International journal of basic and applied research www ... · For IHHL data from De partment of...

International journal of basic and applied research

www.pragatipublication.com ISSN 2249-3352 (P) 2278-0505 (E)

Cosmos Impact Factor-5.86

Received: 5 May Revised: 13 May Accepted: 22 May Index in Cosmos June 2018 Volume 8 Number 6

UGC approved journal

Page-1242- 1260

Environmental impact on the incidence of diarrhea

Diseases in South Bihar

Anuj Kumar

Research Scholar

Depatment of Geography

Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Gaya, Bihar, India

Abstract:Diarrhea illness is very common worldwide and estimated to account for million

childhood death annually, predominantly in developing countries (WHO, 2005) conservative estimates

place the global death toll from Diarrhea diseases at about two million death per year (1.7-2.5 million

death), ranking third among all cases of infectious diseases death world-wide. Diarrhea is a common

and preventable disease, but unfortunately in India like other developing countries of the world. In

addition, examination of water practices, environmental investigation, knowledge attitude and practice.

As majority of the affected population were illiterates/ less educated/aware, they also had poor

awareness regarding personal hygiene. Public health interventions to prevent disease outbreak should

focus on sanitation measures for safe water supply, food hygiene, proper sewage system/ disposal of

excreta, public health education. Pearson Co-relation technique was used to be explain association

between diarrhea and individual house hold latrine, water, sanitation and various socio-economic and

demographic characteristic of South Bihar households.

Keywords: Environment, Diarrheal, Factor

Introduction

Richard Hartshron in his monumental work “Perspectives on the Nature of

Geography” says, “Geography is concerned to provide on orderly accurate and rational

description and interpretation of the variable character of the earth surface.”

Following the above dictum in the proposed research work attempt will be made to

explore describe and interpret the environmental impact on the incidence of diarrheal

diseases in South Bihar. Over the years due to increased human activities, the characteristic

of natural environment has under gone a tremendous change. The role of increase in the

generation of anthropogenic sources of pollution is a matter of great concern for the present

day humanity. The anthropogenic sources include.

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i. Industrial sources

ii. Urban sources

iii. Agricultural sources

iv. Population sources

The population and agricultural sources of pollution are of great concern in

south Bihar. The Number as well as the density of population is high in this area. Low level of

economic development leads to misutilization of sources hence caused damage to the

environment. All these need investigation. Kaimur region has limestone queering, Gaya,

Nawada region has chip stone crushing all these lead to high level of SPM in the atmosphere

causing occurrence of lung disease. Poor standard of urbanism in the urban cities scattered

all over the south Bihar region is also a matter of great concern for poor state of health for the

people of the region.

In raised level of contamination of water bodies and soil, alteration of landscape

deterioration in the quality of soil, depletion of vegetation cover, increased level of noise

pollution and SPM in the atmosphere, pressure of population, monoculturization of

agriculture increased level of in agriculture use of in secticide, pesticide chemical fertile etc

and entry of its combined ill effect in the food chair of human being, ill effects of

industrialization and urbanization. To top all the list, the unpolluted fire of increasing

influence of materialism and consumerism is playing havoc with the sanctity of the Mother

Nature which entail up on the health of the people of the region. Hypertension, diarrhea,

cholera, polio asthma, allergy etc are some of the noticeable disease linked to our

environment

Objectives:

1. Study the nature of correlation between changing nature of

environment and its impact on human health.

2. Suggest suitable measures needed to address the issues concerning

disease control especially which are closely linked with changing

nature of environment.

Study area

South Bihar is located between 24018’ N to 250 43’ N latitude and 830 11’ 10 ’’E

to 880 15’ 32’’E longitudes. South Bihar has been identified as the part of the state of

Bihar lying south of the river Ganga. In fact Ganga forms the natural boundary of the







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area across which lies the extensive alluvial plains of North Bihar. The region is

bounded by states of Uttar Pradesh in the west, Ganga in the north, Jharkhand in South

and West Bengal in the East. The area of South Bihar is spread over 17 districts (out of

the total 38 districts of Bihar). These districts are Jamui, Nawada, Gaya, Aurangabad,

Banka, Bhagalpur, Rohtas, Kaimur, Buxar, Bhojpur, Patna, Nalanda, Sheikhpura,

Lakhisarai, Munger, Arwal and Jehanabad.

Methodology:

A research work comprises of several phases and steps in a sequence. As the

first step towards the completion of this work a number of relevant literatures have been

consulted. After developing a general understanding of the topic, data have been collected

from various sources. Secondary data have been collected mainly from various government

offices reports published by various departments of Govt. of Bihar, Govt. of India and

websites of reputed institutions mainly. Data collected from these sources have been

computed in an orderly, accurate and rational manner aimed at drawing relevant

conclusions out of it. Using these processed data relevant tables and maps have been

drawn using various cartographic techniques. In the process, computer based

Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used.

A few statistical techniques have been applied like Correlation-coefficient

method to find the correlation between levels of incidence of diarrheadiseases especially

which are related to environmental conditions in one hand and the conditions of

environment especially diseases like acute diarrhea etc.

The data related to availability of IHHL and diarrhea diseases at the district

level in South Bihar has been tried to be analysed in order to understand the linkages

between the elements of environment and diseases. Secondary source of data has been

used for the same. For IHHL data from Department of Drinking Water and sanitation, Govt. of

India and Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Govt. of India, have been used. These

have been shown in the tables. The data of these have been rendered in the form of maps

by using suitable techniques aimed at developing a clear understanding about the spatial

pattern of these features.







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Correlation between the two variables is expressed in coefficient of correlation

which is calculated through formula below:

BY Formula of Karl Pearson:-

r =

∑(x-x¯) (y-y¯)

Where,

N . σ x. σ y

r = Coefficient of correlation

x = % Individual house hold with latrine(x)

x¯= Mean of No. of IHHL (x)

y = Incidence Rate of Acute diarrhea (y)

y¯= mean of Incidence Rate Acute diarrhea(y)

N = Points of Observation (years)

σ = Standard deviation

The value of „r‟ or coefficient of correlation is the expression of degree of correlation between the

two variables. Value of r can vary between + 1 and -1. As suggested by Pearson, in a perfect positive

correlation, the value of the coefficient is +1 while -1 shows the perfect negative correlation. When the

value is 0, there is no correlation.

Finding correlation between levels of availability of individual household toilets (ihht) and

incidence of diseases with special reference to incidence of Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD)

across the all districts of South Bihar:

To estimate the contribution of each group of environmental factors, this is assumed

that different proportions of particular components of the burden of diseases are

attributable to, for example, poor water and sanitation or indoor air pollution. In some cases,

these proportions differ between rural and urban households because of significant

differences in exposure. Since these proportions are highly uncertain, it has been assumed

that they are drawn from specific distributions. In the case of rural areas, the data of status of







Page-1242- 1260

availability of individual household toilets across the districts of South Bihar has been used.

The pattern of availability of individual household toilets is shown in table. (Table 1 to 2 &

Fig 1 and 2).

Correlation between Sanitation and Acute Diarrheal Disease in South Bihar:

Correlation:

In the present study, a basic inference has been drawn that ‘there is aclose

correlation between environment (like water, air etc.) and occurrence of diarrheadiseases’.

This is well understood that the quality of environment has its deeperimplications on health

conditions and occurrence of diarrheadiseases. Team of doctors visited Muzaffarpur in June

2011 and tried to find out the reasons for occurrence of unknown disease which led to death

of 54 children. Prima fascia, it was interpreted that the heaps of sewage and filthy conditions

could be reasons behind the occurrence of these deadly diseases.

Thus, the poor sanitation and hygiene conditions are closely linked with occurrence

of diarrhea diseases. Here, endeavor has been made to draw a meaningful conclusion in

terms of correlation existing between sanitation conditions and occurrence of diarrhea

diseases. To find the correlation in scientific and statistical manner following exercise has

been done: Method developed by Karl Pearson has been used to find the correlation. Two

sets of indicators have been taken for the same which are explained (Table 3 to 5).







Page-1242- 1260

Table - 1

South Bihar: District-wise status of

No.of Households and of IHHL

Name of

District-wise

District-wise HH

% OF HH

Sl No.

having with

Districts

No. of HH*

with IHHL

IHHL in 2011**

1 ROHTAS 460345 128591 27.9

2 ARWAL 118222 30212 25.6

3 JEHANABAD 181740 44640 24.6

4 BUXAR 261660 63308 24.2

5 BHOJPUR 416090 90824 21.8

6 SHEIKHPURA 100701 20546 20.4

7 LAKHISARAI 163355 33260 20.4

8 PATNA 975578 167409 17.2

9 GAYA 688425 106287 15.4

10 NAWADA 338247 49259 14.6

11 KAIMUR 250884 35171 14.0







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12 BHAGALPUR 564711 71968 12.7

13 NALANDA 477529 60089 12.6

14 BANKA 381601 42048 11.0

15 AURANGABAD 391898 40985 10.5

16 JAMUI 307082 29291 9.5

17 MUNGER 263171 20126 7.6

SOUTH BIHAR 6341239 1034014 16.3

SOURCE: * Census of India, Vol. 4,

2011

** Deptt. Of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India,

2011







Page-1242- 1260







Page-1242- 1260

Table -2

South Bihar: District-wise Population and Status of Cases of Acute

Diarrhea

SL .No.

Name of

Population 2011

Districtwise Incidence

Districts

Cases of ADD

Rate

1 JEHANABAD 1125313 30727 2731

2 MUNGER 1367765 16698 1221

3 NAWADA 2219146 19949 899

4 ROHTAS 2959918 25176 851

5 NALANDA 2877653 18922 658

6 BHOJPUR 2728407 16312 598

7 SHEIKHPURA 636342 3030 476

8 LAKHISARAI 1000912 4632 463

9 ARWAL 700843 3089 441

10 PATNA 5838465 25087 430

11 KAIMUR 1626384 6020 370

12 AURANGABAD 2540073 8722 343

13 GAYA 4391418 14058 320







Page-1242- 1260

14 JAMUI 1760405 3729 212

15 BUXAR 1706352 1331 78

16 BHAGALPUR 3037766 1804 59

17 BANKA 2034763 1140 56

18 S BIHAR 38551925 200426 520

SOURCE: * Census of India, Vol. 4, 2011

** Integrated surveillance programme, Ministry of Health and Family

welfare , Govt. of India, 2011







Page-1242- 1260







Page-1242- 1260

Table 3

South Bihar: Computation for Correlation

(% IHHL vis-à-visIncidence Rate of ADD)

%

Indivi

d

ual

x¯

√∑ (x

house

2 2 ∑ -(x (σ )=-

Sl

No.

District

(Av.

x -

x¯

(x-

x¯)

∑ -(xx¯)

hold x¯)2/N x¯)2/N

with

Of

X)

latrin

e

=x

1

ROHTAS

27.9 16.3 11.6 135.2

2

ARWAL

25.6 16.3 9.2 85.5

3

JEHANABAD

24.6 16.3 8.3 68.2

4

BUXAR

24.2 16.3 7.9 62.2

5

BHOJPUR

21.8 16.3 5.5 30.5

6

SHEIKHPURA

20.4 16.3 4.1 16.8







Page-1242- 1260

7

LAKHISARAI

20.4 16.3 4.1 16.4

8

PATNA

17.2 16.3 0.9 0.7

9

GAYA

15.4 16.3 -0.9 0.8

634.1

37.3

6.1

10

NAWADA

14.6

16.3

-1.7

3.0

11

KAIMUR

14.0 16.3 -2.3 5.2

12

BHAGALPUR

12.7 16.3 -3.6 12.7

13

NALANDA

12.6 16.3 -3.7 13.9

14

BANKA

11.0 16.3 -5.3 28.0

15 AURANGABA

D

10.5 16.3 -5.8 34.2

16

JAMUI

9.5 16.3 -6.8 45.8

17

MUNGER

7.6 16.3 -8.7 75.0

SOUTH BIHAR 16.3 634.1

SOURCE: Self

Calculation







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Table -4

South Bihar: Computation for Correlation

(%IHHLvis-à-vis Incidence Rate of ADD)

Incedence

Rate

Y¯

Sl

District

(cases/100

00

y-y¯

(y-

y¯)

2 2 ∑ -(y (σ )=√∑

pesons) of (Av. Of ∑ -(yy¯) y¯)2/N

(Y-

Y¯)2/N

ADD Cases

Y)

=Y

1 JEHANABAD 2731 520 2211 4886944

2 MUNGER 1221 520 701 491314

3 NAWADA 899 520 379 143689

4 ROHTAS 851 520 331 109348

5 NALANDA 658 520 138 18951

6 BHOJPUR 598 520 78 6080

7 SHEIKHPURA 476 520 -44 1912

8 LAKHISARAI 463 520 -57 3261

9 ARWAL 441 520 -79 6262

6486767 381575 618







Page-1242- 1260

10

PATNA 430

520

-90

8136

11 KAIMUR 370 520 -150 22422

12 AURANGABAD 343 520 -177 31156

13 GAYA 320 520 -200 39905

14 JAMUI 212 520 -308 94901

15 BUXAR 78 520 -442 195261

16 BHAGALPUR 59 520 -461 212060

17 BANKA 56 520 -464 215166

S. BIHAR 520 6486767

Table -5

Sl

No. District y-y¯

x-

x¯ (y-y¯)(x-x¯) ∑ -y¯)(x-x¯)

1 ROHTAS 331.0 11.6 3848.7

2 ARWAL -79.0 9.2 -730.7

3 JEHANABAD 2211.0 8.3 18254.9

4 BUXAR -342.0 7.9 -2697.9







Page-1242- 1260

5 BHOJPUR 78.0 5.5 430.7

6 SHEIKHPURA -44.0 4.1 -180.3

7 LAKHISARAI -57.0 4.1 -231.1

8 PATNA -90.0 0.9 -76.8

9 GAYA -200.0 -0.9 173.4

19104.8

10

NAWADA 379.0

-1.7

-660.7

11 KAIMUR -150.0 -2.3 343.1

12 BHAGALPUR -461.0 -3.6 1642.1

13 NALANDA 138.0 -3.7 -513.8

14 BANKA -464.0 -5.3 2453.3

15 AURANGABAD -177.0 -5.8 1035.1

16 JAMUI -308.0 -6.8 2084.4

17 MUNGER 701.0 -8.7 -6069.7

SOUTH BIHAR 19104.8

∑(x-x¯) (y-y¯) r= N . σ x. σ y

19104.0 = 17*6.1*612







Page-1242- 1260

= 0.3

The value of Co- efficient of co- relation of 0.3 shows that there is not a strong co-

relation between the occurrence/ incidence of ADD and availability of individual household

latrine in the village. It means, it is not essentially true that availability of IHHL in the village

will bring the level of sanitation and hygiene conditions of village which will have a direct

implication on the occurrence/ incidence of diseases like Acute-diarrhea.

Conclusion

In the foregoing discussion showever, it has been submitted by scholars that

environmental condition including land, water, air play, a great role in occurrence of

diseases. Mr. Alok Kumar in his seminal work „Squatting With Dignity‟ has emphasized

that availability of IHHL has direct implication on incidence rate of diseases. But the

statistical facts do not substantiate the view. The reasons for such weak link between

availability if IHHL and incidence of Acute Diarrhea like diseases could be on account of

fact, like:

1. Considering the fact that availability of IHHL does have implication on occurrence of

diseases,

a. The quality of construction of IHHL is poor. In the survey, it was found that the

toilet construction under the scheme of Total sanitation campaign (TSC) of the

govt. was not practically usable in some cases. Inadequate financial support by

the govt. under the TSC scheme, faulty method of implementation like

beneficiary not fully convinced about the merits of leach.pit latrine, the role or

support of beneficiary in the scheme, inadequate IEC / awareness activities

under the scheme.

Once the quality of construction is not maintained, and people are not fully

aware of its importance, IHHL become a place like hell inside the precincts of

house. Instead of helping the sanitation & hygiene condition improve, same

become a cursed area. One can’t expect an impact of it on health condition of







Page-1242- 1260

people.

b. It’s not only that quality of construction is poor and people lack awareness. A

very important element is sustained use of toilets (IHHL). The availability of

water especially running water is important. Lack of running makes it very

difficult to keep the toilet clean. Normal water is used generally in rural area but

that too is problematic.

It is suggested and very rightly, that the distance of hand pump should be at

least 10 meters away from the toilet. Not usually, the water for toilet use has to

be fetched from this much of distance. This is practical problem in ensuring the

sustained use of toilet

c. Behavior of the people is peculiar and very difficult to change. In spite of good

functional toilet being at home, people were found to go for open defection.

Thus the availability of IHHL alone doesn’t make impact on environmental

condition of village.

2. Secondly, it is not alone the IHHL which is linked with occurrence of diarrhea

diseases. There could be other factors more important than the availability of IHHL

for causing such diseases.

However, the correlation coefficient value r of 0.3 does support the view that

there is negative correlation between sanitation and hygiene (availability of IHHL in this

context) and occurrence of diseases like acute diarrhea in South Bihar.

Reference:

1. Anmed, Z. (1974): Mortality Regions in Orissa, Geographical Observer

Vol.10

2. Agriculture Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2006

3. Agriculture Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,

2006

4. Anon, (1995),"Ambient Air Quality-Status and Statistics, Central

Pollution Control Board, Delhi.

5. Anon, (1997),"Dhanbad Water Supply Cut Off', The Telegraph, Anand

Bazar Patrika Limited, Calcutta, December 11,1997







Page-1242- 1260

6. Agrawal, Anil, Sunita Narain and Shrabani Sen (eds.), (1999), "State

of India's Environment: The Citizen's Fifth Report, Centre for Science

and Environment, New Delhi

7. Akhtar, R. (1978): Spatial distribution and Growth of health facilities in

Rajasthan, Geog, Review of India.Vol.40 No.3

8. Anderson, D.D. (1968): Geographical Variation in death due to

emphysema and bronchitia in Canada, Cand, Ned. Assoc. J., 98

9. Bannerjee, A.C. (1951): Notes on Cholerain U.P., Indian Journal of

Medi. Res., vol. 39.

10. Based on report of National Informatics Centre

11. Bhargava, Gopal, (1992), Pollution and Its Control; Mittal Publishing

House, New Delhi. Bhargava, Gopal, (1999)

12. Environment impact on the incidence of various diseases in south Bihar :

A geographical perspective (1991-2007)

13. United Nations Children’s Fund. Progress for Children: A Report Card

on Nutrition, UNICEF, New York, 2006, p. 3.

14. UNICEF, Progress for Children Report - A Statistical Review, December

2007

15. World Health Organization. Our Planet, Our Health. Report of the WHO

Commission on Health and Environment. Geneva, 1992.

16. WHO/UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and

Sanitation (JMP) classification, 2012.

17. World Health Organization, The World Health Report Making every

mother and child count, WHO, Geneva, 2005, Annex Table 3,2005, pp.

190–191

18. World Health Organization and United Nations Children‟s Fund,

Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation


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