Internal Systems – Introduction

Cellular respiration is the __________________________________ that takes place in all

cells, to _________________________________________________________.

Several internal systems interact to ensure that this reaction can take place in the cells:

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

RESPIRATORY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

ALL CELLS

NERVOUS EXCRETORY SYSTEM SYSTEM

The Organization of Life

Level Definition Examples

Tiny particles that make up atoms.

The smallest units of matter that have the properties of an element.

Particles that form when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together.

Very large molecules.

Structures within cells that have a specific structure and function.

The smallest units of life.

A collection of organized cells that carry out a specific function.

A collection of cells and tissues that perform a specific function.

A collection of organs and tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

A collection of organ systems that work together as a unit.

All of one type of organism living in the same area.

All of the living things living and interacting in the same area.

All of the living and non-living things interacting in the same area.

All of the ecosystems that are adapted to life in the same area.

All of the world’s biomes.

Animals: Structure and Function

Animals are multicellular, hetertrophs. The first animals from Kingdom ____________________were multicellular but had no specific____________________. As animals became more complex 4 main tissue types developed: ______________________tissue (covers exterior and interior surfaces), ______________tissue, ________________ tissue (bone, adipose, tendons, blood), and ____________ tissue.

Our internal systems function to maintain homeostasis (balance) within the body. They do this in part by ensuring that cellular respiration takes place in all cells.

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Organs (made of groups of tissue with the same function) make up organ systems. We will be studying the following three systems:

1. digestive system

2. circulatory system

3. repiratory system

Introduction to Digestion

Foods are made of ______________________________. These molecules are too ___________ to pass through ____________________________ and into cells, so they must be broken down into their original ___________________ (building blocks) in order to be ___________________.

The digestive process involves: 1. ____________________: the process of taking food _________ the body 2. ____________________: the process in which ___________ pieces of food are gradually broken

down into their _____________________________ 3. _____________________: the _________________ of nutrients from the digestive system into the

_______________________ 4. _________________: the process of _____________________ undigested material from the body

There are two types of digestion: 1. ___________________ digestion is the _________________ breakdown of large ____________

__________________ into smaller pieces, for example by _______________ or _______________. The food particles are often _____________ with ________________ at the same time.

2. ___________________ digestion is the _________________ breakdown of large _______________ into smaller __________________ by the action of digestive ________________ and ___________.

Chemical digestion takes place in __________, breaking the macromolecules into one or more _______ ______________ breakdown products and then finally into its smallest molecules (subunits). These are:

Nutrient in Food

Intermediate Breakdown Products

Final Breakdown Products (subunits)

Enzymes Involved

carbohydrates (starch, glycogen)

disaccharides

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

lipids (mainly fats)

fat droplets fatty acids and glycerol

proteins

polypeptide chains (protein “fragments”)

amino acids

Review of Enzymes and Hydrolysis Reactions: ­ macromolecules are broken into their ________________ by ___________________ reactions in

which ____________ is used to break a __________________________ ­ these reactions are ________________ by protein molecules called _________________ ­ each enzyme acts on only one specific molecule, called a _________________, so many

_________________ enzymes are needed

­ enzymes are produced by specialized _________ or ______________ of cells called _____________

­ enzymes are __________________ ­ enzymes work best under specific conditions of ______ and ______________________. Changing

the conditions changes the shape of enzyme’s _______________________ and _______________ the enzyme so it no longer works

The Human Digestive System

THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN HUMANS

THE MOUTH

-teeth ______________________________ingested food into smaller pieces

(______________helps) (MD)

-during process, food is ____________________secreted from 3 pairs of ________________

-saliva: 1) ______________________________________ food so it is easier to swallow (MD)

2) an enzyme (called __________________________) starts the CD of starch (CD)

-tongue rolls food into a ball (_______), which is pushed to back of mouth for swallowing (MD) -swallowing: -____________________ of roof of mouth moves up (_____________________)

-_______________ moves up to _______________ (_____________________)

-food enters ___________________ -__________________________ of esophagus contract above bolus, ___________________

-contraction __________ and moves like a ________ down esophagus, pushing food

ahead of it (this is called ________________________) (see Figure 10.16, p. 341)

THE STOMACH

_______________________ - ring of muscle between ____________

and ____________. Opens to let food ___________________, then

closes to __________________________________ into esophagus

-stomach is a ________________________ that stretches as it fills

(see Figure 10.13, p. 339)

-muscular contractions of stomach __________________________________ (mixes food with

_______________________and ___________________________________________)

-mixing process aided by ____________ (___________) along stomach lining (MD)

-__________________ within folds of rugae ______________________________ that contain

___________________________________________________

enzymes: 1) the enzyme ____________ begins to break ____________ down into

smaller ________________ (aided by _______) (CD)

2) the enzyme ____________ is secreted to break ________ into _______

___________________, but it will not become active until it reaches the

__________________environment of the small intestine (CD)

HCl: 1) _________________ in the breakdown of _________________ (CD)

2) breaks down __________________________________________ (CD)

mucus: forms a __________________________ for stomach lining \ __________________

__________________of lining by ______and __________ (instead, ____________

is digested and continually ______________ from glands below)

-food has now become a _________________ (called _____________) -a few substances (______________________________, etc) are ___________________

from stomach into _____________________

-rest of food moves on to ___________________________ for further digestion

_____________________________ - ring of muscle between __________________ and

____________________________

-allows chyme to enter small intestine at a __________________________

THE SMALL INTESTINE

-2.5 cm wide X 6 m long

-_____________ and ____________ many times to fit into abdomen

-3 regions: 1) ___________________ (about 25 cm) ______________________________

2) ______________ (about 2.5 m) and _____________________________

3) ___________ (about 3 m) → _________________________________

A) Completion of Digestion

(occurs as food (chyme) moves along _________ of small intestine by ________________)

-chyme is next mixed with ___________________________ from 3 different places (the

___________ of these juices is triggered by food _____________________________):

1) liver: produces a _____________ liquid (called _____) made from _____________

bile: 1) helps _______________ acid in chyme

2) ______________________ enzymes (previously made in stomach)

3) ____________________ (breaks fat globules into tiny fat droplets) so that _________ enzymes can attack them better

-bile is _________ in __________________ and released as gall bladder __________;

squirting bile down ___________ into _________________ (where it mixes with chyme)

The liver has other functions as well:

• Breaks down old blood cells

• Recycles decomposed haemoglobin

• Stores sugar / vitamins (A, D, E, K)

• Detoxifies poisons and chemicals in food

2) pancreas: produces __________________________ that contain:

1) __________________________ (helps ___________ acid in chyme)

2) _____ different types of ________________________ (help complete chemical digestion)

3) intestinal glands: -line duodenum

-secrete ___________________ that help complete chemical digestion

CD continues as these secretions mixed with chyme move along the ____________of the

small intestine (and jejunum), at a rate of about _______________ (this takes about __ hours)

B) Absorption of Nutrients

(occurs as food moves along __________ of s.i. by peristalsis)

-CD has been ________________, and chyme now consists of simplest nutrients possible

(____________________________________________________________________)

that are now ready to be absorbed into bloodstream

-_____________________ (microscopic projections from folds) and ________________

(projections from villi) ______________________________________ of small intestine

-this allows ________________ of nutrients into _________________ to occur more

____________________

-function of villi is to ____________________________________________________

-structure increases surface area to help with absorption

Absorption Process:

-______________________ and ________________ diffuse through cells of _________

directly into ________________________________

-before these absorbed nutrients circulate body, they are carried to ___________ by

_______________________________

-__________________ and _____________ diffuse through cells of _________ into

_______________________ (where they enter ___________________________ and

will eventually enter circulatory system)

-remaining material is essentially _______________________

-it is passed along to ________________________ where it will become ___________

THE LARGE INTESTINE

-8 cm wide X 1.5 m long

-inverted “u”shape

-divided into 3 sections: ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon

______________________- ring of muscle between __________ and

___________________ that controls passage of materials into ______________________

major functions of the large intestine:

1) ____________________ and ________________________ from wastes (as wastes move

along large intestine, water and minerals are _________________________________)

2) _____________ living here further __________________________________ and the large

intestine transfers the resulting nutrients into bloodstream

3) these bacteria synthesize__________________, which are ______________with the water

4) feces are ____________________by muscular contraction in preparation for disposal

RECTUM AND ANUS

-muscular contractions move feces to ____________ for ___________________________

-when full, walls of rectum _______________

-this is signal to ___________________________________________

-_________________________________ contract and expel feces.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – THINGS THAT GO WRONG

Condition Cause + Symptoms Treatment or Cure

Achalasia

Acid Reflux

Ulcer

Celiac Disease

Constipation

Diverticulosis

Appendicitis

Cirrhosis