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DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

1

INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS

DEPARTMENT

OF

BIOTECHNOLOGY

M.Sc. (BIOTECHNOLOGY)

SYLLABUS

2008-10

SEMESTER SCHEME

I SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER

2008

II SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2009

III SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER

2009

IV SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2010


2

CELL BIOLOGY

(Paper Code: BTE 121)

Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives :

To enable students to-

• understand the structural components of a cell.

• get an insight into the mechanics of cell cycle and programmed cell death.

• understand intercellular interaction and signal transduction.

• learn about techniques used in the study of cytology.

UNIT 1 Ultrastructure of Cells

Cell as a basic unit of living system, Cell diversity: Cell size, Cell as experiment models:

E. Coli, Yeast, C. elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophilla melanogaster, Structure

and functions of cell organelles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

15 Hrs.

UNIT II Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton: Self-assembly and dynamic structure of cytosketetal filaments, actin

filament, microtubules, movement of cilia and flagella.

Cell –Cell interaction: cell adhesion, tight and gap junctions, plasmodesmata.

10 Hrs.

UNIT III Cell cycle and apoptosis

Energy Conversion: Photophosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation, Evolution of

electron transport chain.

Cell cycle and apoptosis: Events in cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, Key regulators of cell

cycle, programmed cell death and its control.

15 Hrs.

UNIT IV Transport across membranes

Membrane transport: Thermodynamics of transportation, passive and active mediated

transportation of molecules, Donnan equilibrium, Nernst equation, Na+- K

+ ATPase, H

+-

K+ ATPase, ion gradient driven transportation, mechanism of protein trafficking

15 Hrs.

UNIT V Signal transduction and Techniques in cell biology

Signal transduction: molecular basics of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and

animals, secondary messengers, perception of environmental signals, G- protein and

tyrosine kinase coupled receptors.

Basic techniques in cell biology: microscopy, cell fractionation method, GISH, FISH,

histochemical analysis, microtomy, staining and fixation.

20 Hrs.


3

Books recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.

Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.

2. Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,

Scientific American Books,USA,1994.

3. Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th

edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005

4. The cell, (5th

edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India Pvt.

Ltd., 1990

References:

5. Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd

edition), P Scheeler and D E Bianchi, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987

6. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th

edition), G Karp,

John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005

7. The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th

edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,

ASM Press, 2007


4

BIOCHEMISTRY & ENZYMOLOGY

(Paper Code: BTE 122) Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• understand the chemistry of biomolecules

• understand the bioenergetic principles underlying biochemical reactions.

• understand the structure, mechanism of action and inhibition of enzymes.

UNIT I Chemical foundations of Biology

pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers, chemical bonds, Bioenergetics: Principles of

thermodynamics: free energy, important energy, rich molecules, standard free energy

change, concept of redox reactions. Principles of self assembly, Hierarchy of

molecular organization of living systems.

15 Hrs.

UNIT II Amino acids and proteins

Classification, Chemical Reactions and Physical Properties, purification and criteria

for homogeneity, structural organization of proteins- primary, secondary, tertiary and

quaternary structure. Conformational analysis. Ramachandran plot.

10 Hrs.

UNIT III Carbohydrates

Classification and reactions, types, structural features. Metabolism of carbohydrates,

main sources of carbohydrates, enzymatic conversion and mobilization as glucoses or

fructoses, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, terminal oxidation/ oxidative phosphorylation,

mechanism of ATP synthesis, rate controlling steps and regulation.

15 Hrs.

UNIT IV Lipids

Classification, Structure and functions, Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated

fatty acids, Metabolism of Lipid and fat bodies: Beta-oxidation and channeling of the

products to ATP production: minor pathway of fatty acid oxidation, (alpha and omega

oxidation), Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Ketone bodies,

membrane lipids-cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid; biosynthesis of fat soluble

vitamins; biosynthesis of Eicosonoids (prostaglandin, leucotriens and thromboxane).

15 Hrs.

UNIT V Enzymes

Kinetics: Rate of reactions, specific activity, molecular activity, Km, Kcat, Line

weaver Burk plot, enzyme inhibition, mechanism of enzyme catalysis (acid-base


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electrostatic, metal ion, free radicals, transition state binding and covalent catalysis,

proximity and orientation effects, contribution of strain. Factors affecting enzyme

activity, enzyme inhibition. Allosteric enzymes and bisubstrate reactions. Rationale

for modification of enzyme function. 20 Hrs.

Books Recommended:

Essential Reading:

1. Biochemistry, D.Voet and J.G.Voet, John Wiley & Sons, (2nd

Edition), 1995.

2. Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger ,Nelson and Cox, (3rd

Edition), 1999.

3. Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by

Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th

Edition), 2007.

4. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by W.H. Elliot and Daphne C. Elliot,

Oxford University Press, (3rd

Edition), 2005.

5. Biochemistry, J. David Rawn, Panima Publishing Corporation, 1st Indian Reprint,

2004.

Reference:

1. Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th

Reprint,

1999.

2. Understanding Chemistry, CNR Rao, University Press, Hyderabad 1999.

3. A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry,

K.Wilson & KH Goulding, ELBS Edition 1986.

4. Essentials of Molecular Biology, David Friefelder, Jones and Barllett

Publications,7th

Reprint, 2001.

5. Instant Notes- Biochemistry (1st Indian Edition), B.D. Hames and N.M. Hooper,

Viva Books Pvt, Ltd., , 2001.


6

MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND PHYSIOLOGY


Credits: 05

Objectives: To enable students to-

• understand the importance of taxonomy

• Study microbial growth and cell structure.

• Learn about diversity present among micro organisms.

• Study host – parasite relationship and antibiotic action.

• Study various microbial diseases.

UNIT-I Taxonomy and Microbial Growth 16 Hrs

Microbial evolution, systematic and taxonomy-Evolution of earth and earliest life forms;

primitive organisms and their metabolic strategies and molecular coding; New

approaches to bacterial taxonomy, classification including ribotyping; Ribosomal RNA

sequencing; Characteristics of primary domains; Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Bergey's

Manual.

Microbial Growth-The definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, growth

curve, measurement of growth and growth yields, Synchronous growth, Continuous,

Batch and Fed Batch Culture; Growth as affected by environmental factors like

temperature, acidity, alkalinity, water availability and oxygen; Culture collection,

maintenance and preservation of microorganisms.

UNIT-II 13 Hrs

Structural characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Archaebacteria

Cell wall composition and synthesis. Flagella, Cilia and motility. Cell inclusions like

Glycogen granules, Volutin granules, Carboxysomes etc, Endospores, Slime sheet and

capsule.

Structure of archebacteria and eukaryotic cells.

UNIT-III Diversity among microorganisms 14 Hrs

Nutritional classification of microorganisms.Bacteria: Photosynthetic microorganisms

(cyanobacteria, purple & green bacteria budding bacteria, Spirochaetes, Sheathed

bacteria, Endospore forming rods and cocci, Mycobacteria, Rickettsias, Chlamydias and

Mycoplasma, Actinomycetes.

Archaea: Archaea as earliest life forms; Halophiles, Methanogens; Hyperthermophilic

archaea and Thermo plasma, Eukarya: Algae, Fungi, Slime molds and Protozoa.

Chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen, Iron, Nitrate and oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate

reduction; Syntrophy; Role of anoxic decomposition; Nitrogen fixation


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UNIT-IV Host Parasite Relationships and Chemotherapy 16 Hrs

Normal micro flora of skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobic ecosystem-

Rumen microbiology.

Entry of pathogens into the host; colonization and factors predisposing to infections;

types of toxins (Exotoxin, Endotoxin and Enterotoxin) and their structure; mode of

actions; virulence and pathogenesis

Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and

Cephalosporins; Broad-Spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal

antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics.

UNIT-V Microbial Diseases 16 Hrs

Disease reservoirs; Epidemiological terminologies; infectious disease transmission;

Pyogenic cocci- Neisseria meningitides, N. gonococcus, staphylococcus aureus

Gram positive cocci- Clostridium tetani

Mycobacteria- M. tuberculosis, M. leprae

Enteric Gram negative bacteria- Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, E. coli

Protozoan diseases – Malaria

Disease transmitted by animals- rabies,

Viral infections- chicken pox, influenza, AIDS, hepatitis

Emerging and resurgent infectious diseases


8

Book recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Basic and Practical Microbiology, Ronald M Atlas, Mac Millan Company New

York, 1989

2. Biology of Microorganisms, T D Brock, M T Madigan, (10th

edition), Pearson

education, Inc., 2003

3. General microbiology, H S Schlegel, (7th

edition),Cambridge University Press,

1995

4. Microbiology , Prescott, Harley, Klein, (6th

edition), Mc Graw Hill Companies,

2005

5. Microbiology Fundamentals and Applications , R M Atlas, (2nd

edition), Maxwell

Macmillan International edition, 1989

6. Microbiology-a Laboratory Manual, J G Cappuccino and N Sherman, (6th

edition),Addison Wesley, Pearson education, Inc., 2006

7. Microbial diversity: current perspectives and potential applications, Satynarayana

T. & Johri B.N. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. 2005

8. Text book of Microbiology, R Ananthnarayanan and C K J Paniker, Orient

Longman, 1997

9. Microbial Physiology, (4th

edition ), by A.G. Moat ,J.W.Foster and M.P. Spector.

Wiley Liss publications 2002.

References:

10. Bacterial Pathogenesis. A Molecular Approach, A A Salyers and D D Whitt,

ASM Press, 1994

11. Foundation in Microbiology, K P Talaro and A Talaro, (4th

edition), Mc Graw

Hill, 2002

12. General Microbiology, R Y Stanier, J L Ingharam, M L Wheelies, P R Painter,

Mac Millan Education Ltd, 1999

13. Laboratory Fundamentals of Microbiology, I E Alcamo, Jones and Barlett

publishers, 2001

14. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Examination and Board Review, Warren

Levinson and Ernst Jawetz, (7th edition), Mc Graw Hill, 2002

15. Microbial Diversity, D Colwd, Academic press, 1999.

16. Microbiology , M. J Pelczar, E C S Chan, N R Kreig, (5th

edition), Tata Mc Graw

Publication, 2006

17. Prokaryotic Development, Y V Burn. & L J Shimkets, ASM Press, 2000


9

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY


Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• Understand the basic operating characteristics of instruments.

• Understand principles and applications of techniques.

UNIT-I Spectroscopy 15 Hrs

Beer-Lambert law, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy,

Raman spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, NMR, ESR,

CD/ORD, MALDI-ToF-MS.

UNIT-II Chromatography 15 Hrs

Principle, Paper chromatography, TLC, Column chromatography (GC, HPLC),

Adsorption chromatography, Partition chromatography, Gel filtration, Ion-exchange

chromatography and Affinity chromatography.

UNIT-III Electrophoresis 15 Hrs.

Principle, factors affecting electrophoresis, pH, voltage, supporting medium (agarose,

polyacrylamide, dextran).

Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, 2-D electrophoresis, Pulsed field gel

electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, immuno electrophoresis.

UNIT-IV Centrifugation & Microscopy 20 Hrs.

Centrifugation: principle differential and density gradient, ultracentrifugation

(Preparative and analytical centrifuges) sedimentation analysis & RCF.

Microscopy: construction of a microscope, light microscopy (bright field, dark field,

phase-contrast, interference, confocal, polarization microscopy).

Electron microscopy-TEM, SEM, Scanned probe microscopic techniques (STEM, AFM)

Cytophotometry, flow cytometry.


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UNIT-V Radioisotopic Techniques 10 Hrs.

Radioisotopes; nature of radioactivity, types of radioactive decay, unit of radioactivity.

Radiation dosimetry, radioactive isotopes, autoradiography, Cerenckov radiation, liquid

scintillation counting, Geiger-Muller counter, X-ray diffraction.


11

Books Recommended

Essential readings

1. Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000

2. Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A J

Ninfa., D P Ballou, Fitzgerald science press, Inc., 1998

3. Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis, R F Venn, Taylor and Francis, 2003

4. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,(6th

edition),

K Wilson and J Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007

References: 5. Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004

6. Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

New York, 2003

7. Protein Purification Principles and Practice, (3rd

edition), R K Scopes, Spring

International, 2004

8. Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G G Hames, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

2005


12

BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS (Paper Code: BTE 125)

Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• Appreciate the significance of statistical analysis of biological data.

• Learn the methods of statistical analysis.

• know about Bioinformatics as a tool in Biotechnology

UNIT I Sampling and classification of data 11 Hrs

Sampling - Sampling procedure, types of sampling, Classification and tabulation of data,

frequency distribution, probability, addition and multiplication theorem of probability. A

brief idea of normal, Poisson and binomial distribution.

UNIT II Measures of central tendency and dispersion 12 Hrs

Measure of central tendency-Mean, median and mode, Measures of dispersion - range ,

mean deviation ,standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Skewness and kurtosis.

UNIT III Tests of significance 15 Hrs

Hypothesis testing, Nulls hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, level of significance.

Chi-square test, t-test, F-test, ANOVA-one way and two way classifications. Simple

correlation and simple regression.

UNIT IV Overview of bioinformatics 15 hrs

Overview of bioinformatics – introduction, The internet and the biologist, Database

types-Primary and Secondary databases, sequence databases - nucleotide and protein

sequence databases (NCBI, ENBL, DDBJ, UNIPORT, PIR), Structure databases (PDB,

MMDB, CSD, NDB)

Sequence analysis

UNIT V Sequence similarity searching 22 Hrs

Concept of similarity searching, methods of similarity searching (BLAST, FASTA)

statistical significance of sequence comparisons, application of similarity searching in

gene identification and functional assingment. Information retrieval from biological

databases. Computer tools for finding and retrieving sequences, pair wise and multiple

alignments. Genomics and Genome project


13

Books recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, (6th

edition), W

W Daniel, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1995.

2. Essential Bioinformatics, Jin Xiong, John Wiley and Sons. 2006.

3. Introduction to Bioinformatics, A Teresa and D P Smith, Prentice Hall, 1999.

4. Statistical Methods in Biology, N T J Bailey, Cambridge University Press,

1995.

5. Statistics for Biologist, R C Campbell, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

References:

1. Bioinformatics, A practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, (2nd

edition), A D Baxevanis, and B F Ouellette, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.

2. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan, Publishing Corporation, 1999

3. Instant notes, Bioinformatics, Westhead, Parish, and Twyman, (1st edition),

Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., 2003.

4. Introduction to Bioinformatics, A M Lesk, Oxford University Press, 2002.

5. Molecular databases for Protein sequence and Structure studies, J A Sillince

and M Sillince, Springer Verlag, 1991

6. Practical statistics for Experimental Biologists, A C Swardlaw, John Wiley

and sons Inc., 1985

7. Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov and Devereux, Stockton Press, 1989


14

LABORATORY I

(Paper Code: BTE 126) Total Contact hrs: 240

Credits: 08

1. To study the parts of an optical microscope

2. Microtomy of liver/intestine

3. Histochemical localistion of starch, lipids and protein in liver.

4. Verification of Beer Lambert’s Law

5. Estimation of protein by Folin Lowry method

6. Estimation of protein by Biuret test

7. Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method

8. Estimation of sugar by Anthrone reagent

9. Estimation of glycogen from the given tissue

10. Estimation of cholesterol from the given tissue

11. To study the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

12. To study the effect of temperature on enzyme activity

13. To study the effect of pH on enzyme activity

14. To assay the activity of acid phosphatase

15. Separation and identification of amino acids by TLC

16. Separation of protein by SDS-PAGE

17. Demonstrations:

a. Gel Filtration Chromatography

b. Ion Exchange Chromatography

c. Descending Paper Chromatography

d. Column Chromatography

e. Affinity Chromatography

f. Western Blotting

18. Preparation of liquid and solid media for growth of microorganisms.

19. Isolation and maintenance of organisms by plating, streaking and serial dilution

methods, slants and stab cultures, storage of microorganisms.

20. Isolation of pure cultures from soil and water.

21. Growth Kinetics, Effect of temperature, pH and carbon and nitrogen source on

growth.

22. Enumeration by standard plate count.

23. Microscopic examination of bacteria, yeast and molds and study of organisms by

Gram stain, Negative staining, staining for spores etc.

24. Study of mutagens by Ames test

25. Isolation of Rhizobia

26. Isolation of Actinomycetes

27. Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method

28. Standard analysis of water. Determination of MPN.

29. Biochemical characterization of selected microbes.


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30. Biostatistics exercises

31. Operating systems (DOS)

32. Information searching on Internet.

33. Sequence retrievals form NCBI, Genbank, EMBL, DDBJ

Any other practical based on theory syllabus.


16

GENETICS


Credits: 05

Objectives:


• Study the classical genetics & gene interactions.

• Learn the mechanism of sex linked inheritance and sex determination.

• Understand concept of gene, linkage, crossing over& recombination

mechanisms.

• Understand gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations.

• Learn about extracytoplasmic inheritance & population genetics.

UNIT I Classical Genetics & Gene interactions 15hrs.

Mendel's experiments Monohybrid ratios-Dominance and Recessive factors Laws of

segregation - Dihybrid and Tri hybrid ratios - Laws of independent assortments - Test

cross and Back cross. Allelic and non-allelic interactions.

Inheritance of quantitative traits-additive effect-skin color in man.

UNIT II Sex Determination and sex linked inheritance 15hrs.

Mechanism of Sex determination in Drosophila, Birds, Man, hymenopterans,

environmental factors & sex determination.

X-linked inheritance, pattern of inheritance of sex linked genes, sex linkage in

Drosophila, X-linked traits in humans.

UNIT-III 15 hrs.

Concept of the gene & recombination mechanisms.

Gene: unit of structure & function, complementation test.

Linkage & crossing over. Conjugation, transformation & transduction in bacteria and

their use in preparation of genetics maps.

UNIT IV Gene Mutations & Chromosomal aberrations. 15hrs.

Molecular basis of mutation, spontaneous & induced mutations, chemical and

physical mutagens, Ames test.

DNA repair mechanisms- photo reactivation, excision repair, mismatch repair,

recombination repair, and SOS response. Repair defects & human diseases.

Chromosomal aberrations- changes in chromosome structure & number, inherited

disorders.

UNIT V Extracytoplasmic inheritance & Population Genetics 15hrs.

Cytoplasmic organelles & symbionts, DNA in mitochondria & chloroplast,

cytoplasmic male sterility in plants, maternal effects.

Population Genetics: Genetic variation, Random mating, Genetic frequency and

Hardy-Weinberg law.


17

Books recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Genetics: Principles and Analysis, (4th

edition), D L Hartl and E W Jones, Jones

and Barlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA, 1998

2. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications, (2nd

edition), R Lewis, WCB

McGraw Hill, USA, 1997.

3. Microbial Genetics, (2nd

edition), Maloy, D Freidfelder and John E Cronan., Jones

and Barlett Publishers, 1994

4. Molecular genetics: An introductory narrative, (2nd

edition), G S Stent and R

Calendar, CBS Publishers and distributors, 2002

5. Principles of Genetics, (8th

edition), E J Gardener, M J Simmons and D P

Snustead, John Wiley and Sons Publications, 2005

6. The Science of Genetics, Atherly, Girton, and McDonald ,Saunders College

Publishing, Fort Worth, USA, 1999

References:

7. Advanced Genetics, G S Miglani, Narosa Publication House, 2003

8. Cell Biology & Molecular Biology, (8th

edition), E D P Roberties and E M F

Roberties, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005

9. Current perspectives in Genetics. Insight and applications in Molecular, Classical

and Human Genetics, S Cummings, Brooks/ Cole, 2000

10. Genetics ,(3rd

edition), M V Strickberger, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2004

11. Genetics, (5th

edition), P J Russel, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing

Company, USA.,1998

12. Principles of Genetics, (2nd

edition), D P Snustad and M J Simmons, John Wiley

& Sons Inc., USA., 2000


18

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

(Paper Code: BTE – 222) Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• understand the central dogma of molecular biology.

• understand process of prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.

• know machinery involved in Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.

• get a detailed insight of mechanism and regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

translation process.

• study the molecular mechanisms of antisense and ribozyme technology.

UNIT 1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene structure and function.

Structure and properties of nucleic acids, Central dogma of molecular biology,

Prokaryotic gene structure and organization, Eukaryotic genome structure and

chromosome organization

10 Hrs

UNIT II: Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

DNA Replication in prokaryotes & eukaryotes, enzymes and accessory proteins involved

in DNA Replication, Recombination (Holliday model), FLP/ FRT and Cre/ Lox

recombination, Rec A and other recombinases.

15 Hrs

UNIT III: Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic transcription (Initiation ,Elongation & Termination), RNA

Polymerase, General & Specific Transcription Factors, Regulatory elements &

mechanism of transcription regulation, Post transcriptional gene silencing(PTGS),

Modifications in RNA (5’ cap formation, Transcription termination, 3’end processing &

Polyadenylation, Splicing, Editing), Nuclear export of mRNA, m-RNA stability.

15 Hrs

UNIT IV: Machinery involved in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation, the translation machinery, Mechanism of

initiation, elongation, termination, Regulation of translation, Co & post translational

modification of proteins, Localization of proteins, synthesis of secretory & membrane

proteins, Import into nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast & peroxisomes, receptor

mediated endocytosis.

15 Hrs

UNIT V: Antisense and Ribozyme Technology.

Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules-Inhibition of splicing, polyadenylation,

translation. disruption of RNA structure & capping, Biochemistry of ribozymes-

hammerhead, hairpin, other ribozymes, strategies for designing ribozymes, Application

of antisense & ribozyme technology, Viral & cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

from humans, structure, function and Mechanism of action of Prb & p53 tumor

suppressor proteins.

20 Hrs


19

Book recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch and I.

Maniatis, Cold Spring harbor Laboratory Press, New York,2000.

2. Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, P. D. Dabre, John Wiley & Sojns

Ltd.,Yourk,1988.

3. Genomes. Brown T.A: John Wiley and sons(ASIA) PTE Ltd1999

4. Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.

Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.

5. Molecular Biology of the Gene. (5th

Edition) Watson, Baker, Bell, Gann, Levin,

Losick: Pearson Education.2003.

6. Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,

Scientific American Books,USA,1994.

7. Essentials of Molecular Biology. Malacinski, G M, Freifelder D: Jones & Bartlett

Publishers Inc. (1998)

8. From Genes to Clones by Winnacker, Panima Publishing Corporation, New

Delhi/Bangalore, 2003

References:

9. Genectics – A molecular approach by Russell, Peter. J, 2003

10. Gene IX (9th Edition) Benjamin Lewin. Oxford University Press.U.K., 2007

11. Molecular Biology and biotechnology. A comprehensive desk reference. R. A.

Meyers (Editor) VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1995.


20

IMMUNOLOGY


Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• understand the various cells involved in Immune system.

• learn the cellular and molecular aspects of Immune system.

• study about the regulation of Immune response and Antigen – Antibody reactions.

• learn about the applied aspects of Immunology.

UNIT: I Introduction to immune system

Basic Immunology: - Phylogeny of immune system, Innate and acquired immunity,

Clonal nature of immune response. Cells of the Immune system: Hematopoiesis and

differentiation, Lymphocyte trafficking, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, Macrophages,

Dendritic cells, NK and Lymphokine activated killer cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and

Mast Cells. Organization and structure of lymphoid organs

20 Hrs

UNIT: II Cellular and molecular aspects

Nature and biology of antigens and super antigens. Immunoglobulin: structure, types and

their function, Major histocompatibility complex, B-Cell Receptor and T-Cell Receptor,

generation and diversity, Complement system

15 Hrs

UNIT: III Regulation of immune response

Antigen processing and presentation, generation of Humoral and Cell mediated immune

responses, B- and T- cell maturation, activation and differentiation, Cytokines and their

role in immune regulation, T-cell regulation, MHC restriction, Immunological tolerance,

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Mechanism of T cell and NK cell mediated lysis, Antibody

dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, and macrophage mediated cytotoxicity

20 Hrs

UNIT: IV Antigen- antibody interactions

Precipitation, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Agglutination, RIA, ELISA,

Immunofluorescence

10 Hrs


21

UNIT: V Advanced concepts in Immunology

Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, Vaccine development, Transplantation, Immunity of

infectious agents (intracellular parasites, helminthes and viruses), Tumor Immunology,

AIDS and other immunodeficiencies, Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal

antibodies.

10 Hrs


22

Books Recommended:

Essential Reading:

1. Kuby’s Immunology, (4th

Edition)-R.A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindr.

Barbara, A. Osbarne, (Freeman) & Co. New York.

2. Roitt’s Essential Immunology,(10th

edition), Ivan M .Roitt and Peter J.

Delves, Blackwell Science, 2001

3. Instant Notes on Immunology, (2nd

edition), Lydyard, Wheran and

Fanger, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., 2003

Reference:

4. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, (3rd

edition), Abbas, Litchman and

Pober, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1998

5. Immunology: A Comprehensive Review. Darla J. Wise and Gordon R.

Carter, Iowa State University Press, 2001

6. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Examination and Board Review,

(7th

edition), Warren Levinson and Ernst Jawetz, Mc Graw Hill, 2002


23

GENETIC ENGINEERING


Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• get an insight of tools of genetic engineering.

• understand steps involved in the formation of genomic library and fundamentals

of gene sequencing.

• know the strategies of genome mapping and analysis of genetic variations.

• understand the techniques involved in gene expression studies.

• know and understand in detail strategies of gene delivery.

UNIT I Tools of genetic engineering

Scope and milestones in genetic engineering, Basic tools and techniques used in

recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonuclease, DNA modifying enzymes,

cloning vectors: plasmids, bacteriophage, cosmid, phagemids, in vitro construction of

vectors, expression vectors. Principle and uses of nucleic acid hybridization. Principle

and applications of polymerase chain reaction. Patenting of cloned life forms. Site

directed mutagenesis and protein engineering, in vitro DNA synthesis, in vitro

transcription and translation.

20 Hrs

UNIT II Sequencing of genes

DNA and genomic library: m- RNA enrichment, reverse transcription, Linkers, Adaptors,

Screening of c DNA and genomic library, Sequencing and mapping: Sequencing vector,

fluorescent tagging, Automated DNA sequencing, Restriction mapping and map

construction, Application of sequence information for identification of defective genes.

10 Hrs

UNIT III Molecular Mapping of Genome

Genetic and physical mapping, Genome sequencing: genome size, organelle genome,

YAC, BAC libraries, strategies of genome sequencing, Analysis of genetic variations:

RAPD, RFLP, AFLP and other molecular marker techniques, application of RFLP in

forensic studies, disease prognosis, genetic counselling, pedigree analysis etc.

15 Hrs


24

UNIT IV Strategies of gene delivery

Agrobacterium mediated transformation, electoporation, particle bombardment,

microinjection, Gene therapy: Target gene replacement, gene knockout technique,

computer aided drug designing. 10 Hrs

UNIT V Gene expression

DNA and protein microarray technology, RNase protection assay, Reporter gene assay,

northern blotting and S1 nuclease assay, Heterologous gene expression in bacteria,

yeasts, insects, mammals and plants. codon optimization

20Hrs


25

Book recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook. E.F. Fritsch and

T. Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 2000.

2. DNA Cloning: a practical Approach, D. M. Glover and B.D. Hames, IRL

Press Oxford, 1955.

3. Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology and Medicine, P. B. Kaufman,

W. Wu., D. Kim and L.J: Cseke, CRC Press.Florida,1995.

4. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Edited by Desmond S.T. Nicholl,

Cambridge University Press, February 2002.

5. Manipulation and Expression of Recombinant DNA. Sue Carson and

Dominique Robertson, Second edition, Academic Press, December 2005.

6. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics. Primrose and Twyman,

(7th

edition). Blackwell Publishers, 2006.

7. RNA interference Technology- From basic science to drug development.

Edited by Krishnarao Appasani. Forewords by Andrew Fire and Marshall

Nirenberg, Cambridge Press, 2005.

8. Methods in Enzymology Vol.152,Guide to Molecular Cloning

Techniques, S. L. Berger and A. R. Kimmel, Academic press. Inc. San

Dlogo, 1998.

9. Methods in Enzymology Vol.185,Gene Expression Technology, D. V.

Gooddol, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego,1990.

10. DNA Science. A First Course in Recombinant Technology, D.A. Mickloss

and G.A. Greyer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York,1990

11. Molecular Biotechnology (2nd Edition), S.B. Primorse, Blackwell

Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1994.

References:

12. Milestones in Biotechnology. Classic papers on genetic Engineering, J.A.

Davies and W.S.Roznikolf, Butterworth-Helnemann, Boston, 1992.

13. Route Maps in Gene Technology, M. R. Walker and R.Repley, Blackwell

Science Ltd. Oxford, 1997.

14. Genetic Engineering. An Introduction to gene analysis and exploitation in

eukaryotes. S. M. Kingsman and A.J. Kingsman, Blackwell Scientific

Publications. Oxford, 1998.


26

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY


Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• understand the basics of Plant Biotechnology.

• study various techniques used in Plant Tissue Culture.

• become acquainted with the genetic manipulations in Plant tissues and use of

different markers in Plant Biotechnology.

• analyze various industrial applications of Plant Biotechnology.

UNIT I Introduction to plant tissue culture

Aseptic technique, Safety, Preparation and sterilization of apparatus & reagents, synthetic

media, culture vessels used. Plant tissue culture: Concept of totipotency, dedifferentiation

and redifferentiation. Callus growth patterns/characteristics, organogenesis, hairy root

culture. Somaclonal variations, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seeds, anther and

pollen culture, embryo culture and significance of haploid plants.

15 Hrs

UNIT II Protoplast technology & micropropagation in plants

Isolation & fusion, somatic hybridization and cybrids. Production of virus free plants,

Production of secondary metabolites, indexing for plant pathogens, Plant tissues culture

and germplasm conservation. Material for Micropropagation, Advantages of

Micropropagation, Types and Methods of Micropropagation and Applications of

Micropropagation, Plant tissue culture techniques for crop improvement.

15 Hrs

UNIT III Gene delivery methods in intact and cultured tissues and cells

Agrobacterium mediated transformation, Ti and Ri Plasmid, Co-integration and Binary

vectors, Direct DNA Uptake, Microinjection Delivery, use of 35S and other promoters,

use of reporter genes. Techniques for production of transgenic plants resistant to

herbicides, pathogens, pests and abiotic stresses (drought, salt & frost). PR Proteins,

Nematode resistance, antifungal proteins, thionins, long shelf life of fruits & flowers, use

of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase, ACC Oxidase, male sterility lines, bar & barnase

system, carbohydrate composition & storage, ADP glucose, pyrophosphatase.

18 Hrs


27

UNIT IV Choloroplast Transformation

Advantages, vectors, success with tobacco and potato. Metabolic engineering &

industrial products. Plant secondary metabolites, control mechanisms & manipulation of

phenylpropanoid pathway, alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics,

polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes, antibodies, edible

vaccines. Purification strategies, Oleosin partitioning technology.

18 Hrs

UNIT V Seed Biology

Seed biology, technology &role in agriculture, seed certification, seed banks, terminator

gene technology & implications, plant as chemical & pharmaceutical factories, biosafety

& GM food crops, international & local regulations.

09Hrs


28

Book recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Plant Biotechnology, Hammond, P. McGarvey and V. Yusibov (Editors.)

Springer Verlag, 2000.

2. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food ingredients. J.

Fu, G. Singh, and W.R. Curtis (Editors), Kluwer Academic/Plenum

Press.1999.

3. Advanced Methods in Plant Biotechnology, David. R. Murray: Panima

Publishing Corporation. 1996

4. Plant, Genes and Crop Biotechnology. (2nd

Editon), Marten J. Chrispeels

& David E. Sadava, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1999.

5. Biotechnology – Secondary Metabolites, K.G. Ramawat, J.M Merllon:

Oxford & IBH publishing house Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2000

6. Biotechnology in Crop improvement, H.S. Chawla, International Book

Distributing Company, 1998.

7. Practical Application of plant Molecular Biology, R.J. Henry, Chapman

and hall.1997.

8. Laboratory Manual for Plant Biotechnology, H.S Chawla Oxford & IBH

publishing Co. Pvt Ltd. 2003

9. Plant Biotechnology – The genetic manipulation of plants. Adrian Slater,

Nigel Scott & Mark Fowler, Oxford University Press. 2003

10. Plant Tissue Culture – Techniques & Experiments, (2nd

edition) Roberta.

H. Smith. Elsevier. 2000

11. Plant Molecular Biology – A Practical Approach. C. H. Shaw, IRL Press

Ltd. 1988.

References:

12. Molecular plant Biology- volume 1 & 2. Philip M. Gilmartin and Chris

Bowler, Oxford University Press. 2005

13. Plant Tissue Culture. S.S. Bhojwani and M.K Razdan, Elsevier. 2004

14. Plant Biotechnology. J. Hammond, P. Mc Garvey & V. Yusibov, Springer

(India) Pvt Ltd. 2000


29

LABORATORY II


Credits: 08

1. Study of mitosis and meiosis.

2. X – Chromosome detection through Barr body experiment.

3. To study mitosis in onion root tips

4. To study meiosis in onion buds

5. Isolation of plasmid DNA

6. Isolation of genomic DNA

7. Spectrophotometric quantitation of nucleic acids

8. Demonstration of lac operon

9. Blood film preparation and identification of cells.

10. Ouchterlony double diffusion

11. Dot ELISA

12. Demonstrations:

a. Sandwich ELISA

b. Latex agglutination

c. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

13. Restriction digestion of λDNA

14. Ligation

15. Transformation of DH5α (including preparation of competent cells)

16. Demonstartions:

a. Conjugation

b. Reporter gene assay (GFP)

17. Preparation of media.

18. Explant inoculation

19. Callus induction

20. Protoplast fusion

21. Synthetic seed preparation

Any other practical based on theory syllabus


30

Third Semester

Review Report

(Paper code: BTE 321) Contact hrs: 150

Credits: 10

The review report of M.Sc. III semester will be based on a detailed review of any one of

the topics listed in syllabus in about 100 pages. This review will be evaluated by a

supervisor, Head of the Department and any other person appointed by the Principal.

Dissertation Report

(Paper code: BTE 322) Contact hrs: 375

Credits: 25

The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the

supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of

III semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student,

Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.


31

ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• learn the basics of Animal cell culture.

• know the various growth requirements and concept of differentiation of animal

cells in vitro conditions.

• become acquainted with the techniques for manipulating the cells lines in

laboratory conditions.

• know the applications of animal cell culture.

UNIT I Introduction to animal cell culture

Structure, organization and biology of animal cell, Principles of animal cell culture, need

to express in animal cell, Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technique

8 Hrs

UNIT II Growth requirements and kinetics:

Media Development of simple growth media , Introduction to balanced salt solution,

Chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium,

Role of CO2, Role of serum supplements, Serum and protein free defined media and their

applications, Biology and characterization of cultured cells, measuring parameters of

growth.

20 Hrs

UNIT III Animal cell culture and its types

Primary and established cell line cultures, Cell lines- Introduction, diversity and

selection, nomenclature, routine maintenance and cryopreservation, Disaggregation of

tissue and primary culture, Cell separation, General concept of differentiation and

dedifferentiation, Organ and histotypic cultures.

15 Hrs

UNIT IV Characterization and manipulation of cells,

Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity, Cell synchronization, Cell cloning and

micromanipulation, Cell transformation, Scaling-up of animal cells, Measurement of cell

death, Apoptosis.

15 Hrs


32

UNIT V Applications of animal cell culture

Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering, Application of animal cell culture,

Stem cell culture, embryonic stem cells and their applications, Cell culture based

vaccines, Somatic cell genetics, Cell hybridization, Hybridomas and their selection,

application of cell hybridization. 17 Hrs

Book recommended:

Essential readings:


33

1. Culture of Animal Cells, (4th

edition), R. Ian Freshney, Wiley-Liss. 2000

2. Animal Cell Culture-Practical Approach, John R.W. Masters (editor),

Oxford.2000

References:

3. Methods in Cell Biology, Vol.57, Animal Cell Culture Methods. Jenni P Mather

and David Barnes. Academic Press. 1998

4. Basic Cell Culture edited by J.M. Davis 2nd

edition, Oxford,2000

5. Protein Expression: A Practical Approach, S.J. Higgins and B.D. Hames, Oxford

University Press, 2004

6. Principles of Gene Manipulation, (6th

edition) S.B. Primrose, R.M. Twyman and

R.W. Old, Blackwell Science, 2003

Virology


Contact hrs: 75


34

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• study general properties of viruses

• learn the techniques for cultivation of viruses

• study bacteriophages

• know about the animal and plant viruses.

UNIT-I Discovery of Viruses

Nomenclature and Classification of viruses, Distinctive properties of viruses,

Morphology and Ultrastructure, Viral genome, virus related agents (Viroids and prions)

10 Hrs

UNIT-II Cultivation of viruses

In embryonated eggs, cell cultures; primary, secondary, suspension and monolayer cell

culture, Cell lines and transgenic systems; serological methods-Haemagglutination &

HAI, complement fixation; immunofluorescence methods, ELISA and

Radioimmunoassay; assay of viruses-physical and chemical methods (protein, nucleic

acid, radioactivity tracers, electron microscopy)-infectivity assay (plaque method end

point method)- Infectivity assay of plant viruses.

15 Hrs

UNIT-III Bacteriophage

Structural organization, Replication of phages (Lytic and Lysogeny cycle), Stages of one

step growth curve, Phage production, Burst size, bacteriophage typing, Application of

bacteriophage in bacterial genetics, Brief details on M13, Mu.T3,T4 and Lambda P1

15 Hrs

UNIT-IV Classification and Nomenclature of plant viruses

Effect of viruses on plants, Appearance of plants; histology , physiology and cytology of

plants; common virus disease of plants ;paddy, cotton, tomato and sugarcane; viruses of

cyano bacteria, algae, fungi; type species of plant viruses like TMV, CaMV, and potato

virus X, Transmission of plant virus with vectors (insects, nematodes, fungi) and without

vectors (contact, seed and pollens), Prevention of crop loss due to virus infection- virus

free planting material; vector control.

18 Hrs

UNIT- V Classification and Nomenclature of animal viruses

Epidemiology, life cycle, pathogen city, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of RNA

viruses, Picorna , Ortho Myxo, Paramyxo, Toga , Rhabdo, Rota, HIV and other

Oncogenic viruses; DNA viruses; Pox, Herpes, Adeno, SV40, Hepatitis viruses, viral

vaccines (conventional vaccines, genetic recombinant vaccines used in national

immunization programmes with example , newer generation vaccines including DNA

vaccines with examples) interferon , and antiviral drugs.

17Hrs

Books recommended:


35

Essential readings:

1. Medical virology- Morag C and Timbury M.C. X Edition. Churchill

Livingstone,London. 1994

2. Introduction to Modern Virology, IV. Dimmock Nj,Primrose SB

Edition,Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford. 1994

3. Virology-3rd Edition, Conrat HF,Kimball PC and Levy JA. Prentice

Hall,Englewood cliff, New jersey1994.

4. Functionals of plant virology- Mathews,RE.Academic press,San Diego.1992

5. Text Book on principles of Bacteriology,virology and Immunology- Topley and

Wilson. Edward Arnold,London. 1995

6. Diagnostic procedures for viral and Rickettsial diseases.american public Health

association, NY. Lennetter1984

7. The genetics of Bacteria and their viruses- William Hayes. Blackwell Scientific

Publishers,London. 1985

8. Principles of microbiology- Ronald M.Atlas. Mosby Year Book, Inc. Missouri

63146. 1985

9. Textbook of Microbiology- R. Ananthnarayan and CCJ Paniker. (6th

Edition).

Orient Longman Pvt Ltd. 2003

References:

10. Plant viruses- Kenneth M.Smith.Universal Book Stall,New Delhi.1999

11. Bacteriophages- Mark H.Adams. Inter science publishers, Inc. New York.

12. Applied Virology- D.G.A Walkey. International Books & Periodicals supply

service.New Delhi. 1985

13. Plant Diseases of viral, viroid, Mycoplasma and uncertain etiology-

Karl.Maramarosch. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Bombay,

Calcutta.

14. General Microbiology Vol.II- Powar & Daginawala. Himalaya Publishing House.

2002

15. Plant Pathology- Agrios, G. N. Academic Press. 1997

BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


Contact hrs: 75


36

Credits: 05

Objectives:


• get an overview of design of Bioreactor types

• learn various techniques of isolation and screening of industrially important micro

organisms.

• understand the rationale of medium formulation for bioprocesses.

• understand downstream processing and whole cell immobilization.

UNIT I Introduction of bioprocess engineering 15 Hrs

Bioreactors: Conventional and Specialized bioreactors (pulsed, fluidized, photo

bioreactors) batch, fed batch and continuous cultures.

UNIT II Isolation and screening strategies of industrially important cultures

15 hrs

Isolation of cultures, screening for activities. Culture preservation, inoculum preparation

Scale up and pilot plants. Microbial kinetics of growth and death. Strain improvement,

maintenance, energy requirement, yield, P/O quotients.

UNIT III Medium formulation and control of bioprocess parameters

15 hrs

Media for industrial fermentation, Air and media sterilization, Types of Fermentation

processes: Stability of microbial reactors, analysis of mixed microbial populations.

UNIT IV Downstream processing 15 hrs

Introduction, Removal of microbial cells and solid matter, foam separation, precipitation,

filtration, centrifugation, cell disruptions, liquid-liquid extraction, chromatography,

membrane process, Drying and crystallization.,

UNIT V Enzyme and Whole cell immobilization 15 hrs

Techniques of immobilization. Application of immobilization in Biotechnology.

Biosafety

Books recommended:


37

Essential readings:

1. Bioprocess Engineering (2nd

edition) by Michael L.Schuler and F.Kargi .Prentice

Hall of India.2002.

2. Biochemcal Engineering Fundamentals, (2nd

edition). J.E. Bailey and D.F. Ollis

Mcgraw Hill International Editions 1986.

3. Process Biotehnology Fundamentals (2nd

edition0 by S.N. Mukhopadhyaya. Vivi

Books Pvt. Ltd.2004

4. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P.F. Stanbury,A. Whittaker & Hall

Pergaman. McNeul & Harvey Publications. 1990.

References

1. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology Edited by E.M.T. El- Mansi and C.F.A.

Bryce.Taylor and Francis Group 2005.

2. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology(2nd edition). Edited by A.L.

Demain and J. E Davies, Panima Publications 2004

3. Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol I-IV Editors Moo Young et al . 1989.

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

(Paper Code: BTE – 424)

Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:


38


• understand the role if genetic manipulation techniques in bioprocess engineering.

• study the application of microbes in industrial production of chemicals.

• get acquainted with various aspects of metabolic engineering.

• learn about different process and understand food technology.

UNIT I Genetic manipulation techniques 10hrs

Rationale for the design of vectors for the over expression of recombinant proteins,

selection of suitable promoter sequence, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminator,

fusion protein tags, purification tags, protease cleavage sites and enzymes, plasmid copy

number, inducible expression system.

UNIT II Industrial applications of microbes 20 hrs

Industrial Production of chemicals utilizing wastes: Alcohol (ethanol) acids (citric, acetic

and gluconic), solvents (glycerol, acetone, butanl),antibiotics (Penicillin, streptomycin,

tetracycline), Amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid), Single Cell Protein.Use of microbes in

mineral beneficiation and oil recovery. Biofilms and biocorrosion.

UNIT III Secondary Metabolites 15 hrs

Metabolic engineering of antibiotics. Biosynthetic pathways. Genes for biosynthesis of

microbial secondary metabolites.

UNIT IV Processes 15 hrs

Anaerobic fermentations, mammalian cell culture, plant cell culture, animal cell culture.

UNIT V Introduction to food Technology 15 hrs

Elementary idea of canning and packing, Sterilization and pasteurization of Food

Products, Technology of typical Food/Food Products bread, cheese idli), Food

Preservation.

Book recommended:

Essential readings:

1. Industrial Biotechnology, L.E.Casida Jr.New Age International Pvt Ltd.

Publishers 2005.

2. Food Microbiology, W.C.Frazier and D.C.Westhoff . Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi 1998


39

3. Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene B.C.Hobbs and D. Roberts Edward

Arnold (A division of Hodder and Stoughton London) 1993

4. Dairy Microbiology , R.K. Robinson Elsevier Applied Sciences, London.

1990

5. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P.F. Stanbury,A. Whittaker &

Hall. Pergaman. McNeul & Harvey Publications. 1990.

6. Concepts in Biotechnology Ed by D. Balasubramanian, C.F.A. Bryce, K.

Dharmalingam, J. Green , K. Jayaraman. Universities Press 2004

7. Food Biotechnology Ed by Dietrich Knorr, M DekkerInc. New York.2005.

References:

8. Biotechnological Innovations in Chemical Synthesis, BIOTOL, Publisher:

Butterworth-Heinemann.

9. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology(2nd edition). Edited

by A.L. Demain and J. E Davies, Panima Publications 2004

10. Food Microbiology.by M.R.Adams and M.O. Moss. Royal Society of

Chemistry Publication, Cambridge. 1997

11. Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol I-IV Editors Moo Young et al . 1989.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY


Contact hrs: 75

Credits: 05

Objectives:



40

• learn about water resources and analyze the waste water as well as solid waste

management techniques

• learn about the Environmental genetics and it’s contribution to environmental

management.

• become acquainted with various legal concerns of Bioresources.

UNIT I Water as natural Resources and it’s management

Water: Natural (scarce) resource and its management, sources of water pollution and

biological treatment processes (domestic sewage and industrial effluent) and their

microbiology. Aerobic Processes: Oxidation pools, Rotating Biological Discs, Rotating

Drums, Anaerobic Processes: Anaerobic digestion, Anaerobic filter, upflow anaerobic

sludge blanket reactors, Advanced treatment technology – Methanogenesis,

Methanogenic, acetogenic and fermentative bacteria – technical process and conditions.

20 Hrs

UNIT II Solid as natural resources and it’s management

Solid wastes: Sources and management (composting, vermiculture and Methane

production), Bioremediation and Biorestoration of contaminated soils and wasteland.

Hazardous wastes- source management and safety. Biopesticides in Integrated Pest

Management.

15 Hrs

UNIT III Biodegradation of Xenobiotics

Biodegradation of xenobiotics in environment – Organisms involved in degradation of

chlorinated hydrocarbons, substituted simple aromatic compounds, polyaromatic

hydrocarbons, pesticides, surfactants and microbial treatment of oil pollution.

15 Hrs

UNIT IV Environmental Genetics

Degradative plasmids, release of genetically engineered microbes in environment.

Global environmental Problems: UV- B and Ozone depletion, Green House Effect and

acid rain, their effects and biotechnological approaches for management, Methodology

for environmental management- the problem solving approach and it’s limitations.

15 Hrs

UNIT V Biodiversity and its conservation

Plant germplasm collection including of wild species, intra specific variations in crop

plants, and molecular characterization of variations, Issues of Intellectual Property Rights

(IPRs) and legal concerns of bioresources.

10 Hrs


41

Books Recommended

Essential Reading

1. Plant, Gene and crop Biotechnology, M.J. Chrispeel and D.E. Sadava ASPB

2003.

2. Textbook of Environmental Biotechnology, P.K Mohapatra, I K International

Publications, Mumbai 2006.

3. Environmental Chemistry, A.K.De, Willey Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Microbial Ecology- Fundamentals and applications. Ronald. M. Atlas, Richard

Bartha. Pearson Education. 2005.

5. Advances in Industrial Waste water treatment. P.K. Goel. (First Edition).

Technosound Publications. 1999

Reference:

6. Wastewater Engineering- Treatment, Disposal and Resuse, Metcalf and Eddy,

Inc., Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi.1999

7. Comprehensive Biotechnology, vol.4, M. Moo- Young (Ed-in-chief), Pergamon

Press, Oxford.

8. Introduction to Biodeterioration. D. Allsopp and K.J. Seal, ELBS/Edward Arnold.

9. Bioremediation Engineering: design and Application. Cookson, J.T. McGraw-

Hill, Inc.1995

10. Environmental Biotechnology – Basic concepts and applications, Indu Shekhar

Thakur, I K International publications. 2006


42

LABORATORY III


Credits: 08

1. Introduction to Animal Cell Culture and lay out of Animal Cell Culture

Laboratory

2. Hemocytometry

3. Cell viability

4. Study of various symptoms produced in plants due to virus infection.

5. Study of viral diseases of plants/animals/human (Specimen/photographs)

6. Different type of viruses (Photographs/sketches).

7. Raising virus free plants through apical meristem culture.

8. Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.

9. Determination of total dissolved solids of water.

10. Determination of dissolved oxygen concentration of water sample.

11. Determination of biological oxygen demand (BOD) of sewage sample.

12. Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of sewage sample.

13. Estimation of nitrate in drinking water.

14. Growth Kinetics .

15. Wine Production.

16. Citric Acid fermentation

17. Determination of Biomass Yield

18. Isolation of Xenobiont degrading microorganisms.

19. Determination of Thermal Death Point

20. To test the production of enzymes: Amylases, proteases, lipases and cellulases by

microorganisms.

21. Isolation and identification of common microorganisms spoiling food (Fungi and

bacteria).

22. Preparation of fermented foods (koji, Saukeraut) and fermented beverages (soya

sauce, alcohol).

23. Determination of number of bacteria in milk by

-Standard plate count

-Direct microscopic count

24. Testing of milk by MBRT

25. Turbidity Test for Milk

26. Test for pasteurization of milk

27. Coliform Test for milk

28. Detection of Coliforms for determination of purity of potable water.

29. Determination of TDS of water sample.

30. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen concentration of water sample.

31. Determination if Biological Oxygen Demand of sewage sample.

32. Determination Chemical Oxygen Demand of sewage sample.

33. Determination the efficiency of removal of air pollutant using fibrous air filter.

34. Isolation of xenobiont degrading bacteria by selective enrichment techniques.

Any other practical based on theory syllabus

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