InternatIonal ConferenCe on erItrean StudIeS...

Vol 23. No.41 Saturday, july 23, 2016 Pages 8, Price 2.00 NFA

A high-level Eritrean Government Delegation is visiting the People’s Republic of China this week for bilateral talks on a range of issues of mutual interest.

The delegation led by Mr. Hagos Gebrehiwet, Head of PFDJ Economic Affairs; includes Mr. Abraha Asfaha, Minister of Public Works, Mr. Berhane Habtemariam, Minister of Finance, Dr. Gergis Tesfamicael, Minister of National Development, Mr. Semere Russom, Minister of Education, and Mr. Arefaine Berhe, Minister of Agriculture.

The Delegation met with the Minister of Commerce, Mr. Gao Hucheng, and his deputy, Mr. Qian Keming, as well as the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Zhang Ming, on current political

The heads of various Eritrean organizations from 15 Italian cities conducted six-month work assessment meeting in Rome.

During the meeting, Eritrea’s Ambassador to Italy, Mr. Fessehazion Petros called on Eritrean nationals in the Diaspora to reinforce participation in efforts to portray the true picture of Eritrea and preserve the nation’s identity and values.

Participants at meeting expressed their readiness to strengthen organization and intensify their engagement in rebuffing external conspiracies

The three-day International Conference on Eritrean Studies (ICES) that opened on July 20 at the Asmara Palace Hotel in the presence of senior Government and PFDJ officials, diplomats, scholars from inside the country and abroad, as well as invited guests concluded yesterday.

It is to be recalled that in the opening speech, Mr. Yemane Gebremeskel, Minister of Information, underlined the importance of indigenous research in all areas of relevance and its association with the challenges and exigencies of national development. He further indicated that the Government of Eritrea has since long recognized the pivotal role of research in its development endeavors.

Mr. Yemane also provided an outline of the Eritrean Government’s policies and challenges in various

InternatIonal ConferenCe on erItrean StudIeS ConCludeSdevelopment sectors and reiterated that the International Conference on Eritrean Studies can be seen as a trail blazer to set the tone and expand the scope of relevant research that can accrue meaningful dividends to the country’s development challenges.

Also speaking at the opening ceremony, the UN-Eritrea Acting Resident Coordinator, Ms. Josephine Namboze, stated that during Eritrea’s relatively short period as an independent and sovereign country, the process of nation-building has brought considerable success. She also expressed satisfaction that the UN has been able to support the conference.

The Director of Administration and International Relations at the National Commission for Higher Education, Prof. Zemenfes Tsige, indicated on his part that the objective of the conference is to

create a forum where ideas, views, perspectives, and paradigms are discussed and debated.

He further noted that 130 distinguished scholars would present original research papers organized into 41 plenary, panel and parallel sessions. More than 450 scholars and invited guests participated in the conference.

A broad array of research papers, pertaining to geopolitical, cultural, literary, historical, social, and economic developments in Eritrea, were presented at the International Conference on Eritrean Studies.

The research papers were presented by internationally renowned scholars from a range of European, North American and African universities, as well as Eritrean scholars from different local colleges and institutions.

VarIouS erItrean organIzatIonS In Italy ConduCt aSSeSSment meetIng

against the homeland.Meanwhile, members of the

NUEW branch in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, donated 27,600 Riyal towards the support of 10 additional families of martyrs. Since 2010, the NUEW members have been supporting 20 families of martyrs.

As well, Eritreans residing in Germany conducted their 20th annual festival under the theme “Quarter of Century of Resilience and Development.” The festival featured cultural programs, seminars, general knowledge competitions, and other artistic programs.

HIgH-leVel erItrean goVernment delegatIon on WorkIng VISIt to CHIna

and economic issues.

Eritrea and China signed an agreement for establishing, and held first session of, joint commission for trade, economic and technical cooperation. The agreement was signed by Mr. Hagos Gebrehiwet and Finance Minister Berhane Habtemariam for Eritrean side and the Vice Minister of Commerce for the PRC.

The specific areas of cooperation discussed included: trade, investment, mining, infrastructure, housing, agriculture and capacity building.

The delegation also met with Ms. Xu Lvping, Vice Minister of International Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, on strengthening existing bilateral

relations between the two countries and other issues of interest to both countries.

The Ministry of Agriculture branch in the Anseba region awarded individuals, farmers, institutions and villages that demonstrated outstanding performance at the greening campaign.

The Head of soil and water conservation branch office in the region, Mr. Zerai Nor, said that soil and water conservation is the responsibility of every citizen and called on the public in general and farmers in particular to strengthen participation in combating

aWardS to exemplary CItIzenS In green CampaIgnS

soil erosion and stabilizing the environment.

The awarded nationals on their part expressed satisfaction for the incentives they received and called for establishing green clubs in schools.

The Governor of the Anseba region handed out the awards to the exemplary nationals. The awards include agricultural materials, select seeds, solar panels and bicycles.

2Eritrea Profile, Saturday, july 23, 2016 Vol 23. No.41

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Acting Editor Amanuel Mesfun

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LayoutAzmera Berhane

Sara Alem Aida Johar

Madame Chairperson,Honourable Ministers and

Senior Government Officials,Excellencies, Ambassadors

and Members of the Diplomatic Community,

Distinguished Participants and Guests,

Ladies and Gentlemen

Let me first applaud the timely initiative that the Commission of Higher Education, the Center for Strategic Studies and the Research and Documentation Center have jointly taken - and the time and efforts that they have exerted - to organize this important International Conference on Eritrean Studies. I also wish to express our gratitude to the United Nations Development Programme for its co-sponsorship of, and invaluable support to, the whole endeavour.

The importance of indigenous research in all areas of relevance, and, its positive correlation to the challenges and exigencies of national development is too evident to merit elaboration. Indeed, in terms of foresight and political goodwill, the Government of Eritrea has since long recognized the pivotal role of research in its developmental efforts. Sectoral research was in fact duly incorporated as a critical pillar of government activity in the four core functions of every Ministry during the first, far-reaching, public sector restructuring that occurred in 1997, relatively soon after independence.

The nascent institutions of tertiary education in the country have, for their part, embarked on structured and thematic research in the past few years as part and parcel of their overarching academic work.

Statement by Minister Yemane Gebremeskel, At the International Conference on Eritrean Studies

20 July 2016, Asmara

Moreover, coordination meetings were launched several times in the past few years to chart out the modalities and protocols of joint research between government Ministries and affiliated Colleges. This effort was underpinned by the mutual recognition of their overlapping mandates on human resource development and in order to leverage and optimize the potential for synergy.

All these commendable efforts may not have yielded, as yet, robust results. But they have been critical in conveying and crystallizing strong statements of policy and good will. In reality, competing demands and other pressing priorities as well as lack of resources and appropriate institutions have meant that the pace of research work and achievements gleaned to-date – both within government and at the level of higher education - have remained very modest indeed.

In this perspective, the International Conference today can be seen as a trail blazer to set the tone and expand the scope of relevant research that can accrue meaningful dividends to the country’s development challenges. This conference can also serve as a catalyst for enhancing collaborative networking and structured ties between research work in government bodies, the institutions of tertiary education in the country, academicians in the Diaspora as well as research partners abroad. Appropriate mechanisms of collaboration can hopefully be mapped out in the course of this Conference.

In addition to heralding the launching of a multi-layered partnership and networking for pro-active, positive and forward-looking research work, this conference might also serve as a platform to challenge and refute entrenched and utterly negative narratives on Eritrea peddled these days almost routinely, not only by mainstream media, but also, by reputable academic circles and research centers. The dominant external narrative or portrayal of Eritrea these days is atrociously out of sync with the reality in the county. It is also extensive and intrusive in scope to literally vilify and denigrate all facets and aspects of Eritrean life. If one browses Google Alert, as I do, each day, 95% of what is printed on Eritrea is simply preposterous.

Some of the daily invective on Eritrea borders on the mundane and ludicrous. Few months back, a fabricated news story on a supposedly “Mufti-ordained, and government sanctioned” mandatory law forcing all Eritrean men to

marry two wives or face harsh imprisonment went viral within minutes of its release, both in the mainstream media and the tabloid press, without minimal effort of verification. This is perhaps the lighter, less obnoxious, side of a dogged disinformation campaign. The vitriol on more serious issues and events in Eritrea and doomsday scenarios churned out intermittently is simply astounding. And as I pointed out earlier, even prestigious academic journals and think thanks, with few exceptions, are equally culpable for gratuitous misrepresentation of facts and events in Eritrea in their periodic and ostensibly “authoritative”, analytical reports.

In this context, this conference and the eventual publication of its proceedings could arguably contribute to the dissemination of an alternative and balanced narrative on Eritrea. But we cannot harbor unrealistic expectations. This will probably remain a remote possibility or conjecture that must be tempered by a heavy dose of realism as the issue has never been lack or dearth of factual and credible information.

The wholesale demonization of Eritrea in fact stems from an entrenched and sinister political agenda that contains in its tool box intricate and interlinked instruments of subversion - from open instigation of war and conflict to the negative use of soft or so-called smart power to whitewash aggression and compromise the fundamental rights of the Eritrean people. The unwarranted sanctions imposed against Eritrea since 2009, the ongoing harassment of Eritrea at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva are part and parcel of this complex jigsaw. And, as long as they last, these agendas cannot possibly be sustained and seen as tenable without the constant barrage of negative news on Eritrea.

Madame Chairperson,Distinguished Participants Let me now revert to and address

- in a broad-brush, skeletal manner - our economic development challenges and prospects as well as government policy precepts and approaches.

• Economic growth in the past few years has not been as rapid as Eritrea’s potential suggests due to the war and associated externalities.

• In the circumstances, Government policy for economic growth and social justice under this adverse operating climate has hinged on four pillars: i) budgetary prudence and stringent prioritization

of programmes; ii) judicious public/private investment on physical infrastructure; iii) focused investment for the promotion of food security in its broadest sense and iv) human capital formation.

• Until July last year, budgetary prudence had included, among other things, a freeze in public and national service wages for almost 15 years with all the onerous obligations that this entails to all public-sector employees. This commendable and noble culture of burden-sharing, imposed in the first place because of adverse externalities, was misconstrued by Eritrea’s detractors and even callously dubbed as “enslavement”. Now, in tandem with improved conditions and prospective economic growth, the Government has announced and is in the process of implementing a new, homogenised salary scale, with substantial, across-the-board, salary increments to all public employees; permanent civil servants as well as National Service Members. The capital expenditure aspect of budgetary prudence has and continues to involve judicious allocation of funds to critical public investment programmes.

• Investment in infrastructure has been prioritized in order to create a more conducive and attractive climate for foreign and domestic private investment. But while much has been done in water infrastructure, road transport and other areas, critical bottlenecks remain in the power/energy supply sector and broad-band Internet connectivity. Several projects to address these bottlenecks are now in the offing and will hopefully come to fruition in the short term.

• In view of Eritrea’s ecological vulnerability, marked as it is, by erratic rainfall and cyclical droughts, promotion of food security has been pursued for the last decade or so through a two-pronged approach. These consist of bolstering Eritrea’s water infrastructure through extensive construction of dams for large-scale irrigation schemes, and, effective intervention by the Ministry of Agriculture at the house-hold level to diversify and supplement farming output and income through support in poultry and bee-rearing, provision of selected seeds, extension services etc. Much of these, especially the projected irrigation schemes, are at a rudimentary stage and will require time and substantial investment for effective implementation. The major remaining challenges aside, the integrated approach has proved useful in at least partially mitigating the effects of drought in recent

years.

• On human capital formation, Government investment in education, health, potable water supply and sanitation programmes and projects have been extensive indeed. Access to mandatory pre-high school and high-school education has quadrupled from an aggregate total of 200,000 to around 800,000 today. Access to tertiary education has also been expanded by several fold in the past ten years. Government capital and recurrent expenditure on education remains high as the government has not yet introduced cost recovery and/or cost sharing instruments and mechanisms. For tertiary education, there are no tuition fees and government also covers full boarding expenses.

• The underlying policy behind this approach is the desire to enhance a level-playing field and provide citizens with equal opportunity. Similarly, on health, public investment has been geared towards ensuring equitable and even spatial distribution of services across the country. The efficacy of this policy can be attested to by the considerable achievements that have been made in meeting most of the health-related MDG goals. With support from its development partners, the Government also foots the bill for free drug supply to diabetic and HIV patients as well as full, in-patient treatment, for those without income.

• While these are some of the economic challenges that the GOE has been grappling with in the past years, the latent opportunities are vast and prospects for rapid economic growth are high indeed. The sectors of competitive/comparative advantage are considerable and consist of mining; fisheries, tourism, port services, as well as manufacturing.

• In mining, licenses have been granted to 16 foreign companies for precious and industrial metals.

continued on page 3

Eritrea Profile, Saturday, july 23, 2016 Vol 23. No.41 3

Natnael Yebio W.

Every summer, Eritrea bears fruit from its common sense policy on education. Education in Eritrea is basically free and, as a young developing country, the dividends can be quite commendable. As such, Eritrea plays host to numerous graduation ceremonies each summer; this year, each one of the nine higher education institutes found in Eritrea held a graduation ceremony for students in various fields. This not only improves the quality of Eritrea’s human resources but also helps increase the small, yet significant, number of Eritrean scholars in Eritrean Studies.

Eritrea has long relied on the resource of its people. With the passing of each day, the people and Government of Eritrea strive to establish a future full of young elite intellectuals that will assist national development.

With the dawn of independence in 1991, education became one of the country’s major areas of focus and investment. With large investment, collaboration, and contributions of different parties, more than 14,000 Eritrean students have been offered the opportunity to pursue their studies in one of the country’s nine institutes of higher education.

Currently, Eritrea is still in a state of euphoria after having celebrated its 25th Silver Jubilee Independence, while also having to defend itself from external aggression from Ethiopia and hoax allegations by the COI. Nevertheless, with continued aggression and provocations at every corner, Eritrea is still firmly concentrating on nation building,

ICES: benchmark for future Major International Conferencesknowing that the light will inevitably shine on the truth one way or the other.

Bearing this in mind, over the last several years Eritrea has sought to correct its tarnished image. Global change is happening and creative solutions to abate the pressure on Eritrea require a new paradigm for development and a roadmap for stewardship of the country. Human activities are partly responsible for changing the country’s image and giving rise to other, globally- and locally-critical changes. This has major consequences for the development agenda at both local and regional levels. Solutions will require the application of Eritrea’s best minds, as well as debate and interactions among a broader group than the Eritrean community alone. International scholars are also critically-important players.

Eritrea’s nation-building needs to develop on a world-wide basis. Nation-building should not only be confined to the borders of the country, but also has to include the numerous diaspora Eritreans as well as international partners, be it organizations or individual scholars.

To this end, the International Conference on Eritrean Studies is vital. It had adequate representation, not only from local Eritreans, but also many from the Diaspora, as well as from international scholars. The conference is also important for several other reasons:

It can revive and ensure the continuity of scholarly discussions on Eritrea and Eritrean Studies locally and globally; it can raise the profile of the country and attract positive international attention; it will further the international exchange of ideas

and information among scholars from various nations and various disciplines; it will help create new networks with international scholars and institutions, whilst strengthening existing ones; the conference provides a platform for discussion of relevant national and regional issues, which is a pre-requisite for stronger and better integrated regional collaboration; and the conference will help in promoting and accurately reflecting Eritrea and its people.

The International Conference on Eritrean Studies showcases a range of views on foreign policy, Africa, Asmara’s cultural heritage, regional security, gender equality, Eritrea-US and Eritrea-Ethiopia relations, Eritrean languages, food security, anthropological research, archeological fieldwork, environmental policy, business management and sustainable development, amongst others. Overall, the numerous panels call for radical new approaches to information and offer how new, exciting ways to address problems.

An important theme of the conference is, “the way forward.” Essentially outlining how to promote Eritrea, improve the different societal or government sectors, ensure food security, reduce poverty, achieve economic progress, improve environmental protection, and reduce unsustainable consumption and production patterns. Additionally, the conference underscores how education is inextricably linked to a broad range of human development concerns, including poverty alleviation, women’s equality and empowerment, and environmental protection. It is important to note

that the conference will challenge the existent biased narrative about Eritrea and provide a much more holistic, contextual understanding of the country.

Importantly, conferences are important learning and developmental opportunities for youth, which constitute a large proportion of Eritrea’s population. It is encouraging that youth were active participants at the conference through taking part in organization of the conference, supporting logistics, attending seminars and presentations, and presenting research of their own. For youth, attending such a conference is

not only be a rewarding learning experience but also a great chance to socialize and network, as well as develop or refine research ideas of their own.

Finally, hosting a major international conference can be seen as a rewarding experience for Eritrea and a foundational benchmark for future events. Also, keeping the event within the manageability of the city is crucial. You do not have to have the greatest event ever, just a well hosted event that almost everyone can enjoy. Eritrea not only successfully hosted a great international conference, but also an enjoyable one, if I might add.

continued from page 2

Statement by Minister..

The country has also considerable endowments in other industrial and construction materials such as cement; marble and granite as well as glass. As these investments reach production stage, revenues and other beneficial spin offs to the country are bound to increase substantially.

• Fisheries, Tourism, port services and manufacturing are, similarly, promising sectors that can grow and make a difference to Eritrea’s economy with public/foreign/private investment and the right mix of policies.

• In terms of associated administrative and legal infrastructure, the government has in the past years introduced special and more competitive investment laws. The Ministry of Justice is similarly reviewing the Commercial Code while it published last year revised Civil, Penal Codes and related procedures. In the same vein, an appropriate body has been appointed to undertake the Constitution drafting process.

Madame Chairperson,Distinguished Participants, The symbiotic relationship

between peace and security – in their broadest domestic, regional and international dimensions on the one hand - and economic growth and development on the other is too clear to merit explanation. In this respect, Eritrea continues to broaden its diplomatic ties of friendship and

cooperation with its development partners on the basis of fundamental principles of respect of each other’s sovereignty and political independence. In the wider Horn of Africa Middle-Eastern region, the GOE continues to pursue its long articulated, constructive policy, anchored on the promotion of a safe and cooperative neighborhood. This policy precept is predicated on three pillars:

o Promotion of regional security architectures that can play a pivotal role in the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts;

o Strict adherence to international laws and conventions of conflict settlement and associated instruments; and,

• Cultivation of robust bilateral ties with individual neighbouring countries;

In spite of this constructive stance, Eritrea continues to face enormous external challenges in these particularly turbulent times where international relations often operate on the basis of narrow, zero-sum, considerations and calculus. Still, notwithstanding the substantial, externally-induced, hurdles that the country has faced for the most part of its 25 years of independence, Eritrea’s achievements in various areas have been considerable indeed. In the event, the future can only be much more promising.

I thank you


Billion Temesghen

Eritrea’s very first International Conference on Eritrea Studies (ICES) has been observed in the past three days with great enthusiasm, adding one more star schedule in the country’s eventful calendar, following the celebrations of its Silver Jubilee, the youth festival and not what more.

On the cloudy morning of July 20th, with an opening ceremony in which senior Government and PFDJ officials, Diplomats, scholars from inside the country and abroad as well as invited guests took part, the three day International Conference on Eritrean Studies commenced at Asmara Palace; under a joint organization of the National Commission for Higher Education, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Eritrean Research and Documentation Center and the Eritrean Center for Strategic studies.

During the opening event, Mr. Yemane Gebremeskel, the Minister of Information, delivered a speech in which he underlined the importance of indigenous research in all areas of relevance and its positive correlation to the hurdles and necessities of national development drive. The Minister also gave extensive briefing as regards to the Eritrean Government’s policies and challenges in all development sectors. He further asserted that the International Conference would be a trajectory to expand researches pertinent to the country’s development programs.

UNDP is one of the major sponsors of the conference next to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

ICES 2016: Eritrean Studies - the Way forwardUN Eritrea Acting Resident Coordinator Ms. Josephine Namboze, expressed satisfaction that the UN contributed in co-funding of such an eminent conference. She went on to express her gratitude in the achievements the people and Government of Eritrea attested in the past 25 years of independence.

Following welcoming addresses of Senior Government Officials, the Opening lecture began with Professor Asmerom Legesse, a renowned Eritrean researcher. Professor Asmerom Legesse shared his personal experience, humble start then followed by his good long fifty years of Research. Professor Asmerom Legesse is a true icon.

Another person who was honored during the morning hours, was Eritrea’s longtime friend, Dr. Samuel Mahaffy. American by origin, Dr. Samuel Mahaffy, was born and raised in Dekemhare, Southern region; and considered Eritrea as his own home and he stood and worked for justice for the people and government of Eritrea. Partakers stood in silence to honor his life, service and dedication to the country and people of Eritrea. Also, a tribute video depicting Dr. Samuel Mahaffy life was shared, followed by the presentation of his research paper at the ICES.

Topics raised and discussed on the first day of ICES include: ‘Studying Eritrea discursive modes & practical challeges’, ‘Foreign Policy Dynamics in the Horn of Africa’, ‘rethinking research on Africa’, ‘Archeological discoveries’ amongst others.

The Conference continued on its second day on July 21st,

discussing over a number of research studies on current vast issues pertaining to Eritrea, in the Horn as well as in the continent. A number of selected research papers and studies were presented at the conference venues where different topics were discussed with regards issues. Khwima Singini an economist of age 27 took the attention of the participants while assessing Chinese investment on Africa: it’s pros and foes, and advised for African countries sustain an advantageous strategies on regards to foreign investments.

He explained about the importance of arranging such a unique international conference which is the first of its kind here in Eritrea thus being a win-win situation for Eritrea.

The recent discovery of a million old foot print in Eritrea has been one of the most significant historical achievements. It is to be noted that the discovery was accomplished by University of Rome, Italy in collaboration with the National Museum of Eritrea, and was discussed on the second day panel of ICES.

Another scholar and participant of the conference Professor Alfredo Coppa , University of Rome, Italy, explained about the recent Paleontological findings of a 1 million year old Eritrean site in the Danakil Depression. The Role of women and the Eritrean Diaspora were also few of the many upstretched topics.

Likewise as part of the various activities organized at the conference, an exhibition depicting the pioneer publishers in Eritrea, the traditional handcrafts and ornaments prepared by the ‘Tinsae Women’s Handcraft in Eritrea’ operating under the umbrella of the National Union of Eritrean Women (NUEW) as well as pamphlets portraying the tourism attraction sites in Eritrea were displayed. The exhibition received a broad admiration amongst the conference participants.

Undeniably this International conference has created a solid ground for the conferees to grasp views and ideas on Eritrea’s overall development sectors and the progress scored in the past

quarter century of independence.

On the third and final day, Friday the 22nd of July 2016, the ICES makes the venues of Asmara Palace even livelier. Resource managements, social and economic empowerment and sustainable economics were focal points of discussion. Furthermore papers related to literature and preforming arts, language and education, copyright issues and socio-cultural studies were presented. Additional documents were mounted on issues of digital documentation, e-Resources, IT biomedical studies, the conservation of floral and faunal diversity, as well as Educational Policy.

In giving a general outline about the ICES and specifically about the research papers and how they were selected; the Director of Administration and International Relations at the National Commission for Higher Education, Professor Zemenfes Tsige pointed out that the overall objective of the conference is to create a forum whereby edification discussions and conversations are raised, hence, discussed. He said: “We had a scientific methodology as to the research paper’s presentation”. He further more noted that 130 distinguished scholars exhibit a wide range of appealing and thought-provoking studies on Eritrea.

With the large number of topics covered in a short time of just three days, the sessions were running at the same time in several areas of the Asmara Palace, making participants and the 450 invited scholars, rush through the hallways of the hotel. The organizing committee explains that the presentations were well-arranged to be clustered

in 41 plenary panels and parallel sessions.

In the evening hours of July 22nd, the overall proceeding of the conference summed up by comments and remarks to further enhance future conferences such as this one.

An emotional couple of minutes took the room by sentiments of amity when an Ethiopian-Canadian woman participant conveyed her desires for peace and amity amongst the people while assuring that fellow Ethiopian nationals like her, equally and ardently believe so.

In his closing remarks Professor Tadesse Mehari, Executive Director of the National Commission for Higher Education expressed his gratitude to the participants for traveling all the way to Eritrea and be part of its first International Conference on Eritrean Studies. He further said that how Eritrea is far from all the denunciations pointed towards it to demonize it, while in contrast, in the actuality the reality is one of self-development and dedication for regional and international integrity for sustainable development. Professor Tadesse finally conveyed his acknowledgement for Eritrean young scholars for their enthusiasm to make this a reality and express gratitude the UNDP for co-sponsoring this conference.

The evening ceremony was highlighted by a dinner reception and cultural shows. Today a tour to the wonders of Asmara’s Art deco and a thrill ride in the ancient steam train down the beautiful hills of Asmara is scheduled for partakers; a souvenir of Eritrea for the participants to take back to from wherever they come from.

Sirak Habtemichael

The Northern Red Sea Region in its land and sea territories carries various cultural heritages including, history, civilization, creativity, fortitude and heroism. A number of colonial remains, historical and archaeological sites, trenches and mountains, which carry the memory of decisive and unforgettable battles in the war for independence as well as six of the nine ethnic groups of Eritrea are all a part of this region.

The registered population of the Northern Red Sea Region reaches 380,000, comprising six of the nine ethnic groups of Eritrea, Tigre, Saho, Tigrinia, Afar, Rashaida and Hedareb. In general, the way of living of the inhabitants is directly attached with the climate as well as cultural and natural resources. According researches conducted thus far, 70 to 80% of the population in the Northern Red Sea Region lead their livelihood through farming and herding, while the rest 20 to 30% depend on trade, employment, as well as fisheries and other activities related with the sea.

The Afar ethnicity, their language also afar, are diversely inhabited in the Gel’alo sub zone, Burie peninsula, Buya and Bada. Their way of living is mostly associated with fishing, trade and herding. All the tribes in the Afar ethnicity are Muslim faith. The Afar ethnicity who dwell in the coastal areas call their commonly used cultural sustenance the Tibro, which caters fish and rice, while the ones who lead their livelihood through herding and farming frequent barley and lentils as a major nutrition. Their attire also mainly includes the Kushuf, adjustable

NRS: The hub of Multifaceted development, Abundant Resources and profound history

waste to leg clothing that match with the climate of the area.

This ethnicity holds the greatest portion of the population in the Northern Red Sea Region and mostly inhabit the sub zones of Ghinda’e, Foro, Shi’eb. Af’abet, Karora, Nakfa, Adobha and Massawa. The Tigre ethnicity, who are traced to the Semites, lead their livelihood mostly through herding, while some are engaged in farming and trade. The formal language of this ethnicity being Tigre, most of the population in this ethnic group are Muslim faith, while very few are Christianity believers. The major nutriment of the Tigre ethnic group are porridge, milk and meat. The Tigre ethnic group are also known for their stylish clothing, mainly the Serdeyet and Tagyet as well as their artistic hair styles.

Mostly populated in the sub zones of, Gel’alo, Foro and Ghinda’e, majority of the Saho population in the region is concentrated in the Eastern escarpments, with the exception of smaller amount who dwell on the coastal areas of Erafaele and Buya. Generally, most of the Saho ethnicity are Muslim faith with a few number of Christians. Holding a second place in the overall population of the Northern Red Sea Region, the Saho ethnicity, with Saho as their language, frequent milk, porridge and Giezem, with the addition of Taita and Kicha for those who dwell in the highlands.

The Hidareb ethnicity inhabit in the Northern part of the region around the sub zones of Karfora and Adobha. Hidareb or Bedawit being their mother tang language, this ethnic group are mostly nomads and depend on herding. The Hidareb are all Muslim faith

and their diet mainly include meat and milk. Known for their hair style with afro and ponytail braids, the Hidareb ethnic group also possess eloquent dancing charms and jaw dropping beats and melodies.

The Rashaida ethnic group mainly live a nomadic lifestyle in the coastlines north from Massawa, all the way to Karora, and to the south up to Gedem. Some permanent residents of the Rashaida ethnic group also dwell in the Dahlak islands. The Rashaida are mainly engaged in trade and herding, while few depend on fishing. The Rashaida are Muslim faith and their mother tang is Arabic. The sustenance of the Rashaida include, milk, meat, fish and rice.

The Northern Red Sea Region is a place where incomparable heroism was demonstrated in the war against colonialism, especially the armed struggle. The people in the region are all ancient believers of Christianity and Islam and live in harmony with a great culture of reverence. Accordingly, a number of national and religious holidays are celebrated.

The historic town of Nakfa was liberated March 23, 1977. The celebrations of the liberation town of Af’abet and the demise of the Nadew Comand, which had its stronghold in the town, on March 17, 1988 is also celebrated as the turning point in the Eritrea’s armed struggle.

The celebration of Fenkil Operation, which saw to the liberation of Massawa, also named as the apiary of total independence, is also marked for three days from February 10 with hundreds of pilgrims coming from all corners of the country and abroad.

May 24, the Independence Day of Eritrea and June 20, the national Martyrs’ Day are also the major national holidays celebrated in the region.

Archaeological remains of millions of years, which depict the evolution and origin of living creatures, particularly human beings, are located in Yangus, Dogoli area and Buya, the Gel’alo

sub zone. The contemporary history of the Armed Struggle and the historic trenches are also housed in the Northern red Sea Region. These places and landmarks are very important in the references for identity, culture, civilization and economic background of the Eritrean society. According to studies made by the Northern Red Sea Regional Museum, there are 110 archaeological and cultural heritages.

The archaeological site of Buya, located in the Northern Red Sea Region, 127 kilometers south of Massawa, is a rich archaeological site of early humans. The excavation of the site began in 1994 and homo-chromium, aged around one million years was found in 1995. Ancient stone tools as well as remains of ancient animals were also discovered in the area.

Most of the findings being remains of amphibians, it depicts that the area was full of forestry in those times. Coupled with the 27 million years old finding of an elephant structure, it is said these findings are very valuable in telling the huge number of elephants in this part of the Africa. Furthermore, the 126,000 years old stone tools and other remains at the Abdur site has made a valuable contribution in the history of the first seafaring humans. These pending studies are expected to make their due impact in the efforts to tackle environmental and climate change. Besides, they could be great tourism attraction sites when confined as national parks after the studies are completed.

Located 56 kilometers south-east of Massawa, Adulis is a very important ancient center of trade and civilization, which served as a frequently visited port for traders from different corners of the world and explorers.

Adulis existed as a town ever since 2000 BC, became a very important trade center in the 3rd Century AD, and extended its trade routes to the extent of India and the Far East, the Mediterranean Sea and some parts of Africa, from the 4th to the 7th Century AD. The ancient port city of Adulis, during its high days, exported

raw materials such as ivory, turtle shells, as well as incense, while bronze, iron, cosmetics, and wine were imported. It is told that various beliefs existed during the Adulite civilization, and they used to be pagans before the coming of Christianity in the 4th Century AD. It is known that Aba Freminatos, a Syrian monk, brought Christianity to the area and later expanded.

is to be recalled that a major and first of its kind excavation activities on the Adulis site was initiated by the coordinated efforts of the National Museum of Eritrea and an Italian team of archaeologists, from 2011-2015. Thus far, a temple erected between the 4th and 5th Century BC, over 50 types of pottery, coins of kingdoms, and other heritages from Jordan, Sudan, India and other places were found in the area. The findings extracted from the Adulis site are epitomes of the society’s civilization during those times and the extent of cultural and trade connections of Eritrea with the rest of the world.

The Dahlak archipelago, located 57 kilometers north-east of Massawa, is a group of 210 islands. There are various sites and places in the Dahlak islands which tell stories from the ancient times of the Axumite Kingdom to the Armed Struggle for independence of Eritrea. When Adulis was dissolved as a port town in the 8th Century AD, written documents disclose that Dahlak served as a center for all rounded connections from Africa to the Mediterranean Sea and Asia.

The renowned 365 wells in Dahlak are remains of and archetype for the then civilization of the people and their maturity in water management. Furthermore, other remains and still standing buildings erected during the Turkish colonial era (1557-1865) as we as stone engraved ancient Kufic Arabic scriptures in the tombs of the Dahlak Kebir Island between the 8th Century and the 12th Century AD, the Nakura Island prison, one of the atrocious prisons during the Italian Colonial era for Eritrean who opposed colonialism, are among the major historically significant sites, which could place Eritrea in the world heritage book.

• Cultural heritage


Excavated Remains from the Adulis Civilization

Bisha Mining Share Company is inviting applicants for the following position for Bisha site project. Fitter Crew Leader Number Required – (01)Type of Contract - Indefinite

primary purpose

Oversee the “fitter” section which: inspect, remove, maintain, repair and replace mechanical parts, sub-assemblies and equipment in a safe and efficient manner.

Major Duties and responsibilities:-

1. Planning

1.1 Follows the “Planned Maintenance Schedule”. (Work Orders).

1.2 Makes a list of parts and equipment required.

1.3 Workforce planning.

2. Implementation of the Plan

2.1Identifies the highest priority for each day and focus on completing relevant tasks.

2.2 Ensures good housekeeping.

2.3Ensure safety, health & environment requirements are fulfilled at the work place, including leading Field Level Risk Assessment (FLRA) and proper use of the appropriate PPE. Report any safety issues/incidents.

2.4Comply with mine’s cardinal rules and other safety, environmental or other rules and standards as directed. Identifies any hazards in the work place.

Mechanical Installations: (Oversees)

2.6

Remove and replace mechanical components (direct & indirect •drives, pipe systems, static & dynamic seals, bearings, brakes and clutches, heat exchangers and pressure vessels, lubricating systems, pumps/pump designs, hydraulic / pneumatic systems, gearboxes, compressors, valves (includes safety valves), crushers and mills, filter systems, agitators, vacuum pumps, cyclones, screw and belt type conveyors, blowers, motors and associated equipment).Align machines and equipment using dial gauges. •Commission assemblies / machines. •Assemble mechanical components.•

2.7 Mechanical Maintenance: (Oversees)Diagnose and repair faults on equipment and machinery during •production/operation.Analyse and solve mechanical problems.•Refurbish/overhaul machines. •Perform first line and routine maintenance.•Maintain mechanical components: (direct & indirect drives, static •& dynamic seals, bearings, brakes and clutches, heat exchangers and pressure vessels, lubricating systems, pumps, hydraulic / pneumatic systems, gearboxes, compressors, valves (includes safety valves), Overhead Crane equipment, fans, agitators, vacuum pumps, bag filters, screw/belt type conveyors, blowers, crushers, mills).Conduct minor routine and breakdown maintenance on equipment •and machines.Perform minor mechanical maintenance on metallurgical process •equipment.Machining and manufacturing of components.•

Conveyor Maintenance: (Oversees)

2.8Replace conveyor belting and components on conveyor belt installations.

Maintain belt conveyor components.•Join a conve yor belt by means of mechanical clips.•Assist with hot/cold splicing of conveyor belts.•De-dusting systems.•

3. Writing Reports & Data Control

3.1 Compile daily; progress reports as requested.3.2 Verification of spares and availability4. Supervise Staff4.1 Supervising and motivating staff.4.2 Assists with “on-the-job” training of “national” staff.

Knowledge and SkillsQualifications:

Grade 12 for locals (Technical School & College) Mechanical/Fitter•Knowledge and Experience:

2 / 3 years relevant experience •

Technical Skills Behavioural Skills

Attention to detail Communication. Follow instructionsFitter experience Prioritizing skills & multi-skillingProblem solving skill Ability to work towards strict deadlinesSupervisory Skills High level of accuracy

Self-motivation/self disciplinned

General Information and other requirements:Place of Work : Bisha.Salary: As per Company salary scale.

Additional requirement for Nationals: Having fulfilled his/her National Service obligation and provide evidence of release paper from the Ministry of Defense. Present clearance paper from current/last employer.Testimonial documents to be attached (CV, work experience credentials, a copy of your National Identity Card etc.).Only shortlisted applicants would be considered as potential candidates for an interview.Application documents will not be returned to sender.All applications should be sent through the post office.Deadline for application: 10 days from the day of publication in the Newspaper.

Address: Please mail your applications to; Bisha Mining Share Company, P. O. Box 4276 Asmara, Eritrea

Note to non-Eritrean applicants: Please send a copy of your application to Aliens Employment permit Affairs, P. O. Box 7940 Asmara, Eritrea.

VACANCY ANNOUCEMENT

Name of Country: EritreaName of Project: Global FundGrant No: ERI-H-MOHDate: July 16, 2016IFB Title: Procurement of Food Supplements IFB Number: GF/R10H/ICB/01/2016

1. The Ministry of Health of the State of Eritrea has received a grant from the Global Fund towards the cost of HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and TB Project. It is intended that part of the proceeds of this grant will be applied to eligible payments under the contract for procurement of Food Supplements for PLWHA.

2. The Project Management Unit of the Ministry of Health now invites sealed bids from eligible bidders for the supply of Food supplements for PLWHA.

3. Bidding will be conducted through the International Competitive Bidding (ICB) procedures specified in the Global fund Guidelines:

4. Interested bidders may obtain further information from PMU, Ministry of Health and inspect the Bidding Documents at the Procurement Office, PMU, Ministry of Health, Denden Street No.82, Asmara, Eritrea; Tel: 291-1-122978, Fax: 291-1-124357 from 08:00 to 12:00 hours.

5. A complete set of Bidding Documents in English language may be purchased by interested bidders on the submission of a written Application ( if agents, presentation of authorization and renewed licence) to the address and upon payment of a non refundable fee USD fifty (50.00) or equivalent. The method of payment will be cash or Bank transfer to the credit of our account No. 120-122-0184 with Bank of Eritrea through CITIBANK N.A., FAX. (0044) 181-318 9419, COTTON CENTER, P.O. BOX 200, SWIFT: CITIGB2L, LONDON, UK. The document will be sent by DHL/Express mail.

6. Bids must be delivered to the address below, on or before 14:30 Hours on August 31, 2016. All bids must be accompanied by a bid security amounting to not less than two (2) percent of the bid amount in a freely convertible currency which should be submitted sealed within the bid offer envelop.

Address: Red Sea Trading Corporation (RSTC) P.O. Box 332 2nd Floor Room No. 203 ASMARA – ERITREA Tel. No. 291-1- 124388/202360 Fax. No. 291-1- 124353/202367 7. Late bids will be rejected. Bids will be opened in the presence of the bidders’

representatives who choose to attend at the address below at 14:35 hrs on August 31, 2016

Invitation for bids (Ifb)


The state of Eritrea has received a Grant from Global Fund to Fight HIV AIDS, Malaria TB, and intends to apply a portion of this fund to eligible payments under the below mentioned consultancy .

Now The Project Management unit of Ministry of Health seeks consultant firms for the following assignment:-

1. Malaria Indicator Survey 2. Health Facility Survey

Hence it requests the submission of Technical and Financial Proposals for the above cited assignment on or before August 8,2016

Requirements:- a) The local firm should have a research license or be a recognized teaching institution or

professional association ;b) The research team should be composed of , at the minimum; - Public health expert (MPH) with previous experience in similar Malaria Surveys - Statistician (MSC) with extensive experience in population based surveys such as DHS,

MIS and also health facility surveys . - Demonstrated experience in conducting health related surveys; - Familiar with health strategic plans

C) Should submit evidence of working document in similar aread) Who will submit the deliverables with in the agreed time schedule of the contract

Please note that you can collect all documents in soft copies ( RFP,Terms of reference) from the office - Project Managements Unit of Ministry of Heath ,Asmara, Eritrea during office hours from Monday – Friday .

Tel: PMU/MOH - 291-1-122978/ 124360

REQUEST fOR pROpOSAL (Rfp) fOR CONSULTANCY SERVICES

VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENTBisha Mining Share Company is inviting applicants for the following position for Bisha site project;

ELECTRICIAN (HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, and Air Condition) Number required – (01)

Major Duties and Responsibilities

Planningo Makes• use of “Planned Maintenance Schedule”. (Daily Work Sheets).

Implementationo of the PlanIdentify• the highest priority for each day and focus on completing relevant tasks.Ensures• good housekeeping.Ensures• maintenance and repairs of ELECTRICAL work are carried out in an efficient and effective way in order to minimise downtime. (Circuit sketches, operation manuals, manufacturer’s instructions and engineering specifications, wiring layouts). Troubleshooting malfunctions.Performs• regular inspections in order to detect potential problems before they cause breakdownsControls• downtime by ensuring the best techniques are being used to repair breakdowns.Ensure• safety requirements are fulfilled at the work place, including leading Field Level Risk Assessment (FLRA) and proper use of the appropriate PPE. Report any safety issues/incidents. Comply• with mine’s cardinal rules and other safety, environmental or other rules and standards as directed. Identifies any hazards in the work place.Assist• with parts and supply stocks by carrying out regular stock takes and ordering replacements as required.Strip• , repair, or replace worn components, assemble and commission machines.Install• , replace and repair lighting fixtures and electrical control and distribution equipment (switches, relays and circuit breakers).Install• bore holes in the Pits.Must• be able to assist Air Conditioning and refrigeration crew with fault finding and repairs when required.

Reportingo Compile• daily; progress reports for the department.

Uniqueo Requirements / Other InformationCandidate• must be physically medically fit Candidate• must be electrical Qualified able to work with Medium Voltage from 22kV up to 110Vac 3phase and single phase Must• be able to work outside exposed to Heat ,wind and dusty environments Must• be able to work at Heights Must• have an Eritrean Driver’s License minimum Code 2.

KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE AND SKILLS

Qualifications:

Grade 12 for locals (Technical School)

Technical College Electrical Diploma

Knowledge and Experience:

3 - 5 years relevant experience

Technical Skills Behavioural Skills

Computer Literacy (MS Office – Intermediate)

Other skills and abilities

Electrical experience ( 22kv to 110Vac) Integrity

Problem solving skill Prioritizing skills & multi-skilling

Supervisory experience Ability to work towards strict deadlines

Electrical Certificate Red Seal High level of accuracy

Refrigeration experience an added advantage Self-motivation

HT Switching 22kV and 6.6kV

General Information and other requirements:Place of Work: Bisha.Salary : As per Company salary scale.Type of contract Definite Period (two years)

Additional requirement for Nationals: Having fulfilled his/her National Service obligation and provide evidence of release paper from the Ministry of Defense. Present clearance paper from current/last employer.Testimonial documents to be attached (CV, work experience credentials, a copy of your National Identity Card etc.).Only shortlisted applicants would be considered as potential candidates for an interview.Application documents will not be returned to sender.All applications should be sent through the post office.Deadline for application: 10 days from the day of publication in the Newspaper.

Address : Please mail your applications to; Bisha Mining Share Company, P. O. Box 4276 Asmara, Eritrea

Note to non-Eritrean applicants: Please send a copy of your application to Aliens Employment Permit Affairs, P. O. Box 7940 Asmara, Eritrea.



Khwima Singini, University of Malawi-Chancellor College.

‘Determinants of Chinese Investment in Africa’

“My name is Khwima Singini and I am an economist by profession, currently as junior consultant, I am highly interested in private economy sector. The research I presented at the International Conference on Eritrean Studies was mainly focused on Chinese investment in Africa, as clearly, China is nowadays major investor in African economy. I approached the case study by two streams: natural seeking and marketing seeking.

In your presentation you said that “China might have a plan on Africa; Africa does not have plans for Chinese investments”. What exactly did you mean by that?

I believe China has plans for Africa, specifically targeted, on natural and marketing seeking. They actually have a policy, a globalization policy, on how to spread their market and

resource seeking. On the contrary, I am convinced, that many African countries do not have a plan on how to receive and reciprocate these investments.

I think that it is up to African countries to assess what benefits and disadvantages these investments might have. Of course Africa being an under developed continent, it is only reasonable for the countries to collaborate with the advanced ones, nevertheless I believe that they should not let drain their resources.

Thus my research calls upon African countries to come up with plans and set up national development priorities, whereby, our continent’s priorities are put in focal consideration.

Of Eritrea

ICES from the participants’ point of ViewThis past three days of the International Conference on Eritrean Studies, have been some greatly noteworthy and brain storming for scholars, academics, professors,

researchers and student both from Eritrea and abroad. Here are some of the participants on today’s ICES Special Q&A.

Billion Temesghen

I might not know in details but I know of your history, starting from the war for independence up to now. Eritrea was included in my model for panel data analyses and I did notice that China and Eritrea are working together on a few things. Moreover, I do see myself working with Eritrean colleagues in the future because through this conference, which by the way I think is a crucial initiative: the right way of benefitting national and continental interest, I did relate with Eritrean colleagues on topics concerning regional and continental development.

Bhakti Shringarpure, University of Connecticut.

‘Foregrounding Italian Colonialism: New Literary Representations from the Horn of Africa’

I am assistant professor of English in the English Department at the University of Connecticut, where I teach post-colonial literature. I have for while focused on civil wars in post-colonial countries and sort of looked at novels, poetry that represents this particular of violence.

“Marginalized African literature”?

Basically, post-colonial literature, historically speaking comes out of long period of colonialism within Africa and Asia; these works usually address what has happened and the impact of colonialism. As such, when I talked about “Marginalized African literature”, I wanted to emphasize that often political or very realist writings tend to be sidelined; in general a lot of writing from Asia and Africa tend to be seen as history or anthropology rather than literary works.

Western novels are appreciated by readers for their quality in writing style, narration and character formation; whereas, a lot of writing coming out the African continent is normally used for political, historical and anthropological information.

The way publishing works, at least in the UK US sphere, has little space for African novel publishing and thus writers writing novels in English French or Italian, face a hurdle in taking part in the western market. … Many believe that conditions are being changed as

the Alliance Francaise. I think it is a great opportunity for Eritrea to be holding this conference, it clearly does function as a brain storming activity.

So far it has been a success and undeniably the networking is great as people, like myself, are participating even from all parts of the world. This type of events will definitely help Eritrea to be known for its correct image amongst the global community, which is why I strongly believe that it should be done again and again. Like I told you, I used to work here 12 years ago and if there is one reason that prompts me to come back to Eritrea from time to time, it is because I am fond of the Eritrean people. I have Eritrean friends even in the diaspora, I suppose that the Eritrean community could favourably contribute in the globalization era, which is why I think highly of this conference.

Semhar Araia, George Washington University.

‘The Role of Africa’s Diaspora in Development: Lessons from Eritrea’

“… Diasporas are important and valuable cultural ambassadors… they are powerful actors in the realm of political and civic engagement. …Today, Africa is facing its largest growth rate as its population is set to double from one to two billion by 2040. This impending growth requires an understanding of diaspora networks, their role in advancing the continent’s development, and national and international diaspora policies. …The relationship between Eritrea, its diaspora and the international community can offer multiple countries lessons, best practices, and recommendations for ways forward.” Semhar Araia.

Thoughts on ICESImpressive! To have such a large

gathering of scholars, analysts, academics, students, PR actioners who are all very focused on Eritrea and the Eritrean studies, makes this conference an massively extraordinary.

It is quite remarkable to see a wide range of topics related to Eritrea being assessed; we have very impressive presentations and also ‘very telling’ of how much more we

have to discover about Eritrea and Eritrea’s studies.

Your favorite?First of all there are so many great

presentations which make it hard to pick which ones to go to; you go to one that you love and try not to miss another!

There is diversity of knowledge, and there is so much about the depth of our country, people and history. I find it impressive to see young Eritrean students and scholars at the forefront of these eminent discussions, and, equally impressive to see many minds focused on past, present and future Eritrea. I think that it is really important for Eritrea, its works and history, to be shared with the world.

If I were a student at this moment it really would have projected my trajectory!

The Eritrean DiasporaAs a member of the diaspora I

am just fortunate to be here. We are always connected no matter where we live. A conference that is related only to Eritrean studies, is long overdue to be honest, nonetheless it is also the commencing of many future conversations and discussion for the development of the country. For the diaspora, this serves as an occasion to share lessons with each other as it allows us to prop up on what we’re doing to consequently work on what we have learned. Hopefully we can have such conference virtually, so as to involve Eritrean diaspora who could not come to attend.

Semhar Araia

within such hurdles, we do see latest rise in the African novel.

Your paperMy paper at this conference was

essentially concentrated on Eritrean culture production and why we hear little about it within the global context; and so we researched why that may be.

Part of my paper was to understand what the hurdles causing the shortage of narratives from the horn might be. In addition to why while Anglophone and francophone writing are present with in the writing academy and not those of ex Italian colonies. There is a scholar called **Ruth Bengiard whom makes an interesting observation in which she says that Italy suffered a double marginalization; in a sense it has also been left out of Europe’s narrative.

So I think I located some of our problems regarding Eritrean literary production within this framework. And only of course, some of that is now changing because there has been some great writers of the horn who write within the UK US sphere in English, and in a hopeful way, they are introducing the possibility for more.

Do you plan to work with Eritrean writers if chances are provided?

I think chances are already provided. I have been working with several of them and I do look forward in strengthening our relations.

And did you find some time to get out of the hotel and wander around Asmara?

Yes! I just walked from Cathedral to Asmara Place.

CLOUDE GOUL (visitor, Participant)

I am from France and 12 years ago I was appointed to work here at the French embassy in Eritrea and

Bhakti Shringarpure

Khwima Singini

InternatIonal ConferenCe on erItrean StudIeS...

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