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Transcript of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination vol 2 issue 1
International Journal of
Genetic Engineering
& RecombinationJan – Jun 2016IJGER
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
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International Journal of Genetic
Engineering and Recombination
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Focus and Scope of the Journal! Gene patent
! Genetically modified crops
! Genetically modified food
! Genetically modified organisms
! Induced stem cells
! Marker assisted selection
! Paratransgenesis
! Recombination frequency
! Recombination hotspot
! Four-gamete test
! Independent assortment
! Site-specific recombination
! Site-specific recombinase technology
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INTERNAL MEMBERS
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ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra
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New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell
Biology, CAS, China
Dr. NayiraCollege of Medicine, Imam University,
Saudi Arabia
Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Graphic Era
University, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. K Purushotham ReddyDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of
Missouri, Columbia
Dr. Daya Shankar SrivastavaKrishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Dr. Sharad TiwariBiotechnology Centre JN Agricultural
University Jabalpur, India
Dr. Indraneel GhoshSystems Biology Department Sun
Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India
Dr. Aseel Mahmood AljamaliSurgery Department, College of Medicine,
Kufa University, Iraq
Dr. Ruth LaldintharMicrobial Ecology Laboratory, Department of
Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya
Dr. Divya VermaDepartment of Botany Kalindi College,
University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
Dr. N. Manikanda BoopathiDepartment of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar NandeshwarCentral Institute for Cotton Research
Nagpur, India
Dr. Anjali PriyadarshiniDepartment of Biotechnology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
Dr. Shashwat SharadCenter for Prostate Disease Research
Washington D.C., USA
Dr.Sougata RoyDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular
Genetics, University of Maryland College Park,USA
Rajnish Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
(HP), India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This journal is
part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Genetic Engineering
and Recombination issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and
the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination in JournalsPub is to
propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Genetic Engineering and
Recombination in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their
papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Gene patent, Genetically modified
crops, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified organisms, Induced stem cells, Marker assisted
selection, Paratransgenesis, Recombination frequency, Recombination hotspot, Four-gamete test,
Independent assortment, Site-specific recombination, Site-specific recombinase technology etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Genetic
Engineering and Recombination and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have
contributed to the creation and the success of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. We are very thankful
to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are
certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Genetic
Engineering and Recombination.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Genetic Engineering and
Recombination readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Genetic Engineering and
Recombination.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Editorial Review B.D. Bulchandani 1
2. Isoenzyme Profiling of Polyphenoloxidase and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Cytoplasm of Lycopersicum esculentum in Response to Leaf Extract of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) Ankita Singh 6
3. Paratransgenesis: Short Review ArticleKalpesh Singh 12
4. Coalescent TheoryShivam Puri, Manoj Srivastava 14
5. Genetic Recombination: A ReviewPunit Malhotra 17
Contents
IJGER (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Editorial Review Dr. B.D. Bulchandani
Associate Professor
Department of Biotechnology,
Sobhasaria Group of Institutions,
Sikar, Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota, India
Genetically Modified Crops - Editorial
Review
Why have genetically modified (GM)
crops failed to be the popular success the
scientists claimed them to be, few decades
back? One can point out multiple reasons,
ranging from technical issues related to ill
effects or toxicity to genetic pollution to
bio piracy issues, and also the social issues
including their acceptance by traditional
people in light of their fears, doubts and
wide ranging apprehensions that are
possibly hard to address, if not impossible.
Although, the real reasons may be there to
decipher and deliver, but the fact is that the
promises have grown but their popularity
in terms of fulfilment has not[1]
. Despite
twenty plus years of pro GM marketing
campaign by powerful industry lobbies,
supported by several scientific
documentations in their favour, GM
technology has only been taken up by a
handful of countries, that too for a handful
of crops. Figures and data from the GM
industry indicate, that only five countries
account for 90% of global GM cropland,
and nearly all of these GM crops are
belonging to either herbicide tolerant or
pesticide producing plants. Meanwhile,
rest of the regions of the world have
resisted or have been hesitant in accepting
them. Further, European consumers do not
prefer consuming GM foods, and only a
single type of GM maize is cultivated
there. Major part of Asia is GM free, with
the GM acreage in two large agricultural
countries, i.e. India and China mostly
accounted for by a non food crop i.e.
cotton. Only three countries in Africa grow
any GM crops. In other precise words, GM
crops are not 'feeding the world' as were
claimed to do so at the dawn of twenty
first century[2]
.
Not only was this technology supposed to
make food and agriculture systems more
efficient, simpler, safer, but GM crops
have constantly being touted as the key to
feed the exponentially growing population
of world' and 'fighting climate change by
producing strong, resistant crops, best
suited for growing in harsh conditions[3]
.
In 1942, J.I. Rodale said, ‘One of these
fine days, the public is going to wake up
and will pay for food and eatables
including, fruits, vegetables, meats, etc.,
according to how they were produced.’
Although this has been a low pace
movement, the interest has been growing
in leaps and bounds, and that day has
finally arrived. With the growing health
concerns and awareness, more and more
people have understood that food matters,
because right food is not less than
medicine.
The reasons for such disappointments may
lie in the close and detailed critical studies
in various parts of world that have not
been encouraging and some have shown a
dismal picture. No GM crops have been
designed to deliver the motive of higher
yields. Few instances, where yields have
been enhanced, the gains to which a GM
trait has then been added, have tended to
come not from GM technology, but from
the high quality varieties created through
conventional breeding. GM pesticide
IJGER (2016) 6–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Isoenzyme Profiling of Polyphenoloxidase and
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Cytoplasm of
Lycopersicum esculentum in Response to Leaf Extract of
Tagetes erecta (Marigold)
Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Abstract In the present study, the effect of leaf extracts of marigold (Tageteserecta) on the activity of
Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in Tomato (Lycopersicumesculentum) leading to the changes in the
expression of the PR proteins Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenyl Ammonia Lyase (PAL)
was evaluated. For this evaluation four sampling intervals were taken 0 hour, 24 hour, 48
hour and 72 hour.At the third node from base of each plant leaves were treated and samples
from the distal untreated leaves were collected.The change in the activity of defense enzyme
PPO and PAL and the expression of PPO isoforms was studied. The results demonstrate
Seven acidic isoforms of PPO (Rf = 0.37, 0.5, 0.61, 0.65, 0.69, 0.71 and 0.74) could be
observed in both control and marigold extract treated plants.
Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, phenyl ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, PR
proteins, Tagetes erecta
INTRODUCTION Tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum) is one
of the most popular and widely consumed
vegetables grown worldwide. Popularity of
the crop stems from its acceptable flavour,
nutritive value (high in vitamin C and A),
the short life cycle, and the high
productivity. Marigold is an annual herb
with pale-green leaves and golden yellow
or orange flowers.[1-5]
PR Proteins
By changing their physiological
conditions, higher plants protect
themselves from various stresses such as
pathogen attacks, wounding, application of
chemicals including phytohormone and
heavy metals, air pollutants like ozone,
ultraviolet rays, and harsh growing
conditions.[5-7]
These protective reactions
are known as "defense responses" of
higher plants, and the proteins actively
synthesized in accordance with this
reaction are called "defense-related
proteins".[7-9]
Figure1.In particular, protective plant
proteins specifically induced in
pathological or related situations have
been intensively studied from an
agricultural perspective and are called
"pathogenesis-related proteins" (PR
proteins).
IJGER (2016) 12–13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Paratransgenesis: Short Review Article
Kalpesh Singh
Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Paratransgenesis is a system that
endeavors to kill a pathogen from vector
populaces through transgenesis of a
symbiont of the vector. The objective of
this system is to control vector-borne
infections. The initial step is to distinguish
proteins that keep the vector species from
transmitting the pathogen. The qualities
coding for these proteins are then brought
into the symbiont, with the goal that they
can be communicated in the vector. The
last stride in the procedure is to bring these
transgenic symbionts into vector populaces
in nature.
The primary case of this strategy utilized
Rhodnius prolixus which is connected with
the symbiont Rhodococcus rhodnii. R.
prolixus is an imperative bug vector of
Chagas' sickness that is brought about by
Trypanosoma cruzi. The methodology was
to architect R. rhodnii to express proteins,
for example, Cecropin A that are
dangerous to T. cruzi or that piece the
transmission of T. cruzi.
Vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis
are novel methodologies that go for
diminishing insect vectorial limit, or look
to dispense with transmission of
pathogens, for example, Plasmodium sp.,
Trypanosoma sp., and Dengue infection
right now being produced. Vector
transgenesis depends on direct hereditary
control of sickness vectors making them
unequipped for working as vectors of a
given pathogen. Paratransgenesis
concentrates on using hereditarily changed
insect symbionts to express particles inside
the vector that are harmful to pathogens
they transmit.
Paratransgenesis aims at reducing vector
competence by genetically manipulating
symbionts. Transformed symbionts are
spread maternally or via coprophagy
across an insect population. Symbionts
currently targeted in paratransgenesis
include bacteria found within triatomine,
tsetse fly, and mosquito tissues, and
densoviruses infecting An. gambiae and
Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
In order to perform paratransgenesis, there
are several requirements:
The Symbiotic bacteria can be
grown in vitro easily.
They can be genetically modified,
such as through transformation
with a plasmid containing the
desired gene.
The engineered symbiont is stable
and safe.
The association between vector and
symbiont cannot be attenuated.
Field delivery is easily handled
Current information demonstrate that
symbionts expressing molecules focusing
on pathogen improvement can possibly
lessen transmission in endemic districts,
and seem random to any wellness load.
As with transgenesis, spread of
transformed symbionts also would benefit
from the availability of a gene drive
system to replace non-transformed
symbionts present in natural vector
populations.
IJGER (2016) 14–16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Coalescent Theory
Shivam Puri*, Manoj Srivastava
Department of Biochemistry, Gautam Buddha University, U.P., India
Abstract Coalescent theory is broadly used to gauge population genetic parameters, for example,
populace size, migration rates and recombination rates in a normal population. It was
initially detailed as the "n-coalescent" by Kingman (1982). Others allude to it as the
"Kingman coalescent" or simply the "coalescent". The coalescent model is gotten from a
basic populace genetic model, and the most straightforward approach to comprehend what it
is and how it functions is to follow the basic derivation.
Keywords: coalescent theory, genetic parameters
INTRODUCTION
Coalescent hypothesis is a review
stochastic model of populace hereditary
qualities that relates genetic assorted
qualities in a specimen to demographic
history of the populace from which it was
taken. That is, it is a model of the impact
of genetic drift, saw in reverse in time, on
the family history of antecedents.[1]
It
involves a probabilistic evaluation of
variety so as to normal parentage of alleles
in a moderately small sample of people,
from a much bigger populace.
This incorporates thought of all pathways
of inheritance through which inspected
duplicates of a homologous DNA
component are followed back to a solitary
hereditary duplicate, known as the most
recent ancestor (MRCA; additionally also
termed the coancestor to underline the
coalescent relationship). The inheritance
connections among alleles are normally
spoken to as a gene genealogy, or gene
tree, comparative in structure to a
phylogenetic tree.
The probabilistic desire of this gene family
history is otherwise called the coalescent.
Understanding the measurable properties
of the coalescent under various
assumptions shapes the premise of
coalescent hypothesis. In light of
recombination, diverse quality loci take
after various pathways of parentage,
bringing about various gene family
histories. The coalescent is likewise
pertinent to phylogenetics, as inadequate
genealogy sorting between speciation
events results in conflict among gene loci
in phylogenetic connections construed
among species.
The numerical hypothesis of the coalescent
was initially created in the mid 1980s by
John Kingman.[2]
In the easiest case,
coalescent hypothesis accept no
recombination, no natural selection, and no
gene flow or populace structure. The gene
parentage is free of the mutational
procedure, such that adjustments in the
DNA arrangement don't influence heredity
and can be considered independently
(regardless of the fact that all gene copies
are indistinguishable in grouping they are
not similarly related in the gene tree).[3,4]
Under this model, the normal time
between progressive blend occasions, by
IJGER (2016) 17–20 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 17
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Genetic Recombination: A Review
Punit Malhotra*
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
Abstract Genetic recombination alludes to the process of recombining genes to deliver new gene
arrangement that contrast from those of either parent. Genetic recombination produces
genetic variety in living beings that repeat sexually. Genetic recombination happens as a
consequence of the division of genes that happens amid gamete development in meiosis, the
irregular joining of these genes at fertilisation, and the exchange of genes that happens
between homologous chromosome sets in a procedure known as crossing over. Crossing over
permits alleles on DNA molecules to change positions starting with one homologous
chromosome fragment then onto the next. Genetic difference amongst individuals is achieved
through genetic recombination.
Keywords: crossing over, genetic diversity, genetic recombination
INTRODUCTION
Genetic recombination is the production of
offspring with mixes of traits/ genes that
vary from those found in either parent. In
eukaryotes, hereditary recombination amid
meiosis can prompt a novel arrangement
of hereditary data that can be passed on
from one generation to another. Most
recombination is normally happening.
Amid meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic
recombination includes the matching of
homologous chromosomes. [1]
This might be trailed by data exchange
between the chromosomes. The data
exchange may happen without physical
trade (a segment of hereditary material is
duplicated starting with one chromosome
then onto the next, without the giving
chromosome being changed; or by the
breaking and rejoining of DNA strands,
which frames new atoms of DNA.[2,3]
Recombination may likewise happen amid
mitosis in eukaryotes where it customarily
includes the two sister chromosomes
framed after chromosomal replication. For
this situation, new blends of alleles are not
delivered subsequent to the sister
chromosomes are typically
indistinguishable. In meiosis and mitosis,
recombination happens between
comparable particles of DNA (homologs).
In meiosis, non-sister homologous
chromosomes pair with each other so that
recombination distinctively happens
between non-sister homologues. In both
meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination
between homologous chromosomes is a
typical system utilized as a part of DNA
repair.[4]
Genetic recombination and
recombinational DNA repair likewise
happens in microscopic organisms and
archaea, which use asexual mode of
multiplication.
Recombination can be misleadingly
impelled in research facility (in vitro)
International Journal of
Genetic Engineering
& RecombinationJan – Jun 2016IJGER
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
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