluorometrically in HPLC assay. In over

dosage it acts as deliriant and CNS

stimulant.[5]

Potassium permanganate [Mn (VII)] will

oxidize a wide variety of inorganic and



www.journalspub.com

A Note on: Thermodynamics in Our Daily Life

Zeanut Akoijam* Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India

ABSTRACT

Thermodynamics plays crucial role in our day-to-day life. Almost all the activities that we do

or observe are all based on the principles of thermodynamics. Here, some of the common

routine activities are brought into limelight that is explained by the phenomenon of

thermodynamics.

Keywords: energy, entropy, heat transfer, thermodynamics

BACKGROUND

Thermodynamics is the field of science

that deals with relationships between heat,

work and energy. The term

thermodynamics is actually a combination

of two words viz., thermo (meaning

thermal energy or heat) + dynamics

(meaning study of forces or motion). This

field of science involves various cyclic

transformations between heat and energy.

Because of this, some define

thermodynamics as the study of energy

and its various interconversions from one

to another form [1]. It is applicable to

various scientific fields including physics,

biology and chemistry. Scientists argue

that everything that occurs in our day-to-

day activities like the driving of vehicles

(cars, motorbikes, airplanes, ships), jet-

engines, spark-ignition engines etc., is

entirely because of thermodynamics.

The study of thermodynamics is based on

different laws: first law of

thermodynamics, second law of

thermodynamics and third law of

thermodynamics. Also, there is the zeroth

law of thermodynamics, Boyle’s law,

Charles law etc., which explains numerous

activities occurring in nature. The first law

of thermodynamics states that the total

energy always remains conserved. It

means that the energy can neither be

created nor destroyed but can only be

converted from one form to another [2, 3].

The second law is the law of entropy.

According to this, systems always try to

maintain their state of thermodynamic

equilibrium. Also, referred as the state of

maximum entropy, second law of

thermodynamics describes that the heat

energy flows from a state of low

temperature to a state of higher

temperature. The topic of entropy is

further extended to the third law of

thermodynamics. It states that at

temperature of absolute zero, entropy

remains zero. Absolute zero is the

temperature at which the motion of an

average atom or an average molecule is

zero [2, 3]. Several examples of our daily

activities can be described on the basis of

these laws. These are [2–4]:

All types of vehicles that we used to

see running on-roads every day, such

as cars, motorbikes, trucks, or those

that fly in air i.e., aeroplanes, or the

ships that run on water; all work on the

basis of the second law of

thermodynamics.

IJTCK (2016) 31-32 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31


www.journalspub.com

Chemical Composition in Atmosphere: An Introductory

Approach for Students

Amit Agnihotri Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, India

Our atmosphere is divided into different

strata above the earth’s surface. The

region closest to earth’s surface is the

troposphere that is extended upto 10–16

km above the surface. This layer or strata

is followed by stratosphere which extends

upto nearly 50 km.[1]

Above it is the

mesosphere region, which covers about

50–85 km from surface of the earth.

Beyond the mesosphere lies the

thermosphere which goes from 85–500

km away from the earth’s surface.[1]

The chemical composition in these layers

varies considerably and so does the

chemical reactions.

Fundamentally, atoms in the lithosphere

undergo reduction reaction over time,

while those in upper atmosphere are more

prone to be oxidized. This is because

atmospheric density decreases as we move

up from ground level. Higher density at

ground level means that there is more

number of molecules available per unit

volume of gas to interact with each other.

Also, the temperature of gaseous

substances transforms from room

temperature to very cold and then to very

hot and then very cold while moving from

surface of the earth towards thermosphere.

During this, the entire composition of gas

change. The gaseous molecules experience

change in their velocity and hence kinetic

energy and undergo several collisions

amongst each other.[2]

This is why we find

stable molecules at the surface and highly

charged atoms or ions at the top (towards

thermosphere).

Troposphere largely consists of gases viz.,

nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and

water vapor. Oxides of nitrogen and

Sulphur, methane and some other trace

gases are also found in this layer. The

stratospheric region consists of less dense

composition and is more exposed to

radiation from the Sun. The molecules of

this region therefore have more velocity

and kinetic energy. The composition is

rich in nitrogen and their oxides, oxygen,

and ozone.[2,3]

The third layer above the ground level is

the mesosphere which consists of ions of

molecules that were found in the layer

beneath it i.e., stratosphere. This layer

receives intense solar radiation and

therefore the molecules here get ionized

and exist as small ionized molecules,

positive ions and electrons.

The topmost layer, thermosphere, receives

even more intense radiations of the Sun.

The molecules exist as mixture of highly

charged ions and atoms.

Chemical reactions in the atmospheric

layers can occur in any forms: gas phase

collisions between the molecules, surfaces

of particulate matter or in water droplets

(aqueous phase).[1]

As we move away from the earth’s

surface, there is variation in the altitude,

pressure and temperature. As we go up,

temperature decreases till the end of

troposphere, after which it begins to

increase as the stratosphere arrives. With

the further rise in altitude, temperature

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

Subm

it

Your

Article 2

017

www.journalspub.com


Thermodynamics &

Chemical Kinetics

Jul–Dec 2016

IJTCK

International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics - Vol 2_Issue 2

Education

Transcript of International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics - Vol 2_Issue 2