International Developments on CO2 2 Capture and Storage · – Scale up of solvent capture...
Transcript of International Developments on CO2 2 Capture and Storage · – Scale up of solvent capture...
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International International Developments on CODevelopments on CO22 Capture and StorageCapture and Storage
John GaleGeneral Manager
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeScan-REF Conference
Oslo, Norway1st -2nd October 2008
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IntroductionIntroduction• Briefly outline what IEA GHG does• Overview of international activities on CCS
• CO2 injection projects in Developed Countries• Developing countries
• Brazil and China
• International initiatives for demonstration plants in the power sector• Technology overview and current status
• My view on where we stand in deploying CCS.
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IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991• Aim: Provide members with definitive information on the role that
technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Producing information that is:
Objective, trustworthy, independent
Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive
Reviewed by external Expert Reviewers
Subject to review of policy implications by Members
• Activities: Studies (>100); R&D networks :- Wells, Risk, Monitoring, Oxy, Capture, Biofixation; Communications (GHGT9, IJGGC, etc); facilitating and focussing R&D and demonstration activities
• Funding approx 2 million €/year (2.6 million $/year).
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Current COCurrent CO22 Injection and Storage ProjectsInjection and Storage Projects
Nagaoka
Hokkaido•Qinshui Basin
Snohvit
Sleipner
In Salah
Key
ECBM projects
EOR projects
Gas production Fields
Saline aquifier
RECOPOLCO2 SINKK-12B
•Frio
•West Pearl Queen•Mountaineer
WeyburnPenn West
Alberta ECBM
Teapot DomeRangely
Burlington
4 New CO2 -EOR Pilots in Canada
50 Acid Gas injection sites in North America
70 CO2 -EOR projects in U.S.A.
Depleted Oil Field
Otway Basin
Zama
•Carson
Paranar Basin
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Sleipner (1996)
Weyburn (2000)
Cumulative globally stored CO2
Cumulative global need to store CO2
Size matters!
•03/29/2007
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Validation Phase – Geologic Field TestsInjection Schedule
•Injection Schedule •Injection Complete
•Injection Ongoing
•2008 Injection Scheduled
•2009 Injection Scheduled
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•WESTCARB•WESTCARB
•Big Sky•Big Sky
•SWP•SWP
•PCOR•PCOR•MRCSP•MRCSP
•MGSC•MGSC
•SECARB•SECARB
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•Big Sky•Big Sky
•SWP•SWP
•PCOR•PCOR•MRCSP•MRCSP
•MGSC•MGSC
•SECARB•SECARB
•Partnership •Geologic Province •Formation Type
•Columbia Basin •Saline
•Illinois Basin •Saline
•Illinois •Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Heavy
•Illinois • Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Well Conversion
•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Pattern Flood I
•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-•Pattern Flood II
•Illinois Basin •Coal Seam
•Cincinnati Arch •Saline
•Michigan Basin •Saline
•Appalachian Basin •Saline
•Keg River Formation •Oil Bearing
•Duperow Formation •Oil Bearing
•Williston Basin •Coal Seam
•Gulf Coast •Oil•-•Bearing
•Gulf Coast •Saline
•Mississippi Salt Basin •Saline
•Central Appalachian •Coal Seam
•Black Warr•ior Basin •Coal Seam
•Paradox Basin, Aneth Field •Oil Bearing
•Permian Basin •Oil Bearing
•San Juan Basin •Coal Seam
•Thornton Gas Field •Saline
•Thornton Gas Field •Gas Bearing
•Colorado Plateau •Saline
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•Partnership •Geologic Province •Formation Type
•Columbia Basin •Saline
•Illinois Basin •Saline
•Illinois •Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Heavy
•Illinois • Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Well Conversion
•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Pattern Flood I
•Illinois Basin •Oil Bearing•-• Pattern Flood II
•Illinois Basin •Coal Seam
•Cincinnati Arch •Saline
•Michigan Basin •Saline
•Appalachian Basin •Saline
•Keg River Formation •Oil Bearing
•Duperow Formation •Oil Bearing
•Williston Basin •Coal Seam
•Gulf Coast •Oil•-•Bearing
•Gulf Coast •Saline
•Mississippi Salt Basin •Saline
•Central Appalachian •Coal Seam
•Black Warr•ior Basin •Coal Seam
•Paradox Basin, Aneth Field •Oil Bearing
•Permian Basin •Oil Bearing
•San Juan Basin •Coal Seam
•Thornton Gas Field •Saline
•Thornton Gas Field •Gas Bearing
•Colorado Plateau •Saline
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•03/29/2007
•Injection Schedule
•2009 Injection
Scheduled
•2010 Injection
Scheduled
•2011 Injection
•WESTCARB•WESTCARB
•Big Sky•Big Sky
•SWP•SWP
•PCOR•PCOR
•MRCSP•MRCSP
•MGS C
•MGS C
•SECARB•SECARB
Large Scale (1MMT+) Field Tests Injection Schedule
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Partnership Geologic Province
Formation Type
Triassic Nugget Sandstone/Moxa Arch
Saline
Mt. Simon Sandstone
Saline
Mt. Simon Sandstone
Saline
Williston Basin Saline/Oil Bearing
Devonian Age Carbonate Rock
Oil Bearing
Lower Tuscaloosa Formation Massive Sand Unit
Saline
Regional Jurassic and Older Formations
Saline
San Joaquin Basin
Saline
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New Aquifer Project Initiatives in CanadaNew Aquifer Project Initiatives in Canada• Spectra - 1-2 Mt/y CO2
• Aquistor - 1Mt/y CO2
(2008-2012) • QUEST – project by
Shell to store > 1Mt/y CO2
• ICO2 N - Consortium of oil companies to bring CO2 from oil sands operations for storage Source: Alberta Research Council
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CCS Activities in BrazilCCS Activities in Brazil• Petrobras leading research
activity• Thematic network
established• Research centres
established• Capture (3X)• Geological Storage
(CEPAC)• Source Store Mapping
completed (CARBMAP)• EOR Pilots underway
Paraná Basin
Three CO2-EOR pilotsWill inject 600 Mt/yFirst started 17 years agoMonitoring programmes established
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Chinas Activities on CCSChinas Activities on CCS“When the Chinese Government
says it is going do something, it will do it” - Lu Xuedu, MOST
• Programme to cut energy intensity in manufacturing industry by 20% by 2010
• Since 2006 half of power plants have been equipped with SO2 scrubbers
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CCS Activities in ChinaCCS Activities in China• Research projects on
CCS with US, Australia, EC, UK, Netherlands ...
• GreenGen Programme to build 250 MW IGCC Demo. in 2009• 400MW plant in 2015
with CCS• Huaneng Group
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ChinaChina’’s 1s 1stst Post Combustion COPost Combustion CO22 Capture Capture Pilot PlantPilot Plant
The design parameters are:•Flue gas flow to unit 2000- 3000 Nm3/h•Steam consumption 3GJ/tonne CO2
•Solvent consumption < 1.35 kg/tonne CO2
Owners: Huaneng
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Demonstration Plant InitiativesDemonstration Plant Initiatives• European Commission in 2007 set out a plan
for 10-12 demonstration plants• Draft Storage Directive• Programme to monitor demonstrations
• IEA Recommendations to G8 • Need for 20 demonstration plants by 2020• Endorsed by G8 at Hokkaido Summit in Spring
2008 • New Australian initative
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Integrated Demonstration ActivitiesIntegrated Demonstration Activities• Development of CCS in the power sector must
go hand in hand with increased efficiency • Overcomes energy penalty issues
• For capture there are three technology options• Post combustion capture
• Solvent scrubbing• Pre combustion capture
• IGCC• Oxy-fuel combustion
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Energy Efficiency DevelopmentsEnergy Efficiency DevelopmentsState of Art Efficiencies for:• Coal plant
• 47% LHV (sea water cooling)
• 43% LHV on lignite• Higher
temperatures will take to 50% LHV
•Gas Fired plant• 55% LHV• New turbine
designs will take this to 60% LHV
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year
Max
SH
Ste
am T
empe
ratu
re, °
C
Ultrasupercritical
Supercritical
Studstrup (DK) 540/540Maatsura 1 (J) 538/566Esbjerg (DK) 560/560Schwarze Pumpe (D) 547/565 Maatsura 2 (J) 593/593Haramachi 2 (J) 600/600Nordjylland (DK) 580/580/580Boxberg (D) 545/581Tachibanawan 1 (J) 600/610Avedore (DK) 580/600Niederaussem (D) 580/600Hekinan (J) 568/593Isogo (J) 600/610
Torrevaldaliga (I) 600/610Hitachinaka (J) 600/600
Huyan (China)
Genesee 3 580/570Yunghung 566/576
courtesy Vattenfall
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Technical Maturity of Capture PlantTechnical Maturity of Capture Plant• Power generation with post combustion capture
– SC/USC pulverised coal and NGCC power plants are reliable and proven– Scale up of solvent capture units/integration with power cycle is unproven.
• Power generation with pre-combustion capture– IGCC for coal (1 GWe) is near commercial and proving reliability, better
experience with 3 GWe of IGCC capacity on oil and petcoke. No experience to date with reforming/POX/ATR based natural gas power plants
– Solvent capture units for CO2 available at scale, integration and power block hydrogen utilisation issues
• Power generation with oxy-fuel combustion– No proven experience of operation of pulverised coal power plants in an
oxyfuel combustion mode – the issue is “confidence building”– Large scale air separation units for O2 production proven and reliable.– Some development issues with tail end CO2 purification– CO2 or hybrid turbines do not exist for oxy-fuel combined cycles
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Proposed Integrated CCS ProjectsProposed Integrated CCS Projects
Key
Pre-Combustion Capture
IGCC
Oxy-Fuel
Post-Combustion
HALTEN
RWERWEHypoGen
CentricaE.ON
Mongstad
Stanwell
Hazelwood
CallideIndustrial Processes
nZEC
E.ON
DF2 DF4GREENGEN
LacqBig SkyMGSC
MRCSPPCO2R
Southwest
SEcarbWestCarb
SaskPower
Number of project announcements is increasing
Guaranteeing which project will proceed is difficult in current
economic climate
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Demonstration Project InitiativesDemonstration Project InitiativesCountry/Region Action
Europe Plans to support up to 12 demonstration projects under its 2007 Directive on Sustainable development of energy from fossil fuels
Norway Incoming Government defined new policy to introduce new NGCC plant with CCS
UK Demonstration programme announced with direct financial support for CCS component
Germany Demonstration projects supported through national research programme COORETEC in combination with commercial activities
Netherlands Demonstration programme supported by Ministry of Economics with commercial support
Denmark Commercial developments will initiate a demonstration project
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•COMMERCIAL
•PILOT
•DEMONSTRATI ON
LIGNITENATURAL GAS
COAL
100 MW
500 MW
0 MW
Vattenfall Schware Pumpe , D
Mongstad, No
UK Competition
Pre-combustionPost-combustionOxyfuel
Karsto, No
Nuon - Magnum, NL
Nordjyllandsværket,
Vattenfall, De
RWE, Nordrhein, D
RWE, Niederaußem, D
Cryogenic
CUIDAD, Es
Vattenfall, Janswalde,D
ENCOGEN, NL
CATO/CASTOR,/BRINDISI
TOTAL, Lacq, F
SEQ Project, NL
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Challenges Facing Demonstration ProjectsChallenges Facing Demonstration Projects
• All pilot projects will proceed with industrial, governmental and EC financial support.
• Will on part of power companies for projects to proceed
• Influencing factors include:• EC and national regulatory development• Investment cost uncertainty• Project financing• Public acceptance
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Public AcceptancePublic Acceptance• Pipeline rights of way will need to be agreed
• Subject of local planning reviews• Local issues will come to the fore• Consultation required
• Storage component• Acceptance of concept will be required• “safety & permanence” issues will arise
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Which Will Proceed?Which Will Proceed?
Janswalde
Nat. Gas
Coal (IGCC)
Coal (PC)
Coal (Cryo)Coal (Oxy)
MongstadKarstoNuonRWE
UK DemoNordjy.
ENCOGEN
Yes Yes Yes
Yes YesYesYesYes
Yes Yes
YesYes
Yes ?Yes ?
Yes Yes
Yes ?Yes ? Yes
? ?
?
?
Yes20112014
2015+ ?2015+ ?
20142015
2015 ?2020 ?
Fuel Type Project Political Will Financing Regulations Go Ahead
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Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (1)Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (1)• Going from tens to thousands of plant worldwide will
set a number of Challenges• Suitability of large geological resource
• Have to rely on deep saline aquifers but these are under researched
• Development of regulatory regimes• In hand in some countries but not all• For OSPAR slowest country will set the timescale
• Development of CO2 pipeline infrastructures• Establishment/reuse of rights of way• Cost - €19Bn in Europe alone• Co-ordinated action to build and finance needed
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Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (2)Barriers to Wide Scale Implementation (2)• There is a need to create a long term market for CO2
• Current long terms trades on European Trading System only €12-15/t CO2
• Need to reduce costs for CCS• Will reduce naturally through replication but not enough
to bridge financial gap at present• Need to introduce technology into developing
countries• Current route through Clean Development Mechanism• Need concerted international action to get CCS into the
CDM
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Thank You!Thank You!
Contact E-mail: [email protected]
GHGT-916th – 19th November 2009
Washington D.C.http://mit.edu/ghgt9