INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEsustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty

A member of the CGIAR ConsortiumIFPRI

2012 ANNUAL REPORT

Introduction from the Chair of the Board of Trustees � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2

Introduction from the Director General � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3

Overview � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 1. Outlooks and Global Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Globalization, Trade, and Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Natural Resource Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Risks and Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Governance and Policy Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Development Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Poverty, Nutrition, and Social Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. Diet, Health, and Food Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Policy Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122020 Vision Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Partnerships, Impact, and Capacity Strengthening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Regional Offices � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14New Delhi Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15West and Central Africa Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Knowledge Products � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 16

2012 and 2011 Financial Statements � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 18

2012 Financial Contributors and Partners � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 20

Board of Trustees � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21

Select 2012 Publications � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 22

Map of IFPRI Offices � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 23

Organizational Structure � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 23

Contents

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This year marked an important transition for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) as we suc-cessfully inaugurated and fully integrated into IFPRI two new CGIAR Research Programs—Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) and Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH).

Though recent evidence has underscored the essential role agricultural growth plays in poverty reduction, this growth has been sidelined by failures related to policies, institutions, and markets and these failures will be multiplied by the effects of climate change and resource scarcity now and in years to come. The PIM program strives to provide knowledge on how policies, institutions, and markets can be improved to help smallholder farmers and poor consumers live better lives in light of these nascent challenges. The CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health works to fill the gap between agricultural development and its unfulfilled health and nutritional benefits, aiming to improve human nutrition and health through groundbreaking agricultural sector innovations.

The CGIAR Research Programs, of which there are 15, were formed to fulfill a major part of the CGIAR reform process—to improve the focus and coherence of the centers’ work around common food security priorities. The Board of Trustees provided significant strategic and governance guidance to IFPRI to get these programs off the ground.

Due to the launch of the two new programs and the expansion of several other lines of research in areas such as nutrition, country strategy programs, and modeling, among others, IFPRI’s grant revenue grew by more than 20 percent from 2011.

In my third year as the chair of IFPRI’s Board of Trustees, I am pleased to be part of an Institute that has an impact on the livelihoods of many by providing research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. I extend my gratitude to my fellow Board members, who played a critical role in providing strategic guidance and governance at the Institute. I look forward to another productive and innovative year in 2013.

Fawzi Al-Sultan

Introduction from the Director GeneralIntroduction from the Chair of the Board of Trustees

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2012 was a landmark year for the Institute, with the launch of major research programs, development of a new institutional strategy, and strong outreach.

The two IFPRI-led CGIAR Research Programs—Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) and Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)—were launched on January 1, 2012. Emblematic of the new CGIAR, the research programs are focused on achieving measurable impacts on four system-level outcomes: reduced rural poverty, improved food security, improved nutrition and health, and the sustainable management of natural resources.

The Institute released a variety of groundbreaking research in 2012. IFPRI’s work on agricultural markets indicated that staple food value chains in Asia are much shorter than previously assumed and, while modern supermarkets in Indonesia will grow rapidly during the next decade, they won’t overtake the traditional food retail sector. IFPRI’s Global Futures project identified several promising technologies poised to impact food production, prices, and consumer well-being. Research from Ecuador demonstrated that food transfers increase calorie consumption while food vouchers increase dietary diversity. The Institute’s pilot program of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index in Bangladesh illustrated that a lack of control over resources and income and weak influence in the community contributed most strongly to women’s disempowerment.

IFPRI substantively influenced agricultural and food policy in 2012. The findings from the Institute’s model on indirect land use changes due to biofuel mandates influenced policy and legislation within the European Union and the European Commission. IFPRI prepared a report on food security and climate change for the High Level Panel of Experts of the UN’s Committee on World Food Security, and sponsored a learning event at the UNFCCC negotiations in Doha. The Institute also launched the Bangladesh Agricultural Policy Support Unit to provide the Bangladeshi Government with timely recommendations and in-depth analysis for policy options. The Institute’s research has influenced the agricultural transformation agendas in numerous countries in Africa, including Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria.

IFPRI’s top-notch communications activities translate its research into impact. This past year, IFPRI produced 300 peer-reviewed publications, a new record. The Institute launched the 2011 Global Food Policy Report which is the first edition of an annual series, the 2012 Global Hunger Index, and the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. IFPRI’s research record has put it at the top of professional rankings, within the top 1 percent for development economics research and the top 2 percent of US think tanks. IFPRI also convened events with high-profile officials and organized major conferences in Ghana and Lebanon, among more than 20 other key policy events.

Following a yearlong development process, IFPRI released its 2013-2018 institutional strategy. Incorporating gender as a cross-cutting theme, the strategy identifies six research areas, allowing IFPRI to align itself to a rapidly changing food and agricultural policy arena, and translate its research findings into tangible impacts on food and nutrition security, poverty reduction, and the environment.

In 2013, the Institute will focus on implementing its strategy alongside the CGIAR Research Programs, and fostering partnerships, communications, and capacity, in order to realize its vision of a world free of hunger and malnutrition.

Shenggen Fan

Introduction from the Director GeneralIntroduction from the Director General

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The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) generates the rigorous, far-reaching research necessary to identify and develop multifaceted policy solutions to these increasingly complex and interrelated challenges.

In 2012, IFPRI actively engaged in global agenda-setting on food security and sustainability at high-level forums such as the G20, Rio+20, and the World Economic Forum. IFPRI research enhanced country-level agricultural transformation, promoted agricul-tural markets, advanced sustainable development and nutrition, all the while working to mainstream gender in agriculture.

OverviewAs incomes rise and popula-

tions continue to grow and

move from rural into urban

areas, diets shift, placing

additional pressure on the

global food system. In the

age of climate uncertainty,

crop yields are becoming

increasingly erratic, result-

ing in supply shortages and

elevated prices. A growing

demand for biofuels pits food

against fuel at a time when

the global food supply must

surge to meet the nutritional

needs of the world popula-

tion. Meanwhile, productivity

losses in the agricultural sec-

tor due to conflict compound

these mounting challenges.

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1 OUTLOOKS AND GLOBAL CHANGE

Extreme weather, resource scarcity, land degrada-tion, and an exploding global population mounted escalating pressure on the world’s food produc-ers in 2012. The most marginalized, vulnerable populations bore the brunt of these challenges, manifested as food price volatility and threats to food security. IFPRI’s research on global change explores policies, institutions, and investments necessary for smallholders to develop resiliency to these shocks and deftly adapt to global economic and environmental changes.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X IFPRI’s research on biofuels and food security in the developing world found that domestic bio-fuels policies in India, Senegal, and Mozambique fall far short of realizing their goals (for differ-ent reasons)—particularly in regard to plans for biodiesel production from the flowering plant, jatropha. Findings suggested that:

• Though more advanced in the develop- ment of its biofuels value chains than

the other case countries, India is still hindered by pricing policies and poor conversion technologies, which erode cost competitiveness.

• Regardless of what these case study countries do with respect to their own domestic biofuel policies, they will continue to be exposed to increasing price pressures on food and energy-intensive commodities, arising from OECD biofuel production.

X IFPRI increased its work in the Latin America and Caribbean regions. In September, IFPRI signed a Cooperation Framework Agreement with the Central American Integration System (SG-SICA), strengthening collabora-tion between the organizations on food and nutritional security in Central America. IFPRI also launched a new initiative on South–South Cooperation between Africa and Latin America, documenting best practices learned from the Brazilian, Chilean, and Peruvian experience to identify avenues of learn-ing for African countries on food security and production.

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2 GLOBALIZATION, TRADE, AND MARKETS

By highlighting the linkages between global and domestic agricultural policies, food security and vulnerable populations, and better market access for low-income countries, IFPRI bolsters a more efficient functioning of the global food, nutrition, and agricul-tural system.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X IFPRI’s Food Security Portal continues to support the G20’s call for collaboration among inter-national organizations to facilitate greater and more transparent information exchange on agri-cultural markets, prices, and food security. The portal launched its Food Security Media Analysis system, which examines the extent media influ-ences food prices.

X The focus of IFPRI’s trade-related research was largely devoted to the study of export restric-tions, providing important contributions to the current discussions at the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Round, particularly in the context of the Dispute Settlement body.

X IFPRI played a crucial role in the development of the Mexico G20 Action Plan, which includes two IFPRI proposals: to improve the functioning of input markets through strengthened competition and sustainable use of inputs, and to improve the dissemination of weather information to facili-tate the development of weather index insurance.

X Highlighting the unintended consequences of biofuel production, such as the effects of indirect land use changes on reducing the environmental gains from biofuels usage, IFPRI research was described as the “best science available on the topic” by the European Commission and private stakeholders.

3 NATURAL RESOURCE POLICIESPolicies and institutions that govern property rights and natural resource management profoundly affect rural livelihoods. IFPRI’s research program on Natural Resource Policies aims to reduce poverty and promote environmental sustainability though the equitable management of resources and their benefits.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X There is significant investor interest in expand-ing smallholder irrigation in Africa south of the Sahara to enhance food and nutrition security and incomes. IFPRI and its partners assessed the potential as part of the Agricultural Water Management (AWM) landscape analysis, finding significant expansion options for small reservoirs, motor pumps, in situ water harvesting, commu-nal river diversions, and inland valley systems.

X The Global Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) study showed a positive relationship between poverty and land degradation, as expected.

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However, in a number of countries in Africa south of the Sahara, severity of poverty was strongly associated with land improvement. This was the case in countries where there was significant improvement in government effectiveness and strong environmental policies.

X IFPRI and its partners studied the linkages between agroecology, malaria, and the poten-tial to empower communities through informa-tion delivery as a means of improving health and agriculture outcomes in Uganda. Research suggested that addressing the management of water bodies, crop choice, pests, and livestock would complement the current health-sector led malaria strategy.

4 RISKS AND EMERGENCIESIFPRI’s research program on Risks and Emergencies assists domestic and international efforts on post-emergency reconstruction. Research focus is on social protections for vulnerable groups; capacity building for formulation of better national programs and poli-cies for recovery; and improvement of agricultural governance and infrastructure.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X In collaboration with local partners, in 2012 IFPRI introduced an innovative gap insurance product for smallholders in Ethiopia, in which payouts are made on the basis of area-yield

estimates, complementing weather index insur-ance products. Local partners believe this insur-ance product is ready to be scaled up in other areas of the country.

X IFPRI’s Impact of the Revolution in Yemen and Scenarios for Reconstruction and Development project produced a baseline for Yemeni policy-makers and the international community, encour-aging better informed policy and investment decisions on development and poverty reduction, enabling Yemeni colleagues to conduct future economic and poverty analysis and modeling.

5 GOVERNANCE AND POLICY PROCESSES

Corruption and poor governance are deeply coun-terproductive to poverty alleviation efforts, eroding the effectiveness of public investment in agricultural infrastructure and services. Spanning multiple coun-tries and topics, IFPRI produces research that encour-ages gains in agricultural productivity, promoting rural development through decentralization, improved governance of agricultural sector institutions, and strengthened policy processes.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X The Land Governance Monitoring and Assessment Partnership Program (LGAF) works with national governments to assess policies for

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Josette Sheeran, World Economic Forum – December 4, 2012, Martin J. Forman Memorial Lecture: Public-Private Partnerships Innovating to End Malnutrition

John Kufuor, Ghana – June 14, 2012, Transformation of Economies in Africa

Ertharin Cousin, World Food Programme – May 22, 2012, From Good to Great: Bringing Impact to Scale at the World Food Programme

Rajiv Shah, USAID – December 7, 2012, Harnessing

Agricultural Innovation for Transformative Impact

Betty Achan Ogwaro, South Sudan – October 23, 2012, A New Path Forward: Agriculture and Food Security Strategy for South Sudan

Frank Rjisberman, CGIAR – July 24, 2012, CGIAR:

Reflections by the CEO

Distinguished Guests: Highlights from 2012

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land distribution and land rights of local popu-lations, taking into account cultural, socioeco-nomic, and gender-related barriers that may exist in the current systems.

• In Nigeria, the LGAF program helped to reinvigorate its Presidential Technical Committee on Land Reform (PTCLR). Upon request from the government, the research team completed an appraisal survey that examined wealth and gender disparities in land registration and titling.

• With backing from the World Bank, IFPRI and the Ghana Land Administration Project led a workshop, “Transforming Agriculture in Ghana,” providing insights into how customary land secretariats can serve as cost-effective and pro-poor mechanisms in development of a good land governance system.

X IFPRI’s governance work also included research on decentralization and rural service delivery in Tanzania, with fieldwork and analysis of the impact of the first local community-run condi-tional cash transfer program in Tanzania.

6 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESIFPRI is dedicated to fostering the efforts of our partners—governments, universities, and civil society organizations—as they shape their countries’ development priorities and the strategies to achieve them. Our research programs produce the country- and situation-specific studies that inform better policies and practices resulting in better outcomes on the ground.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X In November, the Ghana Strategy Support Program (GSSP) hosted the Transforming Agriculture Conference in Accra, a culmination of over more than five years of GSSP-supported research. Overall, the conference hosted 10 panel discussions and circulated 30 briefs.

X At the request of the Nigerian Ministry of Agriculture, the Nigeria Strategy Support Program (NSSP) studied the potential and feasi-bility of increasing yield and rice production. The program also examined alternative strategies to effectively reduce imports and achieve self-suffi-ciency in rice production.

X The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) completed the Pakistan Rural Household Survey for 2,128 households. The PSSP Annual Conference in Islamabad attracted more than 130 people to a two-day event during which presen-tations included the results of the PSSP house-hold survey and perspectives on the state of agricultural research in Pakistan, among others.

X Research in Ethiopia under the Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP) studied households’ will-ingness to pay for rural feeder roads. The research examined the benefits of reducing transportation costs on household consumption and rates of return on infrastructure projects. The results sug-gest that investing in rural feeder roads is a cost-effective way to help reduce widespread poverty.

X An analysis of Tanzania’s maize export ban—requested by the Tanzanian government—showed

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that the poorest rural households are hurt the most by an export ban policy. Research findings were presented at a conference at the Bank of Tanzania, influencing the government’s decision to lift the export ban.

7 POVERTY, NUTRITION, AND SOCIAL PROTECTION

Social protection programs assist the poor in coping with and mitigating the impacts of shocks such as ris-ing food prices and extreme weather. IFPRI’s research focuses on interventions that contribute to poverty reduction and growth through investments in health, nutrition, education for children and adults, develop-ment of productive infrastructure, and promotion of livelihoods activities.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012

X The Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategy Support Program (PRSSP), IFPRI’s largest project

in Bangladesh, is filling knowledge gaps on critical food security and agricultural devel-opment issues in the country. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a new unit of measure that directly captures wom-en’s empowerment and inclusion levels in the agricultural sector. The WEAI survey conducted in Bangladesh was representative of the entire country, including the area of focus for USAID’s Feed the Future project. A WEAI report was then produced based on the survey data.

X The Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is the second-largest social safety net program in Africa south of the Sahara, targeting transfers to poor households through public works and direct support. IFPRI played a principal role in monitor-ing and evaluating the program’s effectiveness in addressing the formidable food security chal-lenges faced by Ethiopia’s poorest citizens. This led directly to strong support for IFPRI to design and execute sophisticated monitoring and evalu-ation systems for other major funded programs such as the Agricultural Growth Program.

8 DIET, HEALTH, AND FOOD SAFETYIFPRI’s research program on Diet, Health, and Food Safety generates knowledge on what types of interventions are best suited to improving the diet quality and nutritional status of the most vulner-able populations, particularly mothers, infants, and young children. The program also focuses on linkages between food safety and food security, highlighting the importance of both components in alleviating poverty and improving the overall health of vulner-able populations.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012 X 2012 saw the launch of two large agriculture and

nutrition programs.

• IFPRI partnered with Westat, Technical Assistance to Non-Governmental Organizations (TANGO) International, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel

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IFPRI Leads Two CGIAR Research ProgramsIn January 2012, CGIAR launched two major multi-year programs led by IFPRI: Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) and Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH).

Through the Global Futures for Agriculture program, PIM is helping CGIAR identify “best bet” technologies suitable for wide adoption that support agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. In 2012, more than 150 such technologies were identified by six centers— the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the International Potato Center (CIP), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)—for 15 crops. PIM is also providing a framework to strengthen the impact of CGIAR’s value chains research.

Under a joint initiative of PIM, IFPRI, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), work is underway to provide pub-lic access to key indicators to measure food security in a number of countries in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2012, the Arab Spatial Development and Food Security Atlas launched an interactive tool containing maps and data on more than 150 food security and development-related indicators.

A4NH established CGIAR partnership agreements with nine centers directly and three additional partnership agreements through HarvestPlus. The program completed its gender strategy, convened a number of partnership discussions, and circulated a draft partnership strategy.

During its first year A4NH’s work included the release of vitamin A maize in Zambia, iron (and zinc) beans in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, and iron (and zinc) pearl millet in India; assembling from 2010-2012 a large portfolio of nutritional studies including integrated agriculture and health programs, biofortified crops, direct nutrition interventions, and social protection programs (in conjunction with the PIM program); and new studies on prioritizing zoonoses and on aflatoxin risk in Mali and Kenya.

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Hill’s Carolina Population Center to provide technical services to USAID for its Feed the Future (FTF) Initiative. The FEEDBACK Program supports FTF’s monitoring and evaluation efforts, providing empirical evidence on project outcomes. IFPRI leads the Impact Evaluation Working Group within FEEDBACK, and is taking the lead on seven FEEDBACK impact evaluations in six countries: Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda.

• IFPRI is part of LANSA (Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia), a six-partner research program consortium supported by the UK Department for International Development. LANSA seeks to understand the dynamic relationships between agriculture and food systems and policies and the underlying drivers of nutritional well-being, such as women’s social and economic status, household food security, and sanitation. The program also looks at how agricultural growth strategies and policies can become more “nutrition-sensitive” and how agricultural interventions can be designed to have an impact on diet quality and the nutritional status of women and children within the 1,000-day window of opportunity.

X A two-year collaboration between IFPRI and Helen Keller International (HKI) in Burkina Faso

explored homestead food production as a means of increasing access to nutrient-rich foods in conjunction with behavior-change communi-cation interventions. The program’s aim is to improve knowledge and promote adoption of optimal infant and young child feeding and care practices, including the intake of the home-pro-duced nutrient-rich foods, to improve maternal and child health and nutrition outcomes. IFPRI and HKI worked together to ensure rigorous pro-gram evaluation.

9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSustained investment in agricultural science, technol-ogy, and innovation (ST&I) is critical to increasing agri-cultural productivity, reducing poverty, and fostering economy-wide growth, yet ST&I remains overlooked and underfunded in many developing countries. Pro-poor policies, investments, and programs that incentiv-ize investment in scientific research in the agricultural sector are crucial to poverty reduction.

Key Research and Outcomes from 2012 X In October 2012, the Agricultural Science and

Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative and the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) released the ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&D Spending, co-authored with colleagues from the US Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS). The report revealed that public spending on agricultural R&D increased by more than 20 percent during 2000-2008, driven primarily by developing countries and inspired by positive trends in China and India.

X Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA): IFPRI is exploring evidence on how novel poli-cies and policy reforms can provide incentives for private investment in the development and delivery of innovative agricultural technologies for sustainable cereal intensification.

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POLICY COMMUNICATIONSIFPRI’s Communications and Knowledge Management Division (CKM) supports the creation and uptake of the Institute’s high-quality research by the policy, research, and development communities in order to inform and influence the policies that address poverty and hunger.

CKM’s highlights from the past year include:

X 2011 Global Food Policy Report: 2012 welcomed the first edition of IFPRI’s flagship publication. The Global Food Policy Report provides an in-depth, contextualized look at the major food policy developments and events of each year. This edition’s topics were selected after consulta-tion with policymakers, researchers, and other experts to represent the most profound, relevant, and broadly applicable food policy issues that arose in 2011.

X The Green Economy: IFPRI’s research touches on many of the issues discussed at the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including food security, sustainable agriculture, climate change, land degradation, desertification, and water scarcity. CKM promoted these issues through related publications, a green economy web page, blog posts, and other outreach efforts.

X IFPRI’s 2012 Global Hunger Index (GHI): the seventh in an annual series, the report presents a multidimensional measure of global, regional, and national hunger. The 2012 report describes the evidence on land, water, and energy scarcity in developing countries.

X Open Access/Open Data: IFPRI’s research became more widely available in 2012 through the migration of the Institute’s intellectual outputs to the IFPRI e-brary and IFPRI’s Dataverse site. More than 4,800 IFPRI publications and 91 IFPRI datasets were shared through these repositories, where they can be downloaded and freely used.

IFPRI also released an Open Access Statement, affirm-ing that all IFPRI publications and datasets are freely available upon publication.

2020 VISION INITIATIVEThe 2020 Vision Initiative organizes high-level policy consultations and communications activities on key emerging issues in food policy in order to develop a shared vision and consensus for action on poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.

X Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, a compilation of 21 peer-reviewed briefs initially prepared for the 2020 Conference on Leveraging Agriculture for Improved Nutrition and Health, was released in February 2012.

X An independent impact assessment of the 2020 conference was released in December, concluding that the event helped to push institutions that wanted to integrate nutrition into agriculture but were unsure of how to move forward.

X Scaling Up for Effective Agricultural and Rural Development, a set of 20 briefs, was published in June. Responding to the growing interest in scaling up successful development interventions, these briefs review the experiences of nongov-ernmental, private sector, and donor organiza-tions in expanding, replicating, adapting, and sustaining successful policies, programs, or proj-ects to reach a greater number of people.

PARTNERSHIPS, IMPACT, AND CAPACITY STRENGTHENINGIFPRI’s Partnerships, Impact, and Capacity Strengthening (PIC) program generates new knowledge in collaboration with partners and strengthens the capacity of individuals and institutions in food and agricultural innovation sys-tems, universities, and government agencies to reduce hunger and poverty.

13

Partnerships

X In 2012, IFPRI was involved in the development of a number of strategic partnerships. These engagements, to be solidified in 2013, include alliances with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to fill policy and knowledge gaps to build the resilience of vulnerable and poor populations during and after disasters, and the Centre for World Food Studies (SOW) and the Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR) for a proposed research collaboration on Agricultural Dynamics and Food Security in Times of Global Turbulence.

X In 2012 the Partnership Office also became involved in a PIM-funded research project on the importance of partnerships in food policy research. This project addresses the research gap on food policy research partnerships and ana-lyzes partnerships in food policy research to gain insight into “what works” and “what does not work” in linking research to policy.

Impact

Each year IFPRI undertakes two to three ex-post impact assessment studies of major themes of IFPRI’s research program. An external coordinator com-missions external experts to conduct the studies and oversee a blind peer review process before each report is released as an IFPRI impact assessment discussion paper. Three impact assessments were completed in 2012:

X IFPRI’s Water Research Program (GRP22) from 1994-2010, by Jeff Bennett, to be released in early 2013.

X IFPRI’s Cumulative Work in Ethiopia from 1995-2010, by Mitch Renkow and Roger Slade, to be released in spring 2013.

X IFPRI’s 2020 conference on “Leveraging Agriculture for Improving Nutrition and Health,” by Robert Paarlberg, available at http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ia34.pdf.

An additional ex-post impact assessment study was launched in late 2012:

X A study of the impact of IFPRI’s capacity strengthening work from 1985-2010, by Arie Kuyvenhoven.

Capacity Strengthening

In 2012, IFPRI’s capacity strengthening program contributed to the development of a monitoring and tracking system for documenting inputs, outputs, and outcomes of the capacity strengthening activities car-ried out by IFPRI researchers. The unit also developed a food policy research capacity index and updated a database of indicators of food policy research capac-ity in 30 developing countries.

REGIONAL OFFICESIFPRI’s regional presence allows for research that incor-porates the on-the-ground realities of food security and nutrition. Our field offices ensure better civil society access to IFPRI research and resources, strengthened partnerships, and more effective outreach.

NEW DELHI OFFICEIFPRI’s New Delhi office (NDO) produces research that impacts policy decisions that reform the agricultural sector, improve livelihoods, increase rural incomes, and reduce poverty and malnutrition in the South Asian countries.

X Climate change and its management are high-priority topics among policymakers in South Asia. To better understand climate-related risks and propose appropriate policies to address them, NDO researchers focused on emerging concerns for adaptation, mitigation, and resilience in the region, including:

• A review of past and present policies through a climate lens for Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The study reviewed six

14

intervention areas—water, energy, carbon, nitrogen, weather, and knowledge—which are crucial for any potential shift toward climate-smart agriculture.

• An assessment of the effect of rainfall during the monsoon season in different regions of India on the production, demand, and prices of major agricultural commodities.

• The development of an inventory of climate-smart interventions and an assessment of the feasibility of these inteventions from the standpoint of efficiency, equity, gender, sustainability of natural resources, and environmental services.

• Research on the evolving community-based agricultural insurance to mitigate climate change risk.

X NDO launched “Partnerships and Opportunities to Strengthen and Harmonize Actions for Nutrition in India” (POSHAN). Its goal is to enhance and support policies and propose actions to acceler-ate the reduction of maternal and child under-nourishment in India.

X NDO developed a knowledge management portal, which was launched in June. Aggregating scien-tific knowledge from global, regional, national, and local sources, the portal supports farmers in accessing reliable information on agriculture.

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL OFFICEThrough a focus on agricultural productivity, techno-logical innovation, knowledge sharing, and collabora-tion with regional partners, the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO), located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia aspires to provide practical solutions to hunger.

X ESARO organized two regional workshops on joint fertilizer procurement for the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) region and the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in agricultural extension and advisory services.

X A consultative workshop was held in Addis Ababa in December where country studies on improv-ing the provision and use of ICT in agricultural extension and advisory services in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia were presented. The results of these country studies will be used for a follow-up study examining the design, implementation, and impact assessment of ICT-supported or enabled services for agricultural extension and advisory systems.

X FAO contracted ESARO to produce a study on joint fertilizer procurement. The report concluded that joint fertilizer procurement is both feasible and advantageous.

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA OFFICEThe West and Central Africa Office (WCAO), based in Dakar, Senegal, facilitates IFPRI’s research, capac-ity strengthening, and communications activities in the region.

X The Africawide 2011 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR), a collaboration between ReSAKSS (implemented with the Development Strategy and Governance Division) and HarvestChoice, featured agricultural productivity—its measures, trends, spatial patterns, and determinants.

X An initiative that positions African experts to take a leadership role in development, agricul-tural growth, and policy debate, the African Growth and Development Policy (AGRODEP) Modeling Consortium (implemented with the Markets, Trade and Institutions Division) strengthened capacity of its growing member-ship through research workshops, various grant programs, and eight training courses. AGRODEP now has 118 members from 26 African countries.

X WCAO published two Thematic Research Notes: “Patterns of Growth and Structural Transformation in Africa” and “Social Protection in West Africa” and in 2012 held two high-level policy seminars: “Launch of the 2011 Global Food Policy Report” and “Social Protection in Africa.”

15

Knowledge Products

In 2012, IFPRI produced an array of publicly accessible knowledge products on sustainable solutions to addressing poverty and malnutrition. Resources such as development threshold indicators, interactive data tools, and stakeholder networks provided policymakers and civil society with the necessary intellectual capital to conceptualize and implement pro-poor policies.

MODELS, SIMULATIONS, AND APPLICATIONSIMPACTThe International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade

Examines alternative futures for global food supply, demand, trade, prices, and food security.

MIRAGEModeling International Relationships in Applied General Equilibrium

Analyzes trade, agricultural, and energy policy changes.

SAMs and CGEsSocial Accounting Matrixes and Computable General Equilibriums

Economywide models of food sector interactions with other sectors.

CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS AND METHODSAGRODEPThe African Growth and Development Policy Modeling Consortium

Positions African experts to lead strategic development research, agricultural growth, and policy debate.

CASE Maps Interactive climate, agriculture, and socioeconomic maps developed in partnership with StatPlanet.

Excessive Food Price Variability Early Warning System

Visual representations of excessive global price volatility and daily volatility updates that alert policymakers to trigger country-level food security responses.

FOMAFood Security Media Analysis

Tracks the extent to which media coverage and information gaps impact food price spikes. The data generated by the tool can be used to determine whether the information portrayed by the media is accurate, and look at media coverage in relation to other factors that affect food prices.

Food Security Portal Provides comprehensive country-by-country information on food policy developments.

Gender Tool Box Provides analytical tools, datasets, databases, and indicators for gender analysis.

HarvestChoice Creates knowledge products that guide investments in productive farming throughout Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia.

MapSpaM Shares results from the Spatial Production Allocation Model by HarvestChoice.

IMEELThe IFPRI Mobile Experimental Economics Laboratory

Implements in-field economics experiments on the behavior of smallholders and the rural poor.

Net-Map Is an interview-based mapping tool.

Digital Food Security Atlas for Yemen Allows users to visualize and analyze food security indicators and find patterns which can prompt ideas and generate hypotheses.

AWM SolutionsWater Management Solutions for Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia

Identifies a variety of smallholder agricultural water management interventions (AWM Regional Mapping) that have a high potential to improve the food security and livelihoods of the rural poor in Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia. The study results are available online through the Investment Visualizer tool.

Global Analytical Tools on Trade (GATT) Provides a detailed picture of trade and trade policy indicators by category of products at the country level, allowing for an easy comparison of country trade and trade policies. Users can browse a large set of indicators on interactive maps and export the underlying data in a table or the maps in picture format to include them in their own work.

16

Knowledge ProductsKnowledge Products

INDICATORS, DATABASES, REPOSITORIES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES2012 Global Hunger Index Represents the incidence of hunger in various developing countries based on three equally weighted

indicators. A selection by year, GHI level, and by region generates a report that can be printed.

ASTIAgricultural Science and Technology Indicators

Collects original data on agricultural research and development.

bEcon A bibliography of peer-reviewed literature on genetically engineered crops.

BioConserv A bibliography of genetic resources focusing on the conservation of plants and livestock.

Dietary Diversity as a Household Food Security Indicator

Looks at cost-effective ways to measure changes in dietary behavior.

IFPRI Dataverse Provides a collection of more than 90 publicly accessible datasets on agriculture and rural devel-opment. The user can download the data in various formats (Stata, SPSS, SPlus, text).

IFPRI e-brary Consolidates all of IFPRI’s intellectual products, with over 4,000 open access publications.

Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices

Helps assess the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for young children.

MAcMap-HS6The Market Access Map at the HS6 level

A global analytical tariff database.

ReSAKSSThe Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System

An Africa-focused database with information to design and evaluate rural development strategies.

SPEEDThe Statistics of Public Expenditure for Economic Development

Allows researchers and policymakers to compare public spending in various sectors.

TASTEThe Tariff Analytical and Simulation Tool for Economists

Analyzes applied trade policies and performs detailed trade-policy scenarios.

WEAIWomen’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index

Launched by IFPRI, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), and USAID’s Feed the Future, this is the first comprehensive and standardized measure to directly capture women’s empowerment and inclusion levels in the agricultural sector.

EVALUATION AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTDREAMDynamic Research EvaluAtion for Management

A menu-driven software program that evaluates the economic impacts of agricultural research and development.

Impact assessment IFPRI’s impact assessment publications and tools.

BEST PRACTICES, PRACTITIONERS’ GUIDES, AND TRAINING METHODSCAPRiThe Collective Action and Property Rights program

Analyzes how collective action and property rights institutions affect natural resources and poverty.

PM2APreventing Malnutrition in Children Under 2 Approach

A preventive food, health, and nutrition intervention program for children 6 to 23 months old.

School feeding best practices Studies the motivation for and impacts of food for education (FFE) programs.

17

2012 and 2011 Financial Statements

BALANCE SHEETS (US$ THOUSANDS)Below is a summary of the financial information for the 2012 and 2011 calendar years. The full statements and independent audit reports are available from IFPRI on request.

Assets 2012 2011

Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 31,622 23,538

Investments 27,126 18,968

Receivables (net) 14,965 16,769

Other receivables 2,136 3,006

Other current assets 518 657

Total current assets 76,367 62,938

Investments, long term 29,306 26,201

Other assets Property and equipment, net 4,008 3,226

Total assets 109,681 92,365

Liabilities and net assets

Current liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses 8,484 5,634

Accrued vacation 2,743 2,417

Advance payment of CGIAR grant funds 15,015 -

Unexpended restricted project funds 25,094 20,776

Amount held for Challenge Program 27,567 33,457

Total current liabilities 78,903 62,284

Deferred rent 2,266 2,103

Accrued post-retirement benefits 4,124 3,389

Total liabilities 85,293 67,776

Net assets, unrestricted Operating reserves 21,277 22,194

Net investment in property and equipment 3,111 2,395

Total net assets 24,388 24,589

Total liabilities and net assets 109,681 92,365

18

Knowledge Products2012 and 2011 Financial Statements

STATEMENTS OF REVENUE, EXPENSES, AND CHANGES IN OPERATING RESERVES

Revenue 2012 2011

Grant and contract income

Unrestricted 1,925 16,605

Restricted 97,086 64,853

Other revenue and gains 392 306

Total revenue 99,403 81,764

Expenses

Research 88,799 68,599

Management and general 10,805 10,870

Total expenses 99,604 79,469

(Deficit) Surplus (201) 2,295

Transfer (to) from net investment in property and equipment

Unrestricted net assets, beginning of year 24,589 22,294

Unrestricted net assets, end of year 24,388 24,589

SCHEDULE OF EXPENSES BY TYPE

Expenses 2012 2011

Personnel 27,165 25,935

Collaboration/field expenses 38,840 25,657

Operations, supplies, and services 27,200 22,501

Travel 5,223 4,494

Depreciation/amortization 1,176 882

Total 99,604 79,469

19

2012 Financial Contributors and Partners

African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF)

Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria (ARCN)

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Australia

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Canada

CARE

Center for Economic Policy Research

Centre d’Information et de Recherche sur l’Économie

Mondiale (CIREM)/Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et

d’Informations Internationales (CEPII)

China

Columbia University Concern Worldwide

The Consortium of International Agricultural Research

Centers

Copenhagen Consensus Center

CropLife International

Denmark

Development Alternatives International (DAI)

Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI)

European Commission

Family Health International

Finland Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA)

Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis

Network (FANRPAN)

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

(FAO)

German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and

Development (BMZ)

German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) GmbH

Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)

Global Development Network

Grameen Foundation USA

Helen Keller International

IFAR

IKP TRUST

India

Institute of Development Studies (IDS)

Institute of Finance & Management

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry

(ICRAF)

International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)

International Labour Organization (ILO)

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

(CIMMYT)

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Johns Hopkins University

JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc.

Kickstart International

Landbouw-Economisch Institut (LEI)

Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)

Michigan State University

MS Swaminathan Research Foundation

MTT Agrifood Research

National Bureau of Economic Research

National Fadama Coordination Office

National Science Foundation (NSF)

Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Netherlands

Nike Foundation

Norway

Oxfam America

Purdue University

Save the Children

Social Impact

Stanford University

Sweden

Swiss Association for the Development of Agriculture and

Rural Areas (AGRIDEA)

Switzerland

Tufts University

Uganda

UNICEF

Unique Forestry

United Kingdom

United Nations

20

Knowledge Products2012 Financial Contributors and Partners

United Nations Foundation

United Nations University

University of Bonn

University of California

University of Colorado

University of Groningen

University of Oxford

United States Agency for International Development

(USAID)

UNOPS

US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

US Department of Labor

Wageningen International

West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research

and Development (CORAF/WECARD)

Westat

World Bank

World Food Programme (WFP)

Board of Trustees

Fawzi Al-Sultan, Chair, Kuwait*

Kym Anderson, Australia*

Margaret Catley-Carlson, Canada

Csaba Csaki, Hungary*

S. Mahendra Dev, India

Shenggen Fan, Director General,

Ex Officio, China*

Ruth Haug, Norway

Mohamad Ikhsan, Indonesia

Kabba Thomas Joiner, Gambia

Catherine Kling, United States

Simon Maxwell, United Kingdom

Beatriz da Silveira Pinheiro, Brazil

Samuel Wangwe, Tanzania*

*Executive Committee Member

21

Select 2012 Publications

Edited by Shenggen Fan

and Rajul Pandya-Lorch

2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA

T: +1.202.862.5600 • Skype: ifprihomeoffice

F: +1.202.467.4439 • ifpri@cgiar.org

www.ifpri.org

http://2020conference.ifpri.info/

FOR FOOD, AGRICULTURE,

AND THE ENVIRONMENT

ISBN 978-0-89629-673 -2

9 7 8 0 8 9 6 2 9 6 7 3 2

he fundamental purpose of agriculture is not just to produce food and raw materials,

but also to grow healthy, well-nourished people. One of the sector’s most important

tasks then is to provide food of sufficient quantity and quality to feed and nourish the

world’s population sustainably so that all people can lead healthy, productive lives.

Achieving this goal will require closer collaboration across the sectors of agriculture,

nutrition, and health, which have long operated in separate spheres with little recognition

of how their actions affect each other. It is time for agriculture, nutrition, and health to join

forces in pursuit of the common goal of improving human well-being.

In Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, leading experts, practitioners, and

policymakers explore the links among agriculture, nutrition, and health and identify ways

to strengthen related policies and programs. The chapters in this book were originally

commissioned as background papers or policy briefs for the conference “Leveraging

Agriculture for Improving Nutrition and Health,” facilitated by the International Food Policy

Research Institute’s 2020 Vision Initiative in New Delhi, India, in February 2011.

Shenggen Fan is director general of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Rajul Pandya-Lorch is head of IFPRI’s 2020 Vision Initiative and chief of staff in the Director

General’s Office.

EDITED BY XINSHEN DIAO | JAMES THURLOW | SAMUEL BENIN | SHENGGEN FAN

economywide perspectives from country studies

AND PRIORITIESFOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURE

Collective Action & Property Rights for Poverty Reduction

Insights from Africa and Asia

Edited by Esther Mwangi, Helen Markelova, and Ruth Meinzen-Dick

Social Protection

and Cash Transfers

Michelle Adato | Lucy Bassett

to STRENGTHEN FAMILIES

AFFECTED BY HIV and AIDS

BEYOND THE ARAB AwAkENINg

Clemens Breisinger, Olivie

r Ecker, Perrihan Al-Riffai,

and Bingxin Yu

REPORTFOOD POLICY

sustainable solutions for

ending hunger and pover

ty

Supported by the CGIAR

Policies a

nd Investments fo

r Povert

y Reduction

and Food Sec

urity

A MArket for Abdu

Creating a

Commodity Exchange in

Ethiopia

Eleni Gabre-Madhin

Scaling Up in

agricUltUre, rUral

Development, anD

nUtrition

EDITED BY

JohannEs F. LInn

20

20 19

FOCUS

FIGURE 1 Access to sanitation, food, and energy by regions, 2011

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

0

20

40

60

80

100

South AsiaSSA

LACMENA

East AsiaOECD

Access to sanitation (%)

Access to food (%)

Energy use (kwh/cap)

Kilowatt

hours per capita

Shar

e of

peo

ple

with

acc

ess t

o fo

od

Shar

e of

peo

ple

with

acc

ess t

o sa

nita

tion

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011), http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-

2011; M. W. Rosegrant, C. Ringler, S. Msangi, T. B. Sulser, T. Zhu, C. Tingju, and S. A. Cline, International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and

Trade (IMPACT): Model Description (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2008), www.ifpri.org/ourwork/program/impact-model.

Notes: Share of people with access to food is approximated from share of children not malnourished. SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; LAC = Latin America and the

Caribbean; MENA = Middle East and North Africa; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

IFPRI Policy Brief 21 • June 2012

Shenggen Fan, Claudia Ringler, Ephraim Nkonya, and Alexander J. Stein

As the population continues to grow and natural resources

become scarcer, the need to shift toward an environmen-

tally responsible, socially accountable, more equitable, and

“greener” economy has become increasingly apparent. Despite dif-

fering perspectives and definitions among stakeholders, the “green

economy” is often seen as an economy that pursues growth while

also promoting sustainable development through more efficient

use of resources. Thus aligned with concepts of sustainability, the

objective of a green economy is to simultaneously work toward

economic development, environmental protection, and greater

social welfare, in particular by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and

nonrenewable resources.1

At the same time food and nutrition security remains under

stress. For the 900 million undernourished people in the world

and the more than 2 billion people suffering from micronutri-

ent deficiency, the poor management and increasing scarcity of

natural resources like water, arable land, and energy make the

production of and access to adequate, nutritious food difficult.

Moreover, food insecurity is closely linked to limited access to

sanitation and clean water as well as low use of energy, all of

Ensuring Food and Nutrition

Security in a Green Economy

which is particularly apparent in South Asia and Sub-Saharan

Africa (Figure 1).

This raises some important questions: What are the implications

of a green economy for the poor and hungry? How can the poor ben-

efit from and thrive under a green economy? What role can agricul-

ture play? What are the possible trade-offs and synergies between

different policy objectives, and how can each be measured?

Food and Nutrition Security: Facing Complex,

Interlinked Challenges

In 2011, the world’s population reached 7 billion people, and it is

projected to grow to more than 9 billion by 2050.2 Much of this

growth will be concentrated in low-income countries, which already

face serious challenges satisfying basic needs, such as the provi-

sion of food, water, housing, and energy (Figure 1).3 Population

and income growth will drive food demand in the coming decades;

nearly 80 percent more meat, almost 60 percent more cereals, and

one-third as many roots and tubers are projected to be produced by

2050, at significantly higher food prices and with adverse conse-

quences for the world’s poor and vulnerable populations.4

For more information and to provide feedback, please visit www.ifpri.org/publication/ensuring-food-and-nutrition-security-green-economy.

Environmental Migrants: A Myth?Jean-François Maystadt and Valerie Mueller

Environmental migration has been the subject of lively debate in recent years. The conundrum over why experts’ global predictions of 50 million environmental refugees were not met in 2010 best captures how messages from advocacy and research can conflict with one another (Bojanowski 2011).1 In What Happened to the Climate Refugees? Atkins (2011) states,

“[T]he first available evidence seems to show that the places identified by the UNEP [United Nations Environment Programme] as most at risk of having climate refugees are not only not losing people, they are actually among the fastest growing regions in the world.” Atkins’s observation is less surprising if one bases one’s predictions on actual behavioral

responses to climatic events rather than on populations at risk of exposure (World Bank 2010). The human consequences of climate shocks are not exclusively based on the probabilities of natural disasters (hazard) or the potential numbers of people affected by such natural hazards (exposure), but also other factors, such as acclimatization, informal coping mechanisms, degree of remoteness, mitigation and prevention initiatives, and dependence on agricultural income (vulnerability).Why do people migrate to reduce income risk, and why might they relocate to “risky” areas? The new economics of labor migration (NELM) offers a possible explanation (Taylor and Martin 2001). Households send migrants to work to reduce the potential losses caused by natural disasters at home. Migrants bring additional (and often less risky) income. By leaving, they also free up resources for the people left behind. They relocate to places where their expected returns are the greatest, where returns depend on their earning potential and the probability of employment in that location. These are enhanced through social networks that provide information on job opportunities and reduce relocation costs with temporary housing or credit for start-ups. Consider the example of a rural household that sends a family member to work in a city. Unskilled jobs are bountiful in most cities, even those at risk of exposure. Not only do the

service and manufacturing industries in the cities offer higher earnings than in the agricultural sector, they are also less susceptible to the risks of natural disasters.Acknowledging the hype and inconclusiveness of earlier

work, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) encourages more detailed evidence on observed climate impacts on mobility, especially in Africa (Boko et al. 2007). Recent International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) research lets us put this debate into perspective. Microlevel evidence has improved our understanding of how climate affects individual and household decisions to migrate over time in African and Asian countries. Macrolevel analyses help us assess whether such country-specific evidence may be systematic enough to constitute a global phenomenon. Following our review of recent evidence, we segue into the main research challenges in identifying migration–climate links and discuss the policy options to formalize migration as an adaptation mechanism to climate change.

Climate and Migration: What We Have LearnedMicroeconomic EvidenceRecent data collected by IFPRI researchers provide a unique opportunity to study the migration–climate linkages. The household panel surveys gather detailed information on the permanent moves of individuals over 10 and 20 years. The panel data are merged with publicly available daily and monthly climate indicators to explore the effects of rainfall and temperature anomalies on migration. In what follows, we describe the findings from three migration studies performed in countries particularly vulnerable to natural disasters: Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh.In 2008 IFPRI researchers administered a tracking questionnaire to household members who were originally surveyed in the 1988–1989 Northern Nigeria Household Survey (Udry 1990, 1994). They documented whether a

CLIMATECHANGEAGRICULTURE ANDFOOD SECURITY

For more information and to provide feedback, please visit http://www.ifpri.org/publication/environmental-migrants

IFPRI Research Brief 18 n

ASTIFACILITATED BY IFPRI

Developing Countries Accelerate Investment

ASTI GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL R&D SPENDING

2033 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA

Fax: +1.202.467.4439 | Email: ifpri@cgiar.org

www.ifpri.org

IFPRI-ROMEAgricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative

c/o ESA, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla | 00153 Rome, Italy

Fax: +39-06-570-55522 | Email: asti@cgiar.org

www.asti.cgiar.org

OCTOBER 2012

978-0-89629-802-6

Books2011 Global Food Policy Report

2012 Global Hunger Index

Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and HealthFan, S. and R. Pandya-Lorch, editors

Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture: Economywide Perspectives from Country StudiesDiao, X., J. Thurlow, S. Benin, and S. Fan

Collective Action & Property Rights for Poverty ReductionMwangi, E., H. Markelova, and R. Meinzen-Dick

Social Protection and Cash Transfers to Strengthen Families Affected by HIV & AIDSAdato, M. and L. Bassett

IndexWomen’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index

Food Policy ReportBeyond the Arab AwakeningBreisinger, C., O. Ecker, P. Al-Riffai, B. Yu

EssayA Market for AbduGabre-Madhin, E.

Policy BriefsScaling Up in Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutrition/2020 FocusLinn, J.F., editor

Ensuring Food and Nutrition Security in a Green EconomyFan, S., C. Ringler, E. Nkonya, and A. Stein

Research BriefEnvironmental Migrants: A Myth?Maystadt, J-F., and V. Mueller

MagazineINSIGHTS

Global AssessmentASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R & D SpendingBeintema, N., G-J. Stads, K. Fuglie, and P. Heisey

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Map of IFPRI Offices

Germany

Lux.

United Kingdom

Neth.Ireland

Denmark

Bel.

Canada

Countries of significant research

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Yemen, Rep. Vietnam

Somoa

Venezuela, RB

Vanuatu

Uzbekistan

Uruguay

United Statesof America

U.A.E.

Ukraine

Uganda

TurkmenistanTurkey

Tunisia

Trinidad & Tobago

Tonga

Togo

Thailand

Tanzania

Tajikistan

Syrian Arab Rep.

Switz.

Sweden

Swaziland

Suriname

Sudan

Sri Lanka

Spain

SouthAfrica

Somalia

Solomon Islands

Slov.

Slova.

Sierra Leone

Cape Verde

Saudi Arabia

Rw.

Russian Federation

Rom.

Qatar

Portugal

Poland

Philippines

Peru

Paraguay

Papua New Guinea

Panama

Pakistan

Oman

Norway

Nigeria

Niger

Nicaragua

New Zealand

Nepal

Namibia

Mozambique

Morocco

MongoliaMold.

Mexico

Mauritius

Mauritania Mali

Malaysia

Malawi

Madagascar

Mace.

Lithuania

Libya

Liberia

Lesotho

Lebanon

Latvia

LaoPDR

Kyrgyz Rep.

Kuwait

S. Korea

N. Korea

Kenya

Kazakhstan

Japan

Jamaica

Italy

Israel Iraq Iran, Islamic Rep.

Indonesia

India

Iceland

Hung.

HondurasHaiti

Guyana

Guinea-BissauGuinea

Guatemala

Greenland

Greece

Ghana

Georgia

The Gambia

Gabon

French Guiana

France

Finland

Fiji

Ethiopia

Estonia

Eritrea

Equatorial Guinea

El Salvador

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Ecuador

Timor-Leste

Dom. Rep.

Djibouti

Czech Rep.

Cyprus

Cuba

Côted'Ivoire

Costa Rica

Congo, Rep. Congo,

Dem. Rep.

Colombia

China

Chile

Chad

Central AfricanRepublicCameroon

Cambodia

Bur.

Myanmar

Burkina Faso

Bulg.

Brunei

Brazil

Botsw.

Bolivia

Bhutan

Benin

Belize

Belarus

Bangladesh

Azerb.

Aust.

Australia

Armenia

Argentina

Angola

Algeria

Alb.

Afghanistan

Western Sahara

Bos. & Herz.Serb.Mont.

Cro.

Bahrain

Comoros

Jordan

IFPRI regional office

IFPRI Headquarters

IFPRI project office

Other outposted IFPRI staff locations

Senegal

SouthSudan

Organizational Structure

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ISBN 978-0-89629-818-7doi: 10.2499/9780896298187

PHOTO CREDITS

Cover © Jon Spaull/Panos

Page 5 © 2007 Atul Loke/Panos

Page 6 © 2012 Mikkel Ostergaard/Panos

Page 7 (left to right) © 2008 Sven Torfinn/Panos; © Peter Barker/Panos

Page 9 © 2007 Aubrey Wade/IFPRI

Page 10 © 2006 Sven Torfinn/Panos

Page 12 © 2011 Sven Torfinn/CABI/Panos

EDITORIAL & DESIGNWriter: Rebecca Harris SullivanDesigners: Carolyn Hallowell, Lucy McCoy, and David Popham

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