Internal Formative Evaluation: Theory and Practice - Bengali

1

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚òı

ì˛_¥ Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ

îüõ ˆ◊!í

˛ô!ÓÑ˛“òy Á !òõ≈yí

!Ó Ïü°ÏK˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yîÆÓ˚

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î

77/2ñ ˛ôyÑ≈ !fi› Δ›˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ700 016

2

≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ı ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2016

≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ ı

òÓò#ì˛y â˛ƒy›˛y!ã≈

¢!â˛Óñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î

77/2ñ ˛ôyÑ≈ !fi› Δ›˛ñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ700 016

õ%oÑ˛ ı

ÁˆÏÎ˚fi›˛ ˆÓAÜú ˆ›˛:›˛Ó%Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ˛ôy≈ˆÏÓ˚üò

S˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ v z ÏîƒyÜV

Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÈÙÈ700 056

3

¢) !â˛ ˛ ô e

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚òı ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ!Ó!ïÓ˚ !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y 5

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ôÂï!ì˛ÈÙÈ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy 6

xhs˛Ó≈ì˛#≈ ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ôÂï!ì˛¢õ)£ Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ ÏÑ˛Ôüú 7

!Ó°ÏÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ òõ%òy ı

ÓyÇúy 9

£zÇ ÏÓ!ã 14

Ü!íì˛ 18

ã#Óò!ÓK˛yò Á ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü 22

ˆ¶˛Ôì˛!ÓK˛yò Á ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü 28

£z!ì˛£y¢ Á ô!Ó ÏÓü 37

¶) ˆÏÜyú Á ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü 42

õ)úƒyÎò ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y 47

5

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚òı ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ!Ó!ïÓ˚ !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢ÓÑ˛y ÏÓÓ !ÓîƒyúÎ !ü«˛y îÆ ÏÓÓ !Ó Ïü°ÏK˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó ¢ ÏAÜ xy Ïúyâ˛òy ¢y Ï ô Ï«˛ ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ô°Ï≈îñ ô°Ï≈ ÏîÓ xò% Ïõyîò≤ÃyÆ

¢õhfl˛ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ 2016 ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ xò%¢Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ òì% ò ˛ôy‡˛Ñ õ Á ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛ÈÙÈxò%ÎyÎ˚# õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ Ó) ô ÏÓ˚Öy !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛

!ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚!äÈú– !Ó Ïü°ÏK˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢% ôy!Ó˚ ÏüÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ïì˛ 2016 !ü«˛yÓ Ï°Ï≈ îüõ ◊!íÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ¢%¤% ¶˛y ÏÓ

¢¡ôyî ÏòÓ ú Ï«˛ƒ õïƒ!ü«˛y ô°Ï≈îÈÙÈÑ˛ì,≈ Ñ˛ Óì≈ õyò !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ Ïúy ıÈ

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ «˛ Ïe ≤Ãî_ äÈÎ˚ ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ôÂï!ì˛ xò%¢,ì˛ £ ÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ1. ¢õ#«˛y SSurveyVñ 2. ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ôy‡˛ SNature StudyVñ

3. ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí SCase StudyVñ 4. ¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy SCreative WritingVñ 5. õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí SModel MakingVñ 6. !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚

¢£yÎì˛y !ò ÏÎ õ)úƒyÎ Ïò xÇü@˘Ã£í SOpen Textbook EvaluationV–

˛ôy‡˛ƒ 7!›˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚£z xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe v z ô ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ü«˛yÓ Ï°Ï≈ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛y Ïòy !ì˛ò!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò

Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈y ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xò%¢,ì˛ £ ÏÓ– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ Óy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ì§ y ÏîÓ˚ fl ∫yï#ò

!â˛hs˛y¶˛yÓòy xò%¢y ÏÓ ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°Ï ÏÎÓ ¢ ÏAÜ ¢yõO¢ƒ Ó ÏÖ ~£z äÈÎ!›˛Ó õïƒ Ì ÏÑ˛ ÎÈÙÈ ÏÑ˛y Ïòy !ì˛ò!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ôyÓ ÏÓò– ì, ì˛#Î˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ #

≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ Ïò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ¢£z !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÓ–

1. xhs˛Ó≈ì ≈# ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ !üÖ ÏòÓ v z Ïj Ïüƒ !üÖòÈÙÈ!ü«˛í ≤Ã!Ñ ÎyÎ xyÓ!üƒÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓÏ xhs˛¶≈% =˛ £ ÏÓ–

2. ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ !õÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ xy ÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô ÏÓ≈ ˆ◊!íÑ˛ Ï«˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í ˛ô!Ó˚¢ ÏÓ˚ â˛y˛ôõ%=˛ Á !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !Ó ÏÓâ˛òyü!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á K˛y ÏòÓ˚

≤Ãy ÏÎ˚y!ÜÑ˛ î«˛ì˛y Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ xò%Ñ) ú £ ÏÓ–

3. õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ˆ◊!í!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ xAÜyAÜ#¶˛y ÏÓ Î%=˛ ÌyÑ˛ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !Ó ÏÓâ˛òyü!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á K˛y ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy ÏÎ˚y!ÜÑ˛ î«˛ì˛y

Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ xò%Ñ) ú £ ÏÓ–

4. xhs˛Ó≈ì˛#≈ ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ ≤Ã!Ñ Îy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢,ãòü#ú !ü«˛í ~ÓÇ òì% ò òì% ò ôÂï!ì˛Ó v zî‰¶˛yÓò ≤Ãì˛ƒy!üì˛ñ õ)úƒyÎò ôÂï!ì˛

˛ô!ÓÑ˛“òyÓ ¢õÎ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ !Ó!â˛e Á !Ó!¶˛ß â˛y!£îy Á î«˛ì˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ òãÓ ÓyÖy ãÓ%!Ó– ¢õhfl˛ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ Îy Ïì˛ xyÓ!üƒÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í

Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒ ÏÑ˛ Îò úy¶˛Óyò £Î˚ ¢!î ÏÑ˛ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚ö˛ Ì ÏÑ˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈ î,!T˛ Ó˚yÖy ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò–

5. ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ÈÙÈÓyrïÓ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ â˛y!£îyÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ¢yÎ%ãƒ ˆÓ˚ ÏÖ ¢õ#«˛yñ

≤ÃÑ, !ì˛˛ôy‡˛ñ Èˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïíñ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Óâ˛òyñ õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí ~ÓÇ !üÖòÈÙÈ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó ¢£yÎì˛yÎ õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ äÈÎ!›˛ «˛ Ïe £y Ïì˛ Ñ˛ú Ïõ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ

≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ Á Ñ˛y!‡˛òƒõyey !òï≈yÓí Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò ~ÓÇ ¢£z xò%ÎyÎ# xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ ôÂï!ì˛Á !òÓ% ôí Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò– !Ó!¶˛ß !Ó°Ï ÏÎÓ

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ v z ô ÏÎyÜ# !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È òõ%òy xò%ü#úò# ~Öy Ïò !î ÏÎ îÁÎy £ Ïúy–

6. xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ñ˛ì,≈ Ñ˛ Ü,£#ì˛ v zqyÓò# ôÂï!ì˛!›˛£z ≤Ãyïyòƒ ôy ÏÓ– ô!Ó˚íyõ# !¢Âïyhs˛!›˛ òÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ü«˛yÌ≈#ÛÓ˚ !â˛hs˛y

≤Ã!Ñ Îy!›˛ õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ xyÁì˛yÎ xy¢y ÓyN˛ò#Î–

7. xhs˛Ó≈ì˛#≈ ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ◊!íÑ˛ Ï«˛ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !ú!Öì˛ ò!Ìñ Îy ◊!í !ü«˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ì,≈ Ñ˛ ≤Ãî_ Á õ)úƒy!Î˚ì˛

~ÓÇ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ Ñ˛ì,≈ Ñ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒ!Î˚ì˛ £ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓñ òÓõ ˆ◊!í ¢õyÆ òy £ÁÎ˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ äÈye ÏÑ˛ ì˛y ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛y Ïòy

¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ãõy !î Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–

8. xhs˛Ó≈ì˛#≈ õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ v zqyÓò# !üÖòÈÙÈ!ü«˛í ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò äÈye/äÈye# !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ v z ôy ÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ î«˛ì˛yÜ%!ú ≤ÃÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚

¢% ÏÎyÜ ôy ÏÓ ı

~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ/á›˛òy /˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛ / äÈ!Ó ÏÑ˛ !ò ÏãÓ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ Óí≈òy–

˛ôÓÓì≈ # xò%¢rïyòÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ /á›˛òy /˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛/äÈ!Ó ÏÑ˛ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ ÏÓ òì% ò v zîy£Óíñ !ÓÑ˛“ ÓƒyÖƒyñ !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!¶˛!_Ñ˛ òì% ò

ü∑¢Ω˛yÓ˚ v zqyÓò Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ–

!ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°ÏÎyò%Ü v zqyÓò# õì˛yõì˛ Á ¢% ôy!Óü ≤Ãîyò–

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢)eñ ïyÓ˚íyñ ≤Ãì˛Ñ≈ ñ Ñ˛ ÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò ≤Ã¶, !ì˛Ó˚ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í–

!ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎÓ !ò!Ó ÏÖ Ñ˛y Ïòy ïyÓíyÓ v z ôfiÌy˛ôò xÌÓy ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïy Ïò v zqyÓò# ≤Ã!Ñ ÎyÎ ¢% ôy!Óü–

!ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎÓ !ò!Ó ÏÖ !Ó!¶˛ß !Ó°ÏÎ/á›˛òy/˛ô!Ó ÏÓü/˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛ ÈÙÈxò%ÎyÎ# !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£íñ xò%õyò Á v z_Ó xò%¢rïyò–

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ fl ∫ì˛s˛f Á õÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,!T˛ü#úì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢Ó≈îy ¢ì˛Ñ≈ òãÓ˚ Ó˚yÖ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–

6

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ÈÙÈ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy

1. ¢õ#«˛y SSurveyV ı

ˆÑ˛y Ïòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%!ò!î≈T˛ v z Ïjüƒ Óy ô)Ó≈ÈÙÈ!ò Ïî≈!üì˛ x¶˛#T˛ xã≈ ÏòÓ ú Ï«˛ƒ ÎÖò ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Óy £Î ~ÓÇ ¢£z ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ï ÏíÓ ö˛ Ïú ì˛y

¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ !¢Âïyhs˛ xã≈ Ïò ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ ÏÓñ xyõÓy ¢£z ≤Ã!Ñ Îy!›˛ ÏÑ˛£z ¢õ#«˛y Ó Ïú Ìy!Ñ˛ Sˆv˛!¶˛ò Ñ˛yÎyú!ã‰Ñ˛ñ 2013V– xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ ì˛#Ñ˛yú#ò

õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ «˛ Ïe ¢õ#«˛yÓ ≤Ã!Ñ Îy!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎÈÙÈ Ñ˛!wÑ˛ñ ¢%ì˛ÓyÇ ì˛y ¢%!ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎÓ ≤Ãì˛ƒy!üì˛ !üÖò ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò á›˛yÎ– !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó

¢ Ïâ˛ì˛ò ì˛_¥yÓïy Ïò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Óy ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ ~ÓÇ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ï ÏíÓ !ò!Ó ÏÖ !üÖòÈÙÈ¢£yÎÑ˛ Á Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ @˘Ã£ Ïí ¢õÌ≈ £Î–

2. ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí SCase StudyV ı

ˆÑ˛y Ïòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ á›˛òy/Ü“ Óy ô!Ó˚ Ï≤Ã!«˛ì˛ ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛w Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ «˛e!Ó ÏŸ’°ÏÏí ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚y!›˛ ÏÑ˛ Ü Ïv ¸ ì˛yúy £Î˚– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ~£z á›˛òy/Ü“ Óy ô!Ó˚ Ï≤Ã!«˛ì˛

!ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ Ïò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyhfl˛Ó@˘Ãy£ƒñ ã!›˛ú ~ÓÇ m®μõÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– ~£z á›˛òyÑ ÏõÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ !ò!£ì˛ !mïyÈÙÈm®μ Óy ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛ ÏÑ˛

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Óy ì§ y ÏîÓ x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ≤Ã ÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ ÏÓ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Óy ¢õyïy Ïò ì˛Í˛ôÓ £Î– ~Ó ö˛ Ïú !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°ÏÎ Óy ô!Ó Ï≤Ã!«˛ì˛ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Óy Îõò

Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛y ÏÓ ¶˛yÓ Ïì˛ ˆü ÏÖñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õò£z ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy xã≈ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– ~£z ˆ«˛ Ïe ˆÑ˛y Ïòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !üÖòÈÙÈ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ì˛!ú ÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓyÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c ÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò v z ôú!kï Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ñ ˆì˛õò£z ~Ñ˛£z¶˛y ÏÓ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ì˛!›˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ Óy õ)úƒ ÏÓy ÏïÓ˚

ÎyÌyÌ≈ƒ ÏÑ˛ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ xò%≤Ãy!íì˛ £Î˚–

3. ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ôy‡˛ SNature StudyV ı

≤ÃÑ, !ì˛È˛ôy‡˛ ÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!Ñ Îy !£ Ï¢ ÏÓ ¶˛yÓ Ïú Óúy ÎyÎñ Ñ˛y Ïòy !Ñ˛ä%È ÏÑ˛ xyõÓy Î¶˛y ÏÓ î!Ö ~ÓÇ ¢£z îÖyÓ !ò!Ó ÏÖ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!›˛ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈

ˆÎ ÎÌyÎÌ !¢Âïy Ïhs˛ v z ôò#ì˛ ££zñ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛È˛ôy‡˛ ¢£z ôÂï!ì˛!›˛Ó£z !òÎ≈y¢ S£y£zv˛ Ó£z!úñ 1904V– !üÖ ÏòÓ xAÜ !£ Ï¢ ÏÓ â˛yÓ˛ôy ÏüÓ ÜyäÈ˛ôyúyñ

˛ôü%ÈÙÈ˛ôy!Ö ~ÓÇ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô Ö§%!›˛ ÏÎ˚ ôÎ≈ ÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛È˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó˚ x!Ó ÏFäÈîƒ xÇü– ì˛y£z ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó˚ õyïƒ Ïõ Î%!=˛ÈÙÈ!ò¶≈ Ó˚ Á

!ÓK˛yòõòfl˛Ò î,!T¶˛!AÜÓ ¢ ÏAÜ Óƒ!=˛ÈÙÈx!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ xò%¶) !ì˛ ~ÓÇ !ò ÏãÓ ôy!Ó˛ôyŸª≈ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ¢õß∫Î á Ï›˛–

4. õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí (Model Making) ıõ Ïv˛ú £ Ïúy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y‡˛y Ïõy Óy òõ%òy Óy Ö¢v ¸y SÎy Óhfl$ Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ, ì˛ xyÑ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ˆäÈy Ï›˛y Óy Ó Ïv ¸y £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚V– xyÓyÓ˚ ¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó

!ã!ò¢ äÈyv ¸yÁ õ Ïv˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ õyò¢ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ Ü‡˛òÁ £ Ïì˛ ôy ÏÓ˚ Sõ%ƒúyÓ˚ ¢y ÏÎ˚™ñ 1971V– õyòÓ õ ÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛y Ïòy ïyÓ˚íy Óy Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛

!â˛hs˛yÓ Î%!=˛!¢Âï ≤ÃÑ˛yü á Ï›˛ õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈y ÏíÓ õyïƒ Ïõ– ~£z ôÂï!ì˛ Ïì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Óy £y Ïì˛ Ñ˛ú Ïõ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ õyïƒ Ïõ Ñ˛y Ïòy !Óõ)ì≈ ïyÓíy Óy !â˛hs˛y ÏÑ˛

Óyhfl˛Ó@˘Ãy£ƒ õ)ì≈ Ó) ô !î Ïì˛ ü ÏÖ– Ñ˛y Ïòy !Óõ)ì≈ ïyÓíyÓ !mÈÙÈõy!eÑ˛ Óy !eÈÙÈõy!eÑ˛ Ó) ô õ Ïv˛ ÏúÓ ¢y£y ÏÎƒ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î– õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈y ÏíÓ ¢y£y ÏÎƒ

!ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ Îõò ¢õy Ïúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ ~ÓÇ ¢,!T˛ü#ú !â˛hs˛y ¶˛yÓòy Ü Ïv˛ Á‡˛yÓ ¢% ÏÎyÜ Ìy ÏÑ˛ñ ì˛õò£z ~Ñ˛£z¢ ÏAÜ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïy Ïò î«˛ì˛y

~ÓÇ !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£ ÏíÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒÁ x!ã≈ì˛ £Î˚–

5. ¢,!T˛ü#ú Óâ˛òy SCreative WritingV ı

¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ ¢,!T˛ü#ú !â˛hs˛y ~ÓÇ ¢õy Ïúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚ xÌ≈ ô)í≈ ≤ÃÑ˛yü á Ï›˛– ~ Ï«˛ Ïe !Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !üÖòÈÙÈ¢yõÌ≈ƒ

xã≈ ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚y !£ Ï¢ ÏÓñ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy òyõÑ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ á›˛ ÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ü#ú !â˛hs˛y ~ÓÇ ¢õy Ïúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚

ÓƒÓ£y!ÓÑ˛ â˛â≈ y ì §yÓ Ó£%õ%Ö# !üÖòÈÙÈ˛ô!ÓÑ˛“òy ÏÑ˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ Ó) ô îÎ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ !ú!Öì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y Ïü ÎÖò Ñ˛y Ïòy !Ó°ÏÎ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ fl ∫FäÈ ïyÓíy

˛ô!Ófl˛≥% ›˛ £Îñ ì˛Öò ¢ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ¢£yÎì˛yÎ ¢£z ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ !Ó°ÏÎ!›˛Ó òy®!òÑ˛ õ)úƒ ÏÑ˛ õ)úƒyÎ ÏòÓ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ xã≈ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ–

6. ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ Á !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó ¢£yÎì˛yÎ õ)úƒyÎÏò SOpen Textbook Evaluation V ı~£z !üÖò ≤Ã!Ñ Îy!›˛ ã#Ó ÏòÓ Óyhfl˛Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á xò%¶) !ì˛Ó ¢ ÏAÜ ¢Óy¢!Ó ¢ÇÎ%=˛– !üÖ ÏòÓ õ)ú v z Ïjüƒ Î ò#!ì˛ ÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y

úy¶˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓñ ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ Á !üÖòÈ ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó ¢£yÎì˛yÎ õ)úƒyÎò ≤Ã!Ñ Îy!›˛ Ïì˛Á ì˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò á Ï›˛– ◊!í!üÖ ÏòÓ ÎÌyÎÌ xyîyò ≤Ãîyò ~ÓÇ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛

xÇü@˘Ã£íÁ ~£z ôÂï!ì˛Ó «˛ Ïe !Ó ÏÓâ˛ƒ– ì˛y£z x!ã≈ì˛ !üÖò ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ â˛â≈ y !Ñ˛ÇÓy ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛ú Ïò£z ~!›˛ ¢#õyÓÂï Ìy ÏÑ˛ òyñ !üÖòÈÙÈî«˛ì˛y ÏÑ˛ òyòyò

¶˛yÓÈ Á Ó) Ï ô Ñ˛y Ïã úyÜy ÏòyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ò á Ï›˛– ~ Ï«˛ Ïe !ü«˛yÌ≈# Ó£%õy!eÑ˛ !üÖòÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£ Ïí î«˛ £ ÏÎ˚

Á Ï‡˛ÙÙÙÈˆÎõò ¢ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈Óy£# xÇü!›˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ü ÏÖñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛õò x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ Óy ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛õ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈

xÇü ÏÑ˛ ô!Ó˚£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢# £Î˚– ö˛úfl ∫Ó) ô ¢ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ôy Ï‡˛Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ ì˛ÌƒÈÙÈì˛ Ï_¥Ó˚ Óv ¸yãyú !v˛!à ÏÎ˚ñ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ôy‡˛!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛w#Î˚ ¶˛yÓòy

Óy ïyÓ˚íy!›˛Ó˚ õ Ïõ≈yÂïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £Î˚–

ì, ì˛#Î˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ Ïò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÓ–

˛ôy‡

˛Ñ õ

Ñ˛!w

Ñ˛ Á

◊

!í!ü

Öò !ò¶≈Ó

˛ôÂï

!ì˛Ó

òyõ

(Nam

e of

the

Met

hod)

˛ôÂï

!ì˛ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚Ñ˛ (A

bout

the

Met

hod)

!üÖ

ò v

zÏjü

ƒ

(Lea

rnin

g O

bjec

tive)

≤Ãì

˛ƒy!ü

ì˛ !

üÖ

ò ¢

yõÌ

≈ƒ

(Exp

ecte

d Le

arni

ng O

utco

me)

≤ÃÑ

˛Ó˚í

ÙÈ≤Ã!Ñ

Î˚y

(Pro

cess

-Met

hodo

logy

)òõ%òy

Exam

ple

ˆ◊!í

!üÖ

ÏòÓ ã

òƒ

!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ≤

Ã!Ñ Î

˚y

(Met

hodo

logy

)

!Ó°ÏÎ!¶

˛!_Ñ˛ ò

õ%ò

y

(Sub

ject

-spe

cific

Exam

ple)

xhs

˛Ó≈ì˛#≈

≤Ãhfl

$˛!ì˛Ñ

˛yú#ò

õ)ú

ƒyÎ˚ÏòÓ

˚ ãòƒ

!òï≈y!Ó

˚ì˛ ˛ô

Âï!ì

˛¢õ

)£ Á

≤Ã

ÏÎ˚yÜ

ÏÑ˛Ôü

ú

7

1. ¢

õ#«

˛y

SSu

rvey

V

!ò

!î≈T˛

ˆ≤Ã!«

˛ˆÏì

˛Ó˚ !ò

!Ó˚ˆÏÖ

˛ô!Ó

˚!â˛ì

˛ ~

ÓÇ

x˛ô

!Ó˚!â

˛ì˛

vzô

yîy

ÏòÓ ì

˛Ìƒ ¢

Ç@˘Ã£

–

Ñ˛y

ÏãÓ ô

Î≈yÎ

Ñ õ

!ò

ï≈yÓ

í Á

xò

%¢Óí

Ñ˛Ó

y–

¢

ÇÜ,£#ì

˛ ì˛ÏÌ

ƒÓ ~

Ñ˛e

#Ñ˛Ó

í

~

Ñ˛!e

ì˛ ì

˛ÏÌ

ƒÓ !Ó

ÏŸ’°

Ïí Á

ÓƒyÖ

ƒy–

!¢

Âïyhs

˛ ò

!ÌÓÂï

Ñ˛Ó

˚í ~

ÓÇ

õ)ú

ƒyÎò

–

ì˛Ì

ƒ¢Ç@

˘Ã£–

¢ÇÜ

,£#ì

˛ ì˛ÏÌ

ƒÓ !Ó

ÏŸ’°

Ïí ~

ÓÇ

!¢Âï

yhs˛

@˘Ã£

ÏíÓ ¢

yõyÌ

≈ƒ x

ã≈ò

–

!ü

«˛yÌ

≈#ÏîÓ !ò

!î≈T˛

≤Ã!«

˛ì˛

ˆîÁ

Î˚y

£ÏÓ– ˆ

¢£z ˆ

≤Ã!«

˛Ïì˛Ó

˚

!ò!Ó

˚ˆÏÖ

!ü

«˛yÌ

≈#Ó˚y

îú

Üì

˛/

~Ñ˛Ñ

˛¶˛y

ÏÓ ì

˛Ìƒ¢

Ç@˘Ã£

Ñ˛Ó

˚ÏÓ–

¢ÇÜ

,£#ì

˛ ì

˛ˆÏÌ

ƒÓ˚ !Ó

ˆÏŸ

’°Ïí

È

ÙÈõ

)úƒy

Î˚ò

¢

¡∫!ú

ì˛

ò

!Ì

!ü!«

˛Ñ˛y/

!ü«

˛ÏÑ˛Ó

˚ Ñ˛y

ÏäÈ ã

õy

ˆîÏÓ–

!Ó

!¶˛ß

!Ó°ÏÎ!¶

˛!_Ñ˛

vzîy£

ÓÏíÓ ã

òƒ !ò

!î≈T˛

!Ó°ÏÏÎ

Ó ¢

ÇÏÎy!ã

ì˛ x

Çü

ˆîÖ

%ò–

2. ≤

ÃÑ,!ì

˛˛ôy‡

˛

SNat

ure S

tudy

V

â˛

yÓ˚˛ô

yˆÏü

Ó˚

˛ô!Ó

˚ˆÏÓ

ü

SÜ

yäÈ˛ô

yúyñ

˛ô

ü%ÈÙÈ˛ô

y!Ö

~

ÓÇ

õyò

%ˆÏ°

ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ

≈Ñ˛ú

y˛ô ¢

¡∫!ú

ì˛

!Ó!¶

˛ß á

›˛ò

yV ô

Î≈ÏÓ

«˛í

–

˛ô

!OÑ˛Ó

í–

˛ô

!OÑ,ì

˛ ì˛ÏÌ

ƒÓ x

ò%ïyÓ

ò–

˛ô

Î≈ÏÓ

«˛í

~ÓÇ

¢õ

yÏú

yâ˛ò

yõ)ú

Ñ˛ î

,!T˛¶

˛!AÜ

Ü‡˛ò

–

!ü«

˛yÌ

≈#ˆÏîÓ

˚ !ò

!î≈T˛

!Ó°

ÏÎ˚

ˆîÁ

Îy £

ÏÓ–

ì˛yÓ

y ¢

£z !Ó°ÏÏÎ

Ó

Ö§%%!›˛ò

y!›˛ ô

Î≈ÏÓ

«˛í

Ñ˛ÏÓ î

úÜ

ì˛/

~Ñ˛Ñ

˛¶˛yˆÏÓ

õ

ì˛yõ

ì˛

¢¡

∫!úì

˛

≤Ã!ì

˛ˆÏÓ

îò

≤

Ãhfl$˛ì

˛ Ñ

˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ

–

!ü!«

˛Ñ˛y/

!ü«

˛ÏÑ˛Ó

Ñ˛y

ÏäÈ ì

˛y ã

õy

ˆîÏÓ–

!Ó

!¶˛ß

!Ó°ÏÎ!¶

˛!_Ñ˛

vzîy£

ÏíÓ ã

òƒ !ò

!î≈T˛

!Ó°ÏÏÎ

Ó

¢Ç

ÏÎy!ã

ì˛ x

Çü

îÖ

%ò–

˛ôy‡

˛Ñ õ

Ñ˛!w

Ñ˛ Á

◊

!í!ü

Öò !ò¶≈Ó

˛ôÂï

!ì˛Ó

òyõ

(Nam

e of

the

Met

hod)

˛ôÂï

!ì˛ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚Ñ˛ (A

bout

the

Met

hod)

!üÖ

ò v

zÏjü

ƒ

(Lea

rnin

g O

bjec

tive)

≤Ãì

˛ƒy!ü

ì˛ !

üÖ

ò ¢

yõÌ

≈ƒ

(Exp

ecte

d Le

arni

ng O

utco

me)

≤ÃÑ

˛Ó˚í

ÙÈ≤Ã!Ñ

Î˚y

(Pro

cess

-Met

hodo

logy

)òõ%òy

Exam

ple

ˆ◊!í

!üÖ

ÏòÓ ã

òƒ

!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ≤

Ã!Ñ Î

˚y

(Met

hodo

logy

)

!Ó°ÏÎ!¶

˛!_Ñ˛ ò

õ%ò

y

(Sub

ject

-spe

cific

Exam

ple)

8

3. ˆ

«˛e

!Ó

ÏŸ’°

Ïí

SCas

e St

udyV

!ò

!î≈T˛

á›˛

òyÓ

˚ !ò

!Ó˚ˆÏÖ

¢õ

¢ƒy

Ó

y !Ó

â˛yÎ

≈ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚

v˛z˛ô

ú!k

ï–

¢

õyï

yˆÏò

Ó˚

¢Ω

˛yÓ

ƒ

vzô

yÎÜ

%!ú !ò

ï≈yÓ

í–

˛ô

!Ó!fi

Ì!ì

˛Ó !Ó

â˛y

ÏÓ ¢

ÓÏâ˛

ÏÎ

vzô

Î%=˛ ¢

õyï

yò!›

˛ !ò

Ó%ô

í–

îú

Üì˛ /

~Ñ˛Ñ

˛¶˛y

ÏÓ ¢

õ¢

ƒy Ó

y !Óâ˛yÎ

≈ !Ó°ÏÎ !Ó

ÏŸ’°

Ïí–

¢

õyï

yò !ò

í≈Î–

¢

õyï

yò¢

)e x

yîyò

ÈÙÈ≤Ãî

yÏò

Ó ¢

yõÌ

≈ƒ x

ã≈ò

–

≤Ãî

_ x

ÓfiÌ

y / á

›˛ò

y /

ˆ≤Ã!«

˛ì˛ /

ô!Ó

˚!fiÌ

!ì˛ÈÙÈÓ

˚

!¶˛!_

Ïì˛ !

ü«

˛yÌ≈#Ó

y îú

Üì˛ /

~Ñ˛Ñ

˛¶˛y

ÏÓ ¢

õ¢

ƒy ¢

õyï

yÏò

Ó

¢Ïâ˛T˛

£ÏÓ–

!Ó

!¶˛ß

¨ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚!¶˛!_

Ñ˛

vzîy£

ÓÏíÓ ã

òƒ !ò

!î≈T˛ !Ó

°ÏÏÎ

Ó

¢Ç

ÏÎy!ã

ì˛ x

Çü

îÖ

%ò–

4. ¢

,!T˛ü

#ú Ó

˚â˛òy

S Cre

ativ

e W

ritin

gV

˛¢,!T

˛ü#ú

¶

˛yÓ

òyÓ

˚

˛ô!Ó

õyã

≈òñ

ô!Ó

Óï≈ò Á

!ú!Ö

ì˛

ˆõÔ!ú

Ñ˛ ≤

ÃÑ˛yü

–

ˆÑ

˛yÏò

y !ò

!î≈T˛

á›˛ò

y / !Ó°ÏÏÎ

!ü

«˛yÌ

≈# ì˛yÓ

õ

Ô!ú

Ñ˛

ïyÓ

˚íy

Á ¶

˛yÓò

yÓ˚ ¢

,ãò

ü#ú

≤ÃÑ

˛yü /

Óí

≈òyÓ

˚ xã

≈ò

Ñ˛Ó

ÏÓ–

!ü

«˛yÌ

≈#Óy Ñ

˛y“!ò

Ñ˛ ¢

Çúy˛ô

ñ

xò

%ÏFäÈî

ñ x

yÖƒyò

£zì˛ƒy

!î Ó

â˛ò

y

Ñ˛Ó

ÏÓ–

!Ó

!¶˛ß

¨ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚!¶˛!_

Ñ˛

vzîy£

ÓÏíÓ ã

òƒ !ò

!î≈T˛ !Ó

°ÏÏÎ

Ó

¢Ç

ÏÎy!ã

ì˛ x

Çü

îÖ

%ò–

5. õ

Ïv˛ú

!òõ

≈yí

SMod

el M

akin

gV

˛!Óõ

)ì≈ ¶

˛yÓò

y Óy ïyÓ

˚íy

ÏÑ˛

õ)ì≈ Ñ

˛Ó˚y–

¢

,ãòü

#ú ~

ÓÇ

ôÓ#«

yõ)ú

Ñ˛

Ñ˛y

ÏãÓ õ

yïƒ

Ïõ !ò

!î≈T˛

!Ó°ÏÎ

ÏÑ˛

!Óü

Ïî Ó

ƒyÖ

ƒy Ñ

˛Óy–

v

zîy£

Óí Ó

y î,T˛yhs

˛ ¢£

ÏÎy

ÏÜ

Ñ˛y

Ïòy !

ò!î

≈T˛ ï

yÓíy

ÏÑ˛

fl˛ô

T˛¶

˛yÏÓ Ó

ƒ=˛ Ñ

˛ÓyÓ

¢«

˛õì˛y–

˛!ü

«˛yÌ

≈#Ó˚y

!Ó!¶

˛ß¨ Ó

˚Ñ˛

ÏõÓ˚

õˆÏv

˛úñ

Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõ

yñ

â˛y›

≈˛ñ

¢õ

Î˚ÈÙÈ¢

yÓ˚í

# S!m

ÈÙÈõ

y!e

Ñ˛

/

!eÈÙÈõ

y!e

Ñ˛V

≤Ã¶

,!ì˛ Ñ

˛Ó˚ÏÓ

–

˛!Ó

!¶˛ß

¨ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚!¶˛!_

Ñ˛

vzîy£

ÓÏíÓ ã

òƒ !ò

!î≈T˛ !Ó

°ÏÏÎ

Ó

¢Ç

ÏÎy!ã

ì˛ x

Çü

îÖ

%ò–

6.

ôy‡

˛ƒ ô%hfl

˛Ñ˛ Á

!ü

Öò

¢yõ

@˘Ã#Ó

¢£yÎ

ì˛yÎ

õ)ú

ƒyÎÏò

SOpe

n Te

xtbo

okEv

alut

ion V

˛ˆ

Ñ˛yˆ

Ïòy

!ò!î

≈T˛ ˆ

≤Ã!«

˛ˆÏì˛Ó

˚

!ò!Ó

˚ˆÏÖ

Ó˚ ≤Ãy¢

!AÜ

Ñ˛

ì˛Ì

ƒy!î

!â˛!£

´ì˛Ñ

˛Ó˚í

~ÓÇ

ì˛yÓ

˚ Ñ˛yÎ

≈Ñ˛Ó

˚

ÓƒÓ

£yÓ

–

˛ˆ

Ñ˛yˆÏò

y á

›˛ò

yÓ˚ õ

õ≈yÌ

≈

xò

%ïyÓ

ò Ñ

˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ

ˆ¢£z x

ò%¢

yˆÏÓ˚

Ñ˛yã

Ñ˛Ó

˚y–

˛¢

%!ò!î

≈T˛ î

,!T˛ÏÑ˛yí

Ì

ÏÑ˛

Ñ˛y

Ïòy á

›˛ò

yÏÑ˛ x

ò%ïyÓ

ò

Á !Ó

ÏŸ’°

Ïí Ñ

˛Ó˚yÓ

˚ ¢«

˛õì˛y

xã

≈ò–

˛≤

Ãî_

≤Ã!«

˛Ïì˛Ó

¢y

ÏôÏ«

˛ Ñ˛yÎ

≈Ñ˛Ó

¶)!õ

Ñ˛y

ôyú

ÏòÓ

î«

˛ì˛y

xã

≈ò

˛!ü

«˛yÌ

≈#Óy ≤Ãî

_

˛ôy‡

˛ÈÙÈ¢

Ω˛y

ÏÓÓ !¶

˛!_Ïì˛ !

ò!õ

≈ì˛

≤ÃŸ

¿yÓ!ú

Ó S

≤Ãy

ÏÎy!Ü

Ñ˛

!¢Âï

yhs˛õ

)úÑ˛ Á

õ)ú

ƒÏÓyï

ÈÙÈ¢¡

ô!Ñ

≈ì˛V

vz_

Ó

xò

%¢rï

yò Ñ

˛ÓÏÓ–

˛!Ó

!¶˛ß

¨ !Ó

°ÏÎ

˚!¶˛!_

Ñ˛

v˛zî

y£Ó

˚ˆÏí

Ó˚ !ò

!î≈T˛

!Ó°

ÏˆÏÎ

˚Ó˚

¢Ç

ÏÎy!ã

ì˛ x

Çü

îÖ

%ò–

9

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚òı ì˛_¥ Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ

xhs˛Ó≈ì˛#≈ ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛¢õ)£ Á ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜˆÑ˛Ôüú

ÓyÇúy S≤ÃÌõ ¶˛y°ÏyV

1. ¢õ#«˛y SSurveyV

!ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ

ãÎ˚ ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ ÚxˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ !ÓÓ%ˆÏÂï ÜyòÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õ#«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛– !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ îˆÏú ˆÜy›˛y

ˆ◊!íÑ˛«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ÚxˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ÜyòÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Î%Âï!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#

Ñ˛!Óì˛y– ~ÖyˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó Ó˚=˛«˛Î˚# Î% ÏÂïÓ˚ ˜˛ôüy!â˛Ñ˛ îyòÓì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ%Âïyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ xõ!úò £,îÎ˚Ó,!_ ì˛Ìy õyòÓì˛yÓ˚ ãÎ˚Üyò

ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÚxˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ÜyòÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖñ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yã £ˆÏúy ˛ôy‡˛ƒÛ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢M˛Î˚òÛ Ó£z!›˛Ó˚ xò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy

Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ~õò Î%Âï!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ó=˛Óƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ì˛y Ö§% Ïã ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ôy‡˛ƒ Ó£z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy£z ÏÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ úÖy ~ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Î%Âï!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï#

Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y !òõ≈yí– ~£z ¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò‰ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛òÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õÈÙÈˆÓ!ü

150 ü Ï∑ !ò ÏãÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ– Sˆ◊!íÑ˛ Ï«˛ ~£z Ñ˛yã!›˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô) ÏÓ≈ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚

˛ôy‡˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–V

!ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ

îúÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Î%Âï!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y !òõ≈yí– Ñ˛!Ó ~ÓÇ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ òyõ S~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yV

!úˆÏÖ ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ ≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ~£z !ú!Öì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãõy ˆîˆÏÓ–

≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢îˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚y îúÜì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛ò yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ x!¶˛õì˛ !úˆÏÖ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/

!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ ãõy ˆî ÏÓ–

[!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 45/40 !õ!ò›˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyîyò≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ îúÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ≤Ãhfl$˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚

ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ ` Óƒ!=˛Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛!Óì˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò 10/5 !õ!ò›˛ ` ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õì˛yõˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ú!Öì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü 10/15

!õ!ò›˛]

2. ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛˛ôy‡˛ SNature StudyV


Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ îyÓ#Û ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇˆÏüÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í#Î˚ â˛!Ó˚e !ÜÓ˚#ü õ£y˛ôye– ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%£)ì≈˛

!òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆ¢£z xÇü!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ú!ÜÓ˚#ü õ£y˛ôyeÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ !òÓ˚) ôˆÏíÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ îyÓ#Û ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇˆÏüÓ˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ xÇü!›˛ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÓò–

10



ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ xò% ÏFäÈî!›˛ ˛ô Ïv ¸ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ ı

Úì˛úÁÎyÓÑ˛Ó áyv˛ !ö˛Óy£z Ïì˛£z Ó%!G˛úñ ~£z ˆ¢£z !ÜÓ#ü õ£y˛ôye– ˆ¢£z Óy£y ÏÓ ãyõyñ ˆ¢£z ¢Ó%ã Ó ÏàÓ ö% ú Ïõyãyñ ˆ¢£z ˛ôy¡ô

ü% ~ÓÇ äÈ!v˛ñ ≤Ã Ï¶˛ ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ ~Öò ˆÑ˛Óú ˆ¢£z ÓyáÈÙÈx§yÑ˛y Ó%õyúÖy!ò Ó%Ñ˛˛ô ÏÑ˛›˛ äÈy!v˛Îy ì§ y£yÓ Ñ˛ ÏZ˛ ãv˛y Ïòy– õ£y˛ôye ~£z !î ÏÑ˛£z

xy!¢ Ïì˛!äÈúñ ¢%õ% ÏÖ xy!¢ Ïì˛£z x˛ô)Ó≈ v˛y!Ñ˛Îy Ñ˛!£úñ !Ñ˛ ˆ£ !ÜÓ#üñ xyõy ÏÑ˛ !â˛ò Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓy⁄ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ â˛ Ïúâ˛⁄

!ÜÓ˚#ü üüÓƒˆÏhfl˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y õhfl˛ òõfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ñ˛!£úñ xyˆÏK˛ñ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˜Ó !Ñ˛ ÓyÓ%õüyÎ˚– ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ xyÜõò £ˆÏFäÈò⁄

x˛ô)Ó≈ ¢£yˆÏ¢ƒ Ñ˛!£úñ xy˛ôyì˛ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏõy Îy!FäÈ– ì%˛!õ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄

!ÜÓ˚#ü Ñ˛!£úñ xyˆÏK˛ñ ~òyOyÇ ÌˆÏÑ˛ î%ãò Órï% òyÑ˛ xy¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !äÈúñÈÙÙÙÈ xyõyˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ÓyÓ% G%˛›˛õ%›˛ £Î˚Ó˚yò Ñ˛Ó˚y– £§yñ xyˆÏòÈ ÓˆÏ›˛

ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z xy!˛ôÇ !¢!Âï ò%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ xy!õ ÓyÓ% ïõ≈¶˛#Ó˚% õyò%°Ï– Ó!ú Ñ˛yã !Ñ˛ Óy˛ô% ˆãyFâ% !Ó˚ˆÏì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ÓˆÏú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚yïõ≈ ¶˛Î˚y¶˛Î˚–

úÕ‘yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆúÖy ˆì˛y Ö[˛yˆÏÓ òy–Û

xy!õ ÓyÓ% ïõ≈¶˛#Ó% õyò%°Ï ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó=˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Úïõ≈Û Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚⁄

!ÜÓ˚#ü õ£y˛ôye !Ó!â˛e ¢yãˆÏ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú ˆÑ˛ò⁄

v˛zÂï,ì˛yÇˆÏü !ÜÓ˚#ü õ£y˛ôyˆÏeÓ˚ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò !îÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄

[!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 45/40 !õ!ò›˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyîyò≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛/~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

ãòƒ 25/20 !õ!ò›˛ ` ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ xyîyò≤Ãîyò 10 !õ!ò›˛]

3. ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí SCase StudyV


ÚK˛yòâ˛«%˛Û Ü“ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~£z ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ â˛!Ó˚eÜ%!úÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyÓ˚íy ÜˆÏv˛¸ v z Ï‡˛ˆÏäÈ–

â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !ÓˆÏü°ÏcÜ%!ú ÓãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ á›˛òyõ%£) Ïì≈˛Ó˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ â˛!Ó˚eÜ%!úÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y Óy ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ Î˚y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ õì˛yõì˛

Ü‡˛ò–


ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ xò% ÏFäÈî!›˛ ˛ô Ïv ¸ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ ı

Ú¢rïƒyì˛yÓ˚yÛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú ì˛˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ òì% ò ˆõˆÏ¢yõüy£z ì˛yÓ˚ ˆúÖy Ú≤ÃÌõ !îòÛ Ü“›˛y äÈy!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏúò– !Ñ˛hs$˛

~Ñ˛›%˛ÈÙÈxyï›%˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛üyˆÏòÓ˚ òyˆÏõ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y Ü“›˛y£z !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛y £yˆÏì˛ !úˆÏÖ !îˆÏúò– !òˆÏã ~Ñ˛ãò ˆúÖÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚Á ì˛˛ôˆÏòÓ˚

!òãfl˛∫ì˛y Á õÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò Ñ˛yˆÏòy õ)úƒ£z !îˆÏúò òy– ì˛˛ôò Ü“›˛y ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ô% ÏÓ˚y Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛y£z Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õˆÏ¢yõüy£z ÏÑ˛

ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏT˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ãyòyú–

* ˆõˆÏ¢yõüy£z ì˛˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ˆúÖy Ü“›˛y x!ÓÑ,˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ äÈy˛ôˆÏì˛ ˆîò!ò ˆÑ˛ò⁄

* ì˛˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏòyÑ˛ˆÏT˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ü%ˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏ¢yõüy£z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ Î˚y!›˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆúˆÏÖy–

S!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 45/40 !õ!ò›˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyîyò≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ ` Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛/~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ

Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ 25/20 !õ!ò›˛ ` ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ xyîyò≤Ãîyò 10 !õ!ò›˛V

11


4. ¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy SCreative WritingV


Úxy!ö ˛Ñ˛yÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ~ÓÇ Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ îyÓ#Û Ó˚â˛òyÇˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ò!£ì˛ ¶˛yÓÜì˛ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy–

!ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ı

Úx˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !äÈú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õyòÓÓ) ô Úx˛ô)Ó≈ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Îye#ñ ì˛y£yÓ˚ Ñ˛yõÓ˚yÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛£ ˆúyÑ˛

v z Ï ô«˛yÓ˚ xy!Óú î,!T˛ Ïì˛–Û !äÈú òy–Û

... ...

Ú~ú ÁÓ˚y ˆúy£yÓ˚ £yì˛Ñ˛!v ¸ !ò ÏÎ˚ñ ÚÓõ≈y ¢ÓÈÙÈ£zò Ïfl˛ôQÓ˚ ¢y Ï£Ó Ñ˛›% Ñ˛ Ït˛ ãÓyÓ ˆîÎ˚ñ ì% !õ ˆì˛y

~ú õyò%°ÏÈÙÈïÓ˚yÓ˚ îúÛ £zv z ÏÓ˚y!˛ôÎ˚yò òÁ–Û

... ...

Ú¢ Ï¶˛ƒÓ˚ ÓÓ≈Ó˚ ˆúy¶˛ ÚÈÙÙÙÈ xy!õ ˛ô%!úüó £zFäÈy Ñ˛!Ó˚ Ïú xy!õ ˆì˛yõy ÏÑ˛ ›˛y!òÎ˚y ò# Ïâ˛

ò@¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ú xy˛ôò !òú≈I xõyò%°Ïì˛y–Û òyõy£z Ïì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–Û

SÚxy!ö Ñ˛yÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ v zÂï,ì˛ xÇü–V SÚ˛ô ÏÌÓ˚ îyÓ#Û ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ Ü,£#ì˛–V

Úxy!ö Ñ˛yÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ îyÓ#Û Ó˚â˛òyÇˆÏüñ ¢y¡ÀyãƒÓyî# üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÓ≈Ó˚ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈˆüy°Ïí Á !òú≈Iì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü Ñ˛!Ó

Á ˆúÖˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ ¢yõO¢ƒ Ö§% Ïã ˛ôyÁ ì˛y Ñ˛!Óì˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚â˛òyÇü!›˛ xÓú¡∫ Ïò !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

SÑ˛õ ÏÓ!ü 200 ü∑V

[!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 45/40 !õ!ò›˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyîyò≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ ` Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛/~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚


5. õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí SModel MakingV


ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ Ü‡˛òÜì˛ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜ ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ õˆÏv˛ú !òõ≈yí–


~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y xy›˛≈ ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ Ü‡˛òÜì˛ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜÈÈ!›˛ ˆîÖyˆÏÓ– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆîˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ

≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ü‡˛òÓ˚#!ì˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚Öy!âˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ–

[!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 45/40 !õ!ò›˛ÈÙÙÙÈˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyîyò≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ ` Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛/~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚


6. ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ Á !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò SOpen Textbook EvaluationV

!ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ

ÚÓ£%Ó˚)˛ô#Û Ü“!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó£%Ó)˛ô# !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ¢ˆÏAÜ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ñ˛£z Óƒ!=˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÓü ïˆÏÓ˚

12


£y!ãÓ˚ £Î˚– ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò

á›˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ Ü“yÇü!›˛ ˛ô Ïv ¸ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ ı

Úˆ¢ Ó˚yˆÏeÁ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˙ ãõy›˛ xrïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ ì˛wy!¶˛¶) ì˛ ˆ¢£z î% Ï›˛y Ó% Ïv˛¸yÁ⁄ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ,î% î#˛ôyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚

¢¡ø% ÏÖ Ü¶˛#ÏÓ˚ÈÙÈxïƒÎ˚òÓ˚ì˛ xyõÓ˚y â˛y!Ó˚!›˛ ≤Ãyí#–

ˆäÈyv˛¸îy !ö˛!Ó˚Î˚y xy¢yÎ˚ ì,˛°÷yÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ó%Ñ˛ ö˛y!›˛Î˚y Îy£zˆÏì˛ úy!Üú– Ñ˛yˆÏã£z !›˛!Ñ˛›˛ ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y v˛zß√%Ö ££zÎ˚y Ó˚!£úyõ–

ˆõãîy ì§˛y£yÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !›˛!Ñ˛›˛ÈÙÈx§y›˛y Öyì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ G§%˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ˛ô!v˛¸Î˚y ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ úy!ÜˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ ì,˛°÷y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y›˛y xyõyÓ˚ xy£zò¢AÜì˛ !Ñ˛

òyñ xÌ≈yÍ Ñ˛yúÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚ü% !Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ãú Öy£zÎ˚y!äÈúyõ–

xÑ˛fl˛øyÍ xyõyÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ú£%õÛ ü∑ ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ äÈyv ¸îy Á Îì˛#òîyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÓì˛ xyì≈˛Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛Ó˚ ÜÜòˆÏ¶˛î# Ó˚ÈÙÈ˜Ó˚

â˛#ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈÁˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓy ˆÓ˚ñ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏÕ‘ ˆÓ˚Ê !Ñ˛ˆÏ¢ £z£y!îÜˆÏÑ˛ Öy£zÎ˚y ˆö˛!úúñ xy!õ áyv ¸ !ö˛Ó˚y£zÎ˚y ˆî!ÖÓyÓ˚ ˛ô) ÏÓ≈£z ˆõãîy õ%Ö

ì% !úÎ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓÑ˛›˛ ü∑ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y !Óî%ƒî‰ ÏÓˆÏÜ ì§˛y£yÓ˚ î%£zÈÙÈ˛ôy ¢¡ø% ÏÖ äÈv ¸y£zÎ˚y !îÎ˚y ˆ¢ã v zŒ›˛y£zÎ˚y !îˆÏúò– ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z xrïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

õˆÏïƒ ˆÎò î«˛ÎK˛ Óy!ïÎ˚y ˆÜú– ˆõãîyÛÓ˚ !äÈú !ö˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏõy– !ì˛!ò ˆ¢£z ˆÎ Úˆxy§ÈÙÈˆx§y Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ≤Ãî#˛ô v zŒ›˛y£zÎ˚y !â˛Í ££zÎ˚y

˛ô!v˛¸ˆÏúòñ xyÓ˚ Öyv˛¸y ££zˆÏúÏò òy– ˆ‡˛úyˆÏ‡˛!ú Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y Óy!£Ó˚ ££zˆÏì˛!ÏäÈ ˆî!Ö !˛ôˆÏ¢õüy£z ì§˛yÓ˚ î%£z ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÑ˛ ÓÜˆÏú â˛y!˛ôÎ˚y ï!Ó˚Î˚y

ì˛y£yˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÁ ˆì˛ˆÏã ˆâ§˛â˛y£zÎ˚y Óy!v˛¸ ö˛y›˛y£zÎ˚y ˆö˛!úˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈò– ~ ˆÎò !ì˛ò Óy˛ôÈÙÈÓƒy›˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò £§y Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚£z

úv ¸y£z â˛!úˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ–

~£z ¢%ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆâ˛yÓ˚ òy!Ñ˛ ä%È!›˛Î˚y ˛ôúy£zˆÏì˛!äÈú ˆîv˛z!v˛¸Ó˚ !¢˛ôy£#Ó˚y ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ ï!Ó˚Î˚y ˆö˛!úÎ˚yˆÏäÈ– !˛ôˆÏ¢õüy£z ≤Ãâ˛[˛ â˛#ÍÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚

£%Ñ%˛õ !îˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ xyv zÓ˚ õyˆÏÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈüyúyˆÏÑ˛y õyÓ˚ v˛yˆÏúy £zì˛ƒy!î–

õ%%˛£)Ïì≈˛Ñ˛yú õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ñ â˛yÑ˛Ó˚ÈÙÈÓyÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ãˆÏò v˛z‡˛yò ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ££zÎ˚y ˆÜú– îÓ˚ÁÎ˚yòÓ˚y ˆâ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ õy!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ õy!Ó˚ˆÏì˛

xyïõÓ˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ›˛y!òÎ˚y xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%ˆÏÖ ïyE˛y !îÎ˚y ˆö˛!úÎ˚y !îú– ì˛Öò ˆâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ%Ö ˆî!ÖÎ˚y Óy!v˛¸¢%Âï ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ%Ö ü%Ñ˛y£zÎ˚y

ˆÜúÊÈÙÙÙÈ xy ÏÓ˚ ~ ˆÎ ¶˛›‰ â˛y!Îƒõüy£z–

ì˛Öò Ñ˛£ Óy ãúñ Ñ˛£ Óy ôyÖyÓ˚ Óyì˛y¢ñ Ñ˛£ Óy ì§˛y£yÓ˚ â˛yˆÏÖ õ% ÏÖ £yì˛ Ó%úy£zÎ˚y îÎ˚– Á!îˆÏÑ˛ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ õãîyˆÏÑ˛ ú£zÎ˚y

ˆ¢£z Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚Ê

˛ôyÖyÓ˚ Óyì˛y¢ Á ãˆÏúÓ˚ G˛y˛ô›˛y Öy£zÎ˚y Ó˚yõÑ˛õú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛fiÌ ££zÎ˚y ö§% ˛ôy£zÎ˚y Ñ§˛y!îÎ˚y v˛z!‡˛ˆÏúò– ¢Óy£z ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ úy!Üúñ xy˛ô!ò

x˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ä%ˆÏ›˛!äÈˆÏúò ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ¶˛›‰˛â˛y!Îƒõüy£z Ñ§˛y!îˆÏì˛ Ñ§˛y!îˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!£ˆÏúòñ ÓyÓy Óyá òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛›˛y õhfl˛ ¶˛yú%Ñ˛ÈÙÙÙÈúyö˛ ˆõˆÏÓ˚

˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛Öyòy ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ~ Ïúy–

ˆäÈyv˛¸îy Á Îì˛#òîy ÓyÓ˚ÇÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛!£ˆÏì˛ úy!Üúñ ¶˛yú%Ñ˛ òÎ˚ ÓyÓyñ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆòÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ Óyá– £%õ‰ Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ úƒyã Ü%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ˛ôyˆÏüÓ v˛z˛ôÓ˚

ÓˆÏ¢!äÈú–

ˆõãîyÛÓ˚ ˜â˛ì˛òƒ ££z Ïú !ì˛!ò !òõ#!úì˛â˛ Ï«˛ î#á≈Ÿªy¢ ˆö˛!úÎ˚y ¢Ç Ï«˛ Ï ô Ñ˛!£ Ïúò Ú!î Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ú ˆÓAÜú ›˛y£zÜyÓ˚Û–

!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆ¢⁄ ˆõãîyÛÓ˚ !î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ú ˆÓAÜúÛ£z ˆ£yÑ˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yõÑ˛õˆÏúÓ˚ Úõhfl˛ ¶˛yú%Ñ˛Û£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ˆ¢ xy!¢ú£z Óy !Ñ˛Ó) Ï˛ôñ ˆÜú£z Óy

ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ~ì˛Ü% Ïúy ˆúyÑ˛ ÎÖò ˆî!ÖÎ˚yˆÏäÈñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛›˛y !Ñ˛ä%È ÓˆÏ›˛£zÊ

ì˛Öò ˆÑ˛£ Óy !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛!Ó˚úñ ˆÑ˛£ Óy Ñ˛!Ó˚ú òy– !Ñ˛hs$ ¢Óy£z úZ˛ò ú£zÎ˚y ¶˛Î˚â˛!Ñ˛ì˛ ˆò Ïe â˛y!Ó˚!î ÏÑ˛ Ö§%!ã Ïì˛ úy!Üú–

xÑ˛fl˛øyÍ ˛ôyˆÏúyÎ˚yò !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚# !¢Ç Úv z£ ÓÎ˚‡˛yÛ Ó!úÎ˚y£z ~Ñ˛úyˆÏö˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚y®yÓ˚ v˛z ôÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢Á ~Ñ˛ ˆ‡˛úyˆÏ‡˛!ú Ñ˛y[˛–

~ì˛Ü%ˆÏúy ˆúyÑ˛ñ ¢Óy£z ~Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚ v z!‡˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ Ñ˛y£yˆÏÓ˚y õ%£)ì≈˛ !Óú¡∫ ¢Î˚ òy– v˛z‡˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y v˛y!úõ ÜyäÈ

13


!äÈúñ ˆîÖy ˆÜúñ ì˛y£yÓ˚£z ˆG˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó!¢Î˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y Ó,£Í ãyˆÏòyÎ˚yÓ˚– ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ õì˛£z ÓˆÏ›˛– â˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛ôúˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚y®y Öy!ú ££zÎ˚y

˜Ó‡˛Ñ˛Öyòy ¶˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜúÈÙÙÙÈãò≤Ãyí# xyÓ˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò òy£z– ˆ¢£z áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¶˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õïƒ ££z Ïì˛ !˛ôˆÏ¢õüyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z Ï_!ãì˛ Ñ˛t˛fl˛∫Ó xy!¢ˆÏì˛

úy!ÜúÈÙÙÙÈ¢v ¸!Ñ˛ úyÁÈÙÙÙÈ Ó®%Ñ˛ úyÁ– xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ˛ôy ÏüÓ˚ Óy!v ¸Ó˚ ÜÜòÓyÓ% ÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y õ% ÏAÜÓ˚# Üyîy Ó®%Ñ˛ !äÈúó ú«˛ƒ ˆ¢£z xfl˛f›˛yÓ˚

v˛z˛ôÓ˚– ÚúyÁÛì˛ ÓˆÏ›˛ñ !Ñ˛hs˛$˛xyˆÏò ˆÑ˛⁄ v˛y!úõ ÜyäÈ›˛y ˆÎ îÓ˚ãyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£zó ~ÓÇ ì˛y£yÓ˚£z õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ Óyá Ó!¢Î˚yÊ !£®%fiÌyò#Ó˚y ¢yv ¸y

ˆîÎ˚ òyÈÙÙÙÈì˛yõyüy ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛ Îy£yÓ˚y Óy!v ¸ ë%˛!Ñ˛Î˚y!äÈúñ ì˛y£yÓ˚yÁ !òhfl˛Âï–

~õ‰!ò !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £‡˛yÍ ˆÑ˛yÌy ££zˆÏì˛ £zw xy!¢Î˚y v˛z ô!fiÌì˛– ˆ¢ ˆÓyï Ñ˛!Ó˚ ¢%õ% ÏÖÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y !îÎ˚y â˛!úÎ˚y!äÈúñ £yAÜyõy ü%!òÎ˚y

Óy!v˛¸ ë%˛!Ñ˛Î˚yˆÏäÈ– !òˆÏõˆÏ°Ï üì˛Ñ˛Z˛ â˛#ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y v˛z!‡˛úÈÙÙÙÈÁˆÏÓ˚ ÓyáÊ ÓyáÊ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ xyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ ˆäÈ§yv˛¸yñ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ xyÎ˚Ê

≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z ˆ¢ Ìì˛õì˛ Öy£zÎ˚y ä%È!›˛Î˚y xy!¢Î˚y !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛!Ñ˛ú– !Ñ˛hs$˛ «˛íÑ˛yú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚›˛y ü%!òÎ˚y ú£zÎ˚y ~Ñ˛y !ò¶≈˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛yˆÏò

òy!õÎ˚y !ÜÎ˚y úZ˛ò ì% !úÎ˚y Óyá ˆî!Ö Ïì˛ úy!Üú–

ˆîyì˛úyÓ˚ ãyòyúy ££zˆÏì˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ó%Âï!òÉŸªyˆÏ¢ ~£z v˛yÑ˛yì˛ ˆäÈˆÏú!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏò â˛y!£Î˚y î%Ü≈yòyõ ã!˛ôˆÏì˛ úy!Üú– !˛ô!¢õy ì˛ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚

Ñ§˛y!îÎ˚y£z ˆö˛!úˆÏúò– ò#ˆÏâ˛ !¶˛ˆÏv ¸Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÜyîyÜy!î î§yv˛¸y£zÎ˚y !£®%fiÌyò# !¢˛ôy£#Ó˚y ì˛y£yˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£¢ !îˆÏì˛ úy!Üú ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛›˛y

xfl˛f ˛ôy£z Ïú£z òy!õÎ˚y xy Ï¢ñ ~õò xy¶˛y¢Á !îú–

ˆÓü Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆî!ÖÎ˚y £zw Ñ˛!£úñ Úmy!Ó˚Ñ˛ÓyÓ%ñ ~ Óyá òÎ˚ ˆÓyï £Î˚– ì˛y£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ˆü°Ï ££z Ïì˛ òy ££z Ïì˛£z ˆ¢£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ú ˆÓAÜú

›˛y£zÜyÓ˚ î%£z ÌyÓy ãyv ¸ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ÜúyÎ˚ Ñ§˛y!îÎ˚y v z!‡˛ú– ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ÓyAÜúy Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y Ñ˛!£úñ òy ÓyÓ%õüy£zñ òy– xy!õ ÓyáÈÙÈ¶˛yú%Ñ˛

ò£zÈÙÈ!äÈòyÌ Óv zÓ) ô#– £zw ˆ£yÈÙÈˆ£y Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y £y!¢Î˚y v z!‡˛ú– ¶˛›‰ â˛y!Îƒõüy£z Öv ¸õ £yˆÏì˛ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã ä%È!›˛Î˚y xy!¢ˆÏúò £yÓ˚yõãyîyÊ ì% !õ

¶˛Î˚ ˆîÖyÓyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy ˛ôyÁ òy⁄Û

* ~£z î%£z Ó£%Ó˚)˛ô#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ¶˛yˆÏúy úyÜú ì˛y Î%!=˛¢£ ˆúˆÏÖy–

* ì%˛!õ Î!î Ó£%Ó˚)˛ô# ¢yˆÏãyñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ì%˛!õ Ñ˛# Ó˚)˛ô ˆòˆÏÓ⁄ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ~£z Ó˚)˛ô ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛#⁄

[!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 45/40 !õ!ò›˛ÈÙÙÙÈˆ◊!íÑ˛ˆÏ«˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xyîyò≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ 10 !õ!ò›˛ ` Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛/~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚


!Ó Ïü°Ï K˛yì˛Óƒ ì˛Ìƒ ı ~ÖyˆÏò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ äÈÎ!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ÈÙÈ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ äÈÎ!›˛ v˛zîy£Óí ˆîÁÎy £ˆÏúy– ~!›˛ òõ%òy

õye– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ xÓú¡∫ˆÏò ÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy ôÎ≈yÎÑ ˛!õˆÏÑ˛Ó ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ôÂï!ì˛Ó â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Óy ÎyˆÏÓ– ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢M˛Îò

~ÓÇ ÓƒyÑ˛Óí xhs˛Ó≈ì≈˛# ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎˆÏòÓ xhs˛¶≈%˛=˛ £ˆÏÓñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢£yÎÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ÚˆÑ˛y!òÛ ~£z õ)úƒyÎˆÏòÓ xhs˛¶≈% =˛ £ˆÏÓ òy– !ò!î≈T˛

ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ ¢Óúì˛y Á ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ !ò!Ó ÏÖ Ñ˛y!‡˛òƒõyeyÓ ì˛yÓì˛õƒ á›˛y Ïòy Î Ïì˛ ôy ÏÓ– ì,˛ì˛#Î xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò

õ)úƒyÎˆÏò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ#«˛yÎ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈˛# ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎˆÏòÓ õyò !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Óy £ˆÏÓ–

14


English (Second Language)

1. SURVEY Part I (Group Work)

Go through the lesson 'The Snail' by William Cowper. Now, discuss in groups to make a list ofpoems that deal with activities of animals/insects.Part II (Individual Work)

Now fill in the following chart :

Name of poem(s) Name of poet(s) Animal(s)/Insect(s) Activities ofMentioned Animal(s)/Insect(s)

2. NATURE STUDY

From the Textbook 'Bliss' (Class – X), pick out sentences to fill in the following table :

Sl. Sentences Sentences Sentences SentencesNo. expressing expressing expressing expressing

surprise order/Command query prayer/wish

15


3. CASE STUDY

Read the following case :

KOLAHPUR : The city based environmental activists, and schools have welcomed the decision of theschool education department to organise mandatory tree plantation drive on Independence Day. Theschool education department in its notification on July 15 has made it mandatory for government schoolsto hold tree plantation drives on campus. Private schools will also have an option to undertake theprogramme.

According to the notification, the school will be given a pack of at least 20 plant saplings for the driveand the initiative has to be organised on August 15. The package will consist of fruits and flower-bearing trees, shade-giving trees and any others that may be selected by the schools depending on theirlocations. Private schools can procure the saplings at subsidised prices from the department. (TNN. Jul20, 2015)

Answer the following questions :

a) Why did the environmental activists welcome the decision?

b) What steps did the education department take to ensure tree plantation?

c) How, do you think, are the steps taken by the education department helpful for the people?

4. CREATIVE WRITING

In the story 'The Passing Away of Bapu', Nayantara Sehgal describes a sense of loss and how sheovercame her grief. Now, write a page in her diary showing her journey from sadness to optimism.

5. MODEL MAKING

Go through the lesson 'Our Runaway Kite' (Unit 1 & Unit 2) by Lucy Maud Montagomery. Make achart showing names of any two characters, their age, their hobbies, and their sorrow.

6. Open Text Book Evaluation

Read the following poem :

A life on the ocean wave,A home on the rolling deep,Where the scattered waters rave,And the winds their revels keep!Like an eagle caged, I pine

16


On this dull, unchanging shore:Oh! give me the flashing brine,The spray and the tempest's roar!

Once more on the deck I standOf my own swift-gliding craft:Set sail!farewell to the land!The gale follows fair abaft.We shoot through the sparkling foamLike an ocean-bird set free; -Like the ocean-bird, our homeWe'll find far out on the sea.

The land is no longer in view,The clouds have begun to frown;But with a stout vessel and crew,We'll say, Let the storm come down!And the song of our hearts shall be,While the winds and the waters rave,A home on the rolling sea!A life on the ocean wave!

(A poem by Epes Sargent)

1. Choose the correct alternative to complete the following sentences:

(a) The poet compares himself to a/an

(i) crow

(ii) eagle

(iii) sparrow

(iv) owl

(b) The poet wishes to find his home out on the

(i) island

(ii) tree

(iii) sea

(iv) sea-shore

17


(c) The vessel was

(i) stout

(ii) lazy

(iii) weak

(iv) proud

2. (a) After reading the poem 'Sea-Fever' and the above poem, suggest a title to the poem.

..........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Give reasons for your answer.

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

18


Ü!íì˛

1. ˆ«˛e¢õ#«˛yÓ˚ (Survey) ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ı ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í SxïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ1V

Step I: !ü«˛Ñ˛ /!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈye/äÈye# ÏÑ˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 1 ¶˛y Ïúy¶˛y ÏÓ ˛˛ô Ïv ¸ ~£z z xïƒy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ v z ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ôe ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛

äÈye /äÈye# ÏÑ˛ Óyòy Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò– ¢Ó äÈye !ò ÏãÓ˚ õ Ïì˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ôe ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ– ≤ÃŸ¿˛ô ÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!ú ~£z xïƒy ÏÎ˚Ó˚

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ !ò Ïì˛ £ ÏÓñ xÌ≈yÍ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿£z ˆÎ Ïòy ~Ñ˛£z ïÓ˚ ÏíÓ˚ òy £Î˚– ≤ÃŸ¿˛ô Ïe ≤ÃŸ¿Ñ˛ì≈ yÓ˚ òyõ Á ˆÓ˚yú ò¡∫Ó˚

ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–

~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ô ÏeÓ˚ òõ%òy !ò Ïâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ú ıÈÙÈ

i) xyõÓy x ãò äÈye/äÈye# ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒ ÏÑ˛ x ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ â§ yîy !îúyõ Á xyõy ÏîÓ !î!îõ!ò 10 ›˛yÑ˛y ˆîÁÎyÎ ˆõy›˛ 35 ›˛yÑ˛y £ Ïúy–

v z ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ!›˛ ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

ii) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ó#ã £ˆÏúy 3 ~ÓÇ 4.

iii) x2–7x+10 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y–

iv) 2x2+3x+5 = 0 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ m Á n £ˆÏú m + n ~ÓÇ mn ÙÙÙÈ ~Ó˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚–

v ) ax2+bx+c = 0 !máyì˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ ¢£Ü a,b,c !Ñ˛ !òÎ˚õ õyò Ïú Á£z ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ Ó#ãmÎ˚ Óyhfl˛Ó Á ¢õyò £ ÏÓ⁄

Step II: !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ !ò Ïî≈ Ïü ≤Ã!ì˛ äÈye/äÈye# x˛ôÓ ˆÑ˛y Ïòy äÈye/äÈye# ÏÑ˛ !î ÏÎ ì˛yÓ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ô ÏeÓ v z_Ó˛ôe ˜ì˛!Ó Ñ˛Óy ÏÓ–

Step III: ≤ÃŸ¿Ñ˛ì≈˛y ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚˛ôe !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– !‡˛Ñ˛ v z_ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ Á ¶% ú v z_ˆÏÓ˚ × ˆî ÏÓ–

Step IV: ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈye/äÈye# ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ôe Á ˆ¢£z ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y v z_Ó˚ ôe ~Ñ˛¢y ÏÌ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ ãõy ˆî ÏÓ–

Step V: ≤ÃŸ¿˛ôe Á ì˛yÓ˚ v z_Ó˚˛ôe!›˛ ˆîˆÏÖ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ≤ÃŸ¿Ñ˛ì≈˛yˆÏÑ˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓò–

ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛≠

≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÈÙÈ 5 ò¡∫Ó˚ñ ~ÓÇ v z_Ó˚˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ v z_Ó˚Ü%!ú !‡˛Ñ˛ ¶% ú !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒÈÙÈ5 ò¡∫Ó˚–

!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 2 !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛

2. ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ôy Ï‡˛Ó˚ (Nature Study) ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ı ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà SxïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 8V

Step I: !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ Ïì˛ xÌ≈yÍ xyõy ÏîÓ Ó¢Óy Ï¢Ó ãyÎÜyÓ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ Îì˛ ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ ˆâ˛yà xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Óhfl$˛ ˆîÖ Ïì˛

˛ôyÁÎy ÎyÎ ì˛y ÏîÓ ¢¡∫ Ïrï äÈye/äÈye# ÏîÓ ¶˛yÓ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò– ~Ó˛ôÓ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ ˆâ˛y ÏàÓ xïƒyÎ!›˛ äÈye/äÈye# ÏîÓ ˛ôv˛ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò–

Step II: !ü«˛Ñ˛/ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ !úˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÓò–

≤ÃŸ¿˛ô ÏeÓ˚ òõ%òy ı

i) â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ú¡∫Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà xyÑ, !ì˛Ó˚ Óhfl$ Ó˚ òyõ ˆúÖ–

ii) v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyõ ˆúÖy â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ú¡∫ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛yà xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò î%!›˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó x§yˆÏÑ˛y–

iii) äÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Á x˛ôÓ˚!›˛Ó˚ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚–

19


Step III: ≤Ã!ì˛ äÈye/äÈye# v z_Ó˚ ôe ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ ãõy ˆî ÏÓò–

ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ ≠

i) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 2 òÇ

ii) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 3 òÇ

iii) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 5 òÇ


3. !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢õ#«˛ ÏíÓ˚ (Case Study) ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ı !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# SxïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 9V

Step I : !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸ Ïì˛ ÓúˆÏÓò–

Step II : !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y !máyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚í# !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ !úˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÓò–

≤ÃŸ¿˛ô ÏeÓ˚ òõ%òy ı

i) x2 = 5 £ˆÏú x = Ñ˛ì˛ ? x ~Ó˚ õyò î%!›˛ !Ñ˛ õ)úî òy xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy⁄

ii) xyõÓ˚y ãy!ò a2 = – a – ì˛y£ Ïú (-5)2 = Ñ˛ì˛⁄

iii) ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı (3 7 + 3 2 ) + ( 4 7 – 3 2 )

iv) 2 + 3 2 ˆÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢ÇÖƒy !î ÏÎ˚ Ü%í Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïú Ü%íö˛ú!›˛ õ%úî ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ ÏÓ ˆ¢£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆúÖ–

v) ( 12 + 48 ) ˆÑ˛ 3 !î ÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïú ¶˛yÜö˛ú Ñ˛ì˛ £ ÏÓ– ¶˛yÜö˛ú!›˛ !Ñ˛ õ)úî òy xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy⁄

Step III: ≤Ã!ì˛ äÈye v z_Ó˚˛ôe ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ òyõñ Ó˚yú ò¡∫Ó˚ !úˆÏÖ !ü«˛Ñ˛ /!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãõy îˆÏÓ– v z_Ó˚˛ôe !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

!ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓò–

ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ ≠ ≤Ã!ì˛ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿ ÈÙÈ 2 ò¡∫Ó˚–


4. ¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ (Creative Writing ) ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛

!˛ôÌy ÏÜyÓ˚y Ï¢Ó˚ v z ô˛ôyîƒ SxïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 22V ı

Step I: !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ˆÓyˆÏv˛ ≈ äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆ ÏÓò ı xyõÓ˚y ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛

¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆ ÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ì˛yÓ˚

x!ì˛¶%˛ˆ ÏãÓ˚ ˜îáƒ≈ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy £Î˚– ˆÎõò ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ABC¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆ ÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ 1 ˆ¢!õ Á 2 ˆ¢!õ !Ñ˛hs $ ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛¶% ã

AC = 12 + 22 ˆ¢!õ. = 1 + 4 ˆ¢!õ. = 5 ˆ¢!õ.–

Step II: !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶% ˆÏãÓ˚ v zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛ ÓúˆÏÓò ˆÎÖyˆÏòñ

i) ¢õ ÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ x!ì˛¶% ÏãÓ˚ ˜îáƒ≈Á õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy £Î˚–

ii) ¢õ ÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ Óy£%î%!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy !Ñ˛hs$ x!ì˛¶% ÏãÓ˚ ˜îáƒ≈ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy–

ii) ¢õ ÏÑ˛yí ¢Çú@¿ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ õ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy !Ñ˛hs$ x˛ôÓ˚ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îáƒ≈ xõ)úî ¢ÇÖƒy ~ÓÇ x!ì˛¶% ÏãÓ˚ ˜îáƒ≈ õ)úî

¢ÇÖƒy–

v z ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ!›˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ !úˆÏÖ ˆîˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓúˆÏÓò ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎò v z_Ó˚˛ôˆÏe !e¶% ãÜ%!úÓ˚ Ö¢v ¸y

äÈ!Ó xy§ ÏÑ˛–

A

BC

1 ˆ¢!õ

2 ˆ¢!õ

20


Step III : v z_Ó˚˛ôe îˆÏÖ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ò¡∫Ó˚ îˆÏÓò–


i) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 3 òÇ

ii) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 3 òÇ

iii) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 4 òÇ


5. õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈y ÏíÓ (Model Making) ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ôy‡˛ ı xyÎì˛áò SxïƒyÎ ÈÙÈ 4 V

Step I : ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y Öyì˛yÓ˚ õúyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õì˛ ü_´ Ñ˛yÜã Ñ˛ˆÏ›˛ Ñœ yˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áò ÓyòyˆÏì˛

ÓúˆÏÓò– Sˆ¢ˆÏúyˆÏ›˛˛ôñ Ñ˛y§!â˛ Á Ñ˛yÜã £zì˛ƒy!î ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–V xyÓ˚Á ÓúˆÏÓò ˆÎ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈye ˆfl˛Òú !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚

xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛Ó˚ ˜îáƒ≈ñ ≤Ãfl˛i Á v zFâ˛ì˛y ˆõˆÏ˛ô xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ ≤Ãfl˛i Á v zFâ˛ì˛yñ ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú Á xyÎ˚ì˛ò xyÎ˚ì˛áˆÏòÓ˚

v z ô ÏÓ˚ Óy xyúyîy Ñ˛yÜ Ïã !úÖ ÏÓ–

Step II: äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛ ˆîˆÏÖ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ Óy xyúyîy Ñ˛yÜˆÏã ˆúÖy xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò Á ¢õ@˘Ãì˛ˆÏúÓ˚

ˆ«˛eö˛ú !‡˛Ñ˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆîˆÏÖ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓò–


i) xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛ ÓyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ 5 ò¡∫Ó˚

ii) xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ì˛ò !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ 2 ò¡∫Ó˚– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú– ò¡∫Ó˚ Ñ˛y›˛y ÎyˆÏÓ–

iii) xyÎ˚ì˛áò!›˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú !òí≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ 3 ò¡∫Ó˚– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú– ò¡∫Ó˚ Ñ˛y›˛y ÎyˆÏÓ–


6. !üÖò ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ (Open Book Evaluation) ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ı ~Ñ˛â˛ú!Ó!üT !máyì˛

¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í SxïƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÈ 1V

Step I : !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ î%!›˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏÓò ı

ˆÎõò ı

1) x2 + 4 2 x + 6 = 0

x2 + 2 x + 3 2 x + 6 = 0

x (x + 2 ) + 3 2 (x + 2 ) = 0

(x + 2 ) (x + 3 2 ) = 0

x + 2 = 0 xÌÓyñ x + 3 2 = 0

x = – 2 xÌÓyñ x = – 3 2

¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ã î%!›˛ £úñ – 2 ~ÓÇ – 3 2

21


2) x 4 – 17x2 + 16 = 0

y2 – 17y + 16 = 0 (ï!Ó˚ñ x2 = y)

y2 – 16y – y + 16 = 0

y (y – 16) – 1(y – 16) = 0

(y – 16) (y –1) = 0

y – 16 = 0 xÌÓyñ y – 1 = 0

y = 16 xÌÓyñ y = 1

x2 = 16 xÌÓyñ x2 = 1 (‹ y = x2)

x = 16 xÌÓyñ x2 = 1

x = ± 4 xÌÓyñ x = ± 1

¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í!›˛Ó˚ Ó#ã â˛yÓ˚!›˛ £ú 4, – 4, 1, –1

Step II : ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏÓò ˆì˛yõÓ˚y ¢õyïyò î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖy Á ˆÓyˆÏG˛y– ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò–

Step III : ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ î%!›˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò ˆÎî%!›˛ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ v˛z ôˆÏÓ˚ xAÑ˛˛î%!›˛ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛yˆÏã

úyˆÏÜ ~ÓÇ xAÑ˛˛Ü%!ú xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£zˆÏì˛ ˆò£z– ˆÎõò ı

i) x2 +113 3x + 3636 = 0

ii) x4 – 173x2 + 676 = 0

Step IV : äÈye/äÈye#Ó˚y v z_Ó˚˛ôˆÏe ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í î%!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

Step V : äÈye/äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ v z_Ó˚˛ôe ˆîˆÏÖ xÌ≈yÍ xAÑ˛ î%!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y ˆîˆÏÖ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓò–

ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛≠

i) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 5 ò¡∫Ó˚

ii) ~Ó˚ ãòƒ 5 ò¡∫Ó˚

S~£z ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ äÈye/äÈye# ˛ôy‡˛ƒ Ó£z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–V

!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ı 2 !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛

oT˛Óƒı Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò äÈÎ˚!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ äÈÎ˚!›˛ v zîy£Ó˚í ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy–

~!›˛ òõ%òy õye– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚ xÓú¡∫ Ïò Ü!íì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü S Class xV Ó£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛/ !ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚y

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈˛# ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ v z ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈÎ˚!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xyÓ˚Á ¢%®Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

ì,ì˛#Î xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ Ïò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ôÓ#«˛yÎ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ #

≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÓ–

22


ã#Óò!ÓK˛yò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü

¢õ#«˛y SSurveyV

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò ü∑î)°Ïí ı v zÍ¢ Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

xïƒyÎ˚ 5 ı ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓüñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôî Á ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Sv z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú ı ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü î)°ÏíV

≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢õÎ˚ ı ~Ñ˛ !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛

Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ

(i) Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ü∑ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ü∑î)°Ïí £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚ ì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(ii) ~Ñ˛›˛y ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò v zÍ¢ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ü∑î)°Ïí á Ï›˛ ˆ¢Ü% Ïúy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iii) õyò%°Ï Á xòƒyòƒ ≤Ãyí# ÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ü∑î)°Ïí Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆ¢›˛y Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iv) ü∑î)°Ïí ˆÓ˚y Ïï Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò ˆ¢›˛y Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(v) ü∑î)°Ïí ˆÓ˚y Ïï ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛y ≤Ã¢y ÏÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£# £ÁÎ˚y–

Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ

Ñœ yˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏ¢ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñœ yˆÏ¢Ó˚ 5 ãò Órï%Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ ˆì˛yõy ÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ü∑î)°Ïí ¢¡∫ Ïrï ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢õ#«˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y– ~£z

¢õ#«˛y ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò v zÍ¢ SˆÎõò ÈÙÈ ÎyòÓy£òñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yÓ˚Öyòyñ £zì˛ƒy!îV ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ v zFâ˛ ≤ÃyÓúƒõyey

ü∑ v zÍ˛ôß¨ £Î˚ñ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ üÓ˚# ÏÓ˚Ó˚ SˆÎõòÈÙÈÑ˛yòñ £,Í!˛ô[˛V Á˛ôÓ˚ ü∑î)°Ïí Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ãyí# ÏîÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ü∑î)°Ïí Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ü∑î)°Ïí Ñ˛õy Ïòy Î Ïì˛ ôy ÏÓ˚– ü∑Óy!ã !ò ÏÎ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !Ó!ï!ò Ï°Ïï õ Ïò â˛úy õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ fl ∫y ÏfiÌƒÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛ò ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚

ì˛y !ò ÏÎ˚ !ò ÏãÓ˚y xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ Á !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ãyòyÁ–

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

(i) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ 6 ã ÏòÓ˚ î Ïú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ !î ÏÎ˚ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÜ%!ú fl˛ôT˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y–

(ii) ¢õ#«˛yÓ ãòƒ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤ÃŸ¿ !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ~ ÏÑ˛ x˛ôÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ˆ¢›˛y Ó%!G˛ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y– ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃŸ¿ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆî!Ö ÏÎ˚

ˆîÁÎ˚y–

(iii) Ñœ y Ï¢Ó˚ ˆü Ï°Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Öyì˛y !ò ÏÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚

Part-I Sîú!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛yãV

ü∑î)°Ïí ¢¡∫rï#Î˚ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ñ õì˛ !Ó!òõÎ˚ Á õì˛yõì˛ Ü‡˛ò–

Part-II SÓƒ!=˛Üì˛ Ñ˛yãV

¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ì˛Ìƒñ õì˛yõì˛ñ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí !Ñ˛ÇÓy !¢Âïyhs˛ !ò ÏãÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !ú ÏÖ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆîÁÎ˚y–

!Óâ˛yÎ≈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ Ñ˛ì˛Öy!ò xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ú ì˛yÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

23


≤ÃÑ, !ì˛˛ôy‡˛ SNature StudyV

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò ÓyÎ%î)°Ï ÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

xïƒyÎ˚ 5 ı ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓüñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôî Á ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Sv z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú ı ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü î)°ÏíV



(i) ÓyÎ%î)°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ% Ïúy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(ii) ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò ÓyÎ%î)°Ï ÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iii) ÓyÎ%î)°Ïí ˆÓ˚y Ïï Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò ˆ¢›˛y Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iv) ÓyÎ%î)°Ïí ˆÓ˚y Ïï ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛y ≤Ã¢y ÏÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£# £ÁÎ˚y–


ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ÓyÎ%î)°Ï ÏíÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ% Ïúy Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Ó Ïú ì˛yõyÓ˚ õ Ïò £Î˚ ¢›˛y ú ÏÖy– ì˛yõyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ Î!î Ñ˛y Ïòy ÓyÎ%î)°Ï ÏíÓ˚ á›˛òy

á Ï›˛ñ ì˛ ÏÓ ì˛y õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò Á üÓ˚# ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏäÈ ˆ¢ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ ÏÓ ˆú ÏÖy–

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

(i) Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ó%!G˛ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y– ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò ÓyÎ%î)°Ïí Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚

!Ñ˛ä%È v zîy£Ó˚í !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ Ïò v z ôfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(ii) Ñœ y Ï¢Ó˚ ˆü Ï°Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


Part-I Sîú!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛yãV

ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ˜îò!®ò ã#Ó Ïò ÓyÎ%î)°Ïí Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏäÈ ˆ¶˛ ÏÓ ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ Ïrï ˆúÖy–

ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ÓyÎ%î)°Ï ÏíÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ% Ïúy Ñ˛# Ñ˛# £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü% Ïúy ˆ¶˛ ÏÓ ˆúÖy–

Part-II SÓƒ!=˛Üì˛ Ñ˛yãV

õì˛yõì˛ñ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí !Ñ˛ÇÓy !¢Âïyhs˛ !ò ÏãÓ˚ !ò ÏãÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !ú ÏÖ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏÑ˛ ãõy ˆîÁÎ˚y–


ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí SCase StudyV

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ~ÓÇ !ãòÜì˛ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈

xïƒyÎ˚ 3 ı ÓÇüÜ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ ÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í !ãòÜì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ Sv z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú ı Ñ˛ ÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í !ãòÜì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜV

≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢õÎ˚ ı î%£z !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛


(i) Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ÏÑ˛ !ãòÜì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ !£¢y ÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(ii) Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ÓÇüÜì˛¶˛y ÏÓ ¢M˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iii) ÌƒyúyˆÏ¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚yˆÏï Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

24


(iv) Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y Ïï !ãòÜì˛ ˛ôÓ˚yõ Ïü≈Ó˚ SGenetic CounsellingV ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(v) Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y Ïï ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢y ÏÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£# £ÁÎ˚y–


ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ ˆúÖy›˛y ˛ô Ïv ¸ ¢õ¢ƒy›˛yÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y–

xõ)úƒÓyÓ% ì§ yÓ˚ ˆäÈ Ïú xã ÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó ÏÎ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏäÈò– xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!îò ˛ôyv ¸yÓ˚ Ó˚ì˛òÓyÓ% Óú Ïúò ˆÎ !Ó ÏÎ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xy ÏÜ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚

ˆäÈ ÏúÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– xõ)úƒÓyÓ% Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ãyò Ïì˛ â˛y£z Ïúò– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì§ yÓ˚ ˆäÈ Ïú ˆì˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢%fiÌ Á fl ∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛–

Ó˚ì˛òÓyÓ% ì˛Öò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ Óú Ïúò ˆÎ Î!î ˆÑ˛v z Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ Óy£Ñ˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ Ïú Óy£z ÏÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ˆî ÏÖ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ òy– xyÓ˚

fl ∫yõ#ÈÙÈfl˛f# î%ã Ïò£z Î!î Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ Óy£Ñ˛ £Î˚ ì˛y£ Ïú ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¢hs˛y ÏòÓ˚ Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚yÜ!›˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy Ìy ÏÑ˛–

xõ)úƒÓyÓ% ~Ó˚ ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!îò xãÎ˚ ÏÑ˛ !ò ÏÎ˚ v˛y=˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ%Ó˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ ˆÜ Ïúò– v˛y=˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ% xãÎ˚ ÏÑ˛ ¶˛y Ïúy Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïúò– xyÓ˚ Ó˚ Ï=˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È

˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ xyò Ïì˛ Óú Ïúò– ˛v˛y=˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ% Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ Ï ôy›≈ ˆî ÏÖ Óú Ïúò ˆÎ xãÎ˚ Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ Óy£Ñ˛– ì˛ ÏÓ !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È

ˆò£z– ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢%fiÌ Á fl ∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ã#Óò Ñ˛y›˛y Ïì˛ xã ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛y Ïòy ¢õ¢ƒy £ ÏÓ òy– xyÓ˚ ~›˛yÁ Óú Ïúò ˆÎ xã ÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó ÏÎ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ xy ÏÜ

xõ)úƒÓyÓ% xãÎ˚ ÏÑ˛ ì§ yÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ !ò ÏÎ˚ ~ Ï¢ Ö%Ó !Óâ˛«˛íì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏäÈò– Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y !ãòÜì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ– xÌ≈yÍ ÓyÓyÈÙÈõyÓ˚ ~£z ˆÓ˚yÜ

ÌyÑ˛ Ïúñ ¢hs˛y ÏòÓ˚Á ~£z ˆÓ˚yÜ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy Ìy ÏÑ˛– xã ÏÎ˚Ó˚ £Ó% fl˛f#Á Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ Óy£Ñ˛ £ Ïú ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¢hs˛y ÏòÓ˚ Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y

ˆÓ˚y ÏÜ xyÑ yhs˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ 25% ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyÑ˛ ÏÓ– ì˛y£z !Ó ÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy ÏÜ xã ÏÎ˚Ó˚ £Ó% fl˛f#Ó˚Á Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y Ïòy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

Á˛ô ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü“›˛y ˆì˛y ˛ôv ¸ Ïú– ~ÓyÓ˚ ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ–

(i) !Ó ÏÎ˚Ó˚ xy ÏÜ Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y Ïòy ãÓ%!Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ò⁄

(ii) î%ãò Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎy Óy£ ÏÑ˛Ó !Ó ÏÎ £ Ïú ì˛y ÏîÓ ¢hs˛y ÏòÓ !Ñ˛ Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎy £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ ÈÙÈ ~ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ ˆì˛yõyÓ Ñ˛# õ Ïò £Î ˆú ÏÖy–

(iii) Ìƒyúy Ï¢!õÎ˚y ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ ú«˛í Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

(i) ¢õyãã#Ó Ïò ˆÓ˚yÜ ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒy v zay˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(ii) ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ¢¡ôÑ≈ Î%=˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚Ó˚ v zay˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iii) !ãò ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ ˆÓ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ òyòy v zîy£Ó˚í !ò ÏÎ˚ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iv) ì˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ ˆÑ˛y Ïòy ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢õ¢ƒy !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ Ïò ì% Ïú ï ÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ Óúy–

(v) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ î Ïú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y xyÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ Ó%!G˛ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y–

(vi) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


(i) ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ v zay˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ xy ÏÜ ˆ¢›˛y ¶˛y Ïúy¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ôv ¸y–

(ii) ¢õ¢ƒy›˛yÓ˚ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ î ÏúÓ˚ xòƒ ÏîÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iii) ˆÎ ¢õ¢ƒy›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ Èxy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ïì˛ ˆ¢›˛yÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ¶˛yÓy Á Öyì˛yÎ˚ !ú ÏÖ ˆö˛úy–


¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy SCreative WritingV

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ü%‹Ò Á õÓ% xM˛ Ïú Ñ˛ƒyÑ˛›˛y¢ ~ÓÇ v z Ï›˛Ó˚ x!¶˛ ÏÎyãò

xïƒyÎ˚ 4 ı ˛x!¶˛Óƒ!=˛ Á x!¶˛ ÏÎyãò Sv z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú ı ˛ˆÓ§ Ïâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú ÈÈÙÈ x!¶ Ï ÏÎyãòV

25




(i) ü%‹Ò Á õÓ% xM˛ Ïú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~õò Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú v z!qî Á ≤Ãyí#Ó˚ v zîy£Ó˚í !î Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(ii) ü%‹Ò Á õÓ% xM˛ Ïú Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# ã#Ó ÏîÓ˚ Sv zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó) ô ı Ñ˛ƒyÑ˛›˛y¢ Á v z›˛V ¢õ¢ƒyÜ% Ïúy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iii) ˛ü%‹Ò Á õÓ% xM˛ ÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü xyÓ˚ ˆ¢Öy Ïò Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# ã#Ó ÏîÓ˚ Sv zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó) ô ı Ñ˛ƒyÑ˛›˛y¢ Á v z›˛V ¢õ¢ƒy Á x!¶˛ ÏÎyãò

«˛õì˛yÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ xyhs˛É¢¡ôÑ≈ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iv) Ñ˛ƒyÑ˛›˛y¢ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ î#á≈¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ) ú ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓ Ïü õy!ò ÏÎ˚ â˛ Ïú ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(v) Ñ˛ƒyÑ˛›˛y Ï¢Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛ ÏÎyãòÜì˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ v z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(vi) v z›˛ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ î#á≈¢õÎ˚ ãú Ñ˛õ ˛ôyò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ Óy ˛ôyò òy Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ) ú ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓ Ïü õy!ò ÏÎ˚ â˛ Ïú ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(vii) v z Ï›˛Ó˚ ãú «˛Î˚ ¢£ ÏòÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ x!¶˛ ÏÎyãòÜì˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ v z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(viii)Á˛ô ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü% Ïúy !ò ÏÎ˚ !ò ÏãÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòy ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó !ò ÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆú ÏÖy–


ÚÚü%‹Ò Á õÓ% xM˛ Ïú Ñ˛ƒyÑ˛›˛y¢ ~ÓÇ v z Ï›˛Ó˚ x!¶˛ ÏÎyãòÛÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ !ò ÏãÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòy !ú ÏÖ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y–

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

(i) Ñ˛ì˛›˛y !úÖ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ ˆ¢›˛y Ó Ïú ˆîÁÎ˚y–

(ii) ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò Ñ˛# Ñ˛# !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ ÏÓ ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ Ïrï !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚–

(iii) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


(i) !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ˆúÖyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$ !ò ÏÎ˚ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(ii) !úÖ Ïì˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xy ÏÜ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ ÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y–

(iii) ˆ¢£z xò%ÎyÎ˚# !ò ÏãÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ Ü%!äÈ ÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y–


õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí (Model Making) !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ≤Ãyí# Óy v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢ Ï¢Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò

xïƒyÎ˚ 2 ı ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy£õyòì˛y Sv z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú ı ˆÑ˛yü !Ó¶˛yãò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yüâ˛Ñ V



(i) ≤Ãyí# Á v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÜ% Ïúy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(ii) ≤Ãyí# Á v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ xyhs˛É¢¡ôÑ≈ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iii) ≤Ãyí# Á v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÜ% Ïúy !â˛ ÏeÓ˚ ¢y£y ÏÎƒ v z ôfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

26


(iv) !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Á !â˛e !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí !î Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(v) õ Ïv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ¢£ãú¶˛ƒ v z ôÑ˛Ó˚í !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ õ Ïv˛ú›˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–


≤Ãyí# Óy v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ !â˛e ~§ ÏÑ˛ Óy õ Ïv˛ ÏúÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ v z ôfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

(i) ≤Ãyí# Óy v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ ÎyÓ !Ó!¶˛ß îüyÓ˛ !â˛e ˆÑ˛õò¶˛y ÏÓ Öyì˛yÎ ~§ ÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ ˆ¢›˛y Ó%!G˛ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y–

(ii) !â˛e !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ !òÎ˚õÜ% ÏúyÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ á›˛y Ïòy–

(iii) !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ xy§Ñ˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ !â˛ ÏeÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iv) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ x§yÑ˛y !â˛e Óy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y õ Ïv˛ ÏúÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


(i) ≤Ãyí# Óy v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ !â˛e Öyì˛yÎ˚ x§yÑ˛y–

(ii) ≤Ãyí# Óy v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ îüyÓ˚ !â˛e ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛y ÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iii) ≤Ãyí# Óy v z!qî ˆÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ õy£z Ï›˛y!¢¢ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ õ Ïv˛ú ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ãhfl$ ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–


˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ Á !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎÏò SOpen Textbook EvaluationV

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛yã Á ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy

xïƒyÎ˚ 1 ı ã#ÓãÜ Ïì˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Á ¢õß∫Î˚ Sv z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú ı ≤Ãyí# ÏîÓ˚ ¢yv ¸y≤Ãîyò Á ˆ¶˛Ôì˛ ¢õß∫Î˚ ÈÙÈ fl ¨yÎ%ìs˛fV



(i) ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ v z ô ÏÎyã Ïò !¢!úÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(ii) î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ Ïú v zq(ì˛ ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ% Ïúy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iii) î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ Ïú ˆâ˛yÖ äÈyv ¸yÁ xòƒyòƒ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ% Ïúy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(iv) ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ v z ô ÏÎyã ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚y ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ x!ã≈ì˛ K˛y ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–

(v) î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïú Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ Îb ˆòÁÎ˚y v z!â˛ì˛ ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ Ïrï ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y Á Óyhfl˛Ó ã#Ó Ïò ì˛yÓ˚

≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–


ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ ˆúÖy›˛y ˛ô Ïv ¸ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ–

~Ñ˛!ÓÇü üì˛y∑# Ïì˛ xyü#Ó≈y ÏîÓ˚ xòƒ òyõ Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛yÓ˚– Î%Üyhs˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ¢ Ï®£ ˆò£z– xyã ÏÑ˛Ó˚ !î Ïò ˆÑ˛y Ïòy Ñ˛yã£z ~Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ äÈyv ¸y

¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y x¢Ω˛Ó– ì˛ ÏÓ xyü#Ó≈y ÏîÓ˚ Úxõ, Ïì˛Ó˚Û ¢ ÏAÜ x!¶˛üy Ï ôÓ˚ ò#ú !Ó°ÏÁ ~ Ï¢ ã%›˛ ÏäÈ– Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõ Ïò Ó Ï¢ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ Ñ˛yã

Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ Ïú ˆâ˛yÖ ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl ∫ì˛y £yÓ˚y ÏFäÈ– xyÓ˚ ü%ï% Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛yÓ˚£z òÎ˚ñ ›˛ƒyÓ Ïú›˛ñ fl˛øy›≈ Ïö˛y ÏòÓ˚ õ Ïì˛y ˆîy¢Ó˚Á ~Ó ¢ ÏAÜ ~ Ï¢ ã%›˛ ÏäÈ– ˆîÖy

!î ÏFäÈ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒy– Î!î ~Öò£z ¢ì˛Ñ≈ òy £òñ ì˛ ÏÓ xî)Ó˚ ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒ Ïì˛ ˆâ˛yÖ !ò ÏÎ˚ ¶% Ü Ïì˛ £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚–

â˛«% !Ó Ïü°ÏK˛Ó˚y ãyòy ÏFäÈò ›˛yòy Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõ Ïò Ó Ï¢ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïú ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ !¢!úÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!ü Ïì˛ ¢Ó ÏÌ ÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü â˛y˛ô ˛ô Ïv ¸– ˛ö˛ Ïú ~£z

27


ˆ˛ô!üÜ% Ïúy Ñœ yhs˛ £ ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x Ïò ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛yÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚!ì˛ !ò ÏÎ˚ õƒyÜy!ãò ˛ô Ïv ¸ò Óy ˆõyÓy£z Ïú ˆâ˛yÖ Ó˚y ÏÖò– ì˛y Ïì˛Á ~£z ˆ˛ô!üÜ% Ïúy

fl ∫!hfl˛ ôyÎ˚ òy– ö˛ Ïú â˛y ÏÖÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ â˛y˛ô ô Ïv ¸– ~Ó˚ ö˛ Ïú â˛yÖ !ò ÏÎ˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ Ïì˛ £Î˚– â˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ áy Ïv ¸Ó˚ ÓƒÌyñ

ˆÑ˛yõ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îs˛fíy £zì˛ƒy!î v z ô¢Ü≈ üÓ˚# ÏÓ˚ Óy¢y Ó§y Ïï– ÈÙÙÙÈ ˜î!òÑ˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe–

(i) !¢!úÎ˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!ü Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ v z ô ÏÎyã Ïò ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚⁄

(ii) î#á≈!îò Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïú ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy ˆîÖy !î Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚⁄

(ii) ›˛yòy Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõ Ïò Ó Ï¢ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ Ïú v zq(ì˛ ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ~v ¸y Ïì˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛⁄

(iv) î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïú áy Ïv ¸Ó˚ ÓƒÌyñ ˆÑ˛yõ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îs˛fíy £zì˛ƒy!î v z ô¢Ü≈ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ò⁄ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ õ%!=˛

˛ôyÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó⁄

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

(i) î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Á ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ xò% ÏFäÈî!›˛ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò ~£z ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y xò% ÏFäÈî ˜ì˛!Ó˚

Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y– ú«˛ Ó˚yÖy xò% ÏFäÈî!›˛ ˆÎò ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$ Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ¢yõO¢ƒ˛ô)í≈ £Î˚–

(ii) ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ¢yõO¢ƒ˛ô)í≈ ~õò ≤ÃŸ¿ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Îy !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ Ïì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

(iii) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


(i) î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Á ˆâ˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ xò% ÏFäÈî!›˛ õò !î ÏÎ˚ ¶˛y Ïúy¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ôv ¸y–

(ii) Ñ˛!¡ôv z›˛y ÏÓ˚ î#á≈«˛í Ñ˛yã Á â˛y ÏÖÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢ÇÑ yhs˛ xò% ÏFäÈî!›˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$ Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈ Î%=˛ xÇ ÏüÓ˚ ÎyÜy ÏÎyÜ

Ö§% Ïã ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(iii) ≤ÃŸ¿Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ ˆúÖy–


ì, ì˛#Î˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ Ïò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÓ–

28


ˆ¶˛Ôì˛!ÓK˛yò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü

¢õ#«˛y SSurveyV 1) ¶˛yÓõ)ú ı 6. â˛úì˛!v˛¸Í

v z ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ı 6.4 ì˛!v˛¸Í «˛õì˛y

2) Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı Óy!v ¸ Ïì˛ !Óî%ƒÍ ü!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ÖÓ˚â˛ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢õ#«˛y–

3) ¢õÎ˚ ı ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy î%!›˛ !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛–

4) Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚yñ

a) ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ì˛!v ¸Í ü!=˛ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !üÖˆÏÓ–

b) ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £ˆÏÓ–

c) ì˛ÌƒˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ fl ∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜíòyÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ–

d) îúÓÂï¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ü Ïv ¸ v z‡˛ ÏÓ–

5) !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı

a) äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò–

b) ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢Ó äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ Óy â˛yˆÏ›≈˛ ˆúÖy ≤Ãî_ äÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ (Table) õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ òõ%òy Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ

!ò Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò–

c) äÈyeäÈye# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãî_ äÈÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ xyò Ïì˛

ÓúˆÏÓò– ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v ¸Ü% Ïúy !Óî%ƒÍ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ°ÏÓyÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈% =˛ òÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ xÌÓy Órï% ÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò–

d) ~£z Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ó,£Í v z Ïjüƒ Ñ˛# ì˛yÁ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

e) äÈyeäÈye#Óy Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó ÏÓ !Ñ˛hs$ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒ ÏÑ˛ xyúyîy äÈ ÏÑ˛ !ò ÏãÓ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ !úÖ ÏÓ ì˛yÓ v z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò–

f) ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ äÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ xÇü!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !úÖˆÏÓ ~£z !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîˆÏÓò–

äÈ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ òõ%òy ı

˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ Á£z Î Ïs˛fÓ˚ Á£z Îs˛f ≤Ãì˛ƒ£ Á£z Î Ïs˛fÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛õy Ï¢

¢Ó˚Oy ÏõÓ˚ òyõ xyò%õy!òÑ˛ «˛õì˛y Îì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ï ÏÓ˚ ˆõy›˛ !Óî%ƒÍ ü!=˛

ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Üv ¸ õyò ÖÓ˚ Ïâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí SB.O.TV

29


~Ñ˛õyˆÏ¢ñ ˆõy›˛ !Óî%ƒÍ ü!=˛ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙ

£zv˛z!ò›˛È

˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó Ïú ≤Ãî_ ¢#õy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ £zv z!ò›˛ !Óî%ƒÍ ≤Ã!ì˛ ïyÎ≈õ)úƒ !£¢y ÏÓ ÖÓ Ïâ˛Ó ˛ô!Óõyí = ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈ

›˛yÑ˛y

≤ÃÑ, ì˛ !ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí = ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈ

›˛yÑ˛y

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î%!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí = ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈ

›˛yÑ˛y

~£z ≤ÃyÆ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ı ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈ

ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈ














ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÙÈ










ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÙÙÙÈÙÈ

6) !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ ı

a) !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v z ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ äÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v z_Ó˚Ü%!ú ¢¡∫ Ïrï xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

b) ~Ñ˛ãò x˛ôÓ˚ãò ÏÑ˛ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ !î ÏÎ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ– ˆÎÔÌ¶˛y ÏÓ ì˛Ìƒ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

c) äÈÑ˛!›˛ ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

d) äÈˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛y fiÌyˆÏò !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á ¢õ#«˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ Î˚y ˆúÖy ¢¡ô)í≈ £ˆÏúñ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy

~Ñ˛ãò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ#«˛y˛ôe!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– xòƒÓ˚y ì˛y ü%òˆÏÓ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Á£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ õì˛yõì˛

≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ Îy Ïì˛ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ î ÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ v zÍÑ˛°Ï≈ Óy Ïv ¸–

e) ˆÎÔÌ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òñ ˛ô!Ó˚Óï≈òñ ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈ò Á ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

7) õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ı

v z ôfiÌy˛ôòyñ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíydÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yñ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôˆÏÎyÜƒ Ó˚y!üÓ˚ ÜíòyÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛y Á Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ !¶˛!_Ó˚

!Óâ˛y ÏÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–

oT˛Óƒ ı ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ Úì˛!v ¸Í «˛õì˛yÛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

≤ÃÑ, !ì˛˛ôy‡˛ SNature StudyV

¢õÎ˚ ÈıÈ 40 !õ!ò›

1V Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú Á òòÈÙÈÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú ˛ô!úõyÓ˚ ı ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy–

2V ¶˛yÓõ)ú SThemeV ı 8. ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ¶˛Ôì˛ Á Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ïõ≈¢õ)£– v˛z˛ô¶˛yÓõ)ú SSub-themeV ı 8.6 ˜ãÓ Ó˚¢yÎ˚ò–

õ%Öƒ ïyÓ˚íy SKey conceptV ı 8.6.10 Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏŸ’!°Ïì˛ ˜ãÓ ˛ô!úõyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 8.6.11 Óy ÏÎ˚y!v˛ Ï@˘Ã Ïv˛Óú ˛ô!úõyÓ˚–

3) Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ı

SaV ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ SäÈeyÑ˛ Á ÓƒyÑ˛ˆÏ›˛!Ó˚Î˚yV Ü%Ó˚%c Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

SbV ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú Á òòÈÙÈÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú ˛ô!úõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

30


ScV !fiÌ!ì˛ü#ú v zß¨Î˚ ÏòÓ˚ ú Ï«˛ƒ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#Ó Ïò òòÈÙÈÓy ÏÎ˚y!v˛ Ï@˘Ã Ïv˛Óú ˛ô!úõy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î ÏÌFäÈ ~ÓÇ x˛ô!Ó˚íyõîü≈# ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚

!òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ì˛y Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

SdV ~£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ fl˛ôT˛ ïyÓ˚íy úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!ÂïˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

4V !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı

!ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ 4-5 ã ÏòÓ äÈy Ï›˛y î Ïú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ ÏÓ î ÏÓò– !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ !¶˛!_ Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ

õyïƒ Ïõ ≤Ãî_ ¢yÓ˚!í!›˛ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˆî ÏÓò– !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚ ˆî ÏÓòñ îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy ü%ò ÏÓò ~ÓÇ

v zÍ¢y£ ˆî ÏÓò– ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò !ò ÏãÁ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓò– ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Post-instructional activity ñ ì˛y£z

¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô‡˛òÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ò ¢¡ôß¨ £ˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ~!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛z!â˛ì˛–

5V !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ ı

≤ÃÌˆÏõ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˜ãÓ ˛ô!úõyˆÏÓ˚ Ü!‡˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% =˛ Óhfl$˛/˛ôîyÌ≈ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú òy

òòÈÙÈÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú ì˛y üòy=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y

≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!ú !ò ÏÎ˚ î Ïú xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒ ÏÑ˛ !ò ÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ !úÖ ÏÓ–

x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚!í!›˛ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y–

S1V ì%˛!õ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ó°Ï≈yÑ˛yˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãy Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ü%§!v˛¸ ÏˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈeyÑ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÖäÈ⁄

S2V Ó°Ï≈yÑ˛yˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò‰›˛yÎ˚ ¢£ˆÏã äÈyì˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ü%Ñ˛ˆÏòy Ñ˛y‡˛ñ òy !¶˛ˆÏã ˛Ñ˛y‡˛⁄ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õì˛ Ñ˛#⁄

S3V ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yãÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c Ñ˛# ÓˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚⁄

S4V ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú ˛ô!úõyÓ˚Ü% Ïúy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ òT˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢ ¢¡∫ Ïrï ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛#⁄

S5V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú ˛ô!úõyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ôîyÌ≈ v zÍ˛ôß¨ £Î˚ õ)ú ˛ô!úõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyí!ÓÑ˛ Áãò

ˆÓ!ü £ÁÎ˚y v z!â˛ì˛ òy Ñ˛õ⁄

S6V v z ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚!íÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÜ% Ïúy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ãÓ¢yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ⁄

S7V òòÈÙÈÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú ˛ô!úõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎˆÏÌFäÈ ~ÓÇ x˛ô!Ó˚íyõîü≈# ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄

S8V ÌyˆÏõ≈yÑ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ìyúy òy üyú˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ÌyúyÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛yò›˛y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚⁄

ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Óhfl$˛/˛ôîyÌ≈ ≤Ãïyòì˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ô!úõyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü î#á≈!îò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸

ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú òT˛ £Î˚ !Ñ˛

S£§ƒy/òyV

Óhfl$˛/˛ôîyÌ≈

ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏ@˘ÃˆÏv˛Óú òy

òòÈÙÈÓy ÏÎ˚y!v˛ Ï@˘Ã Ïv˛Óú

ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôyì˛úy xï≈fl˛∫FäÈ ˛ô!ú!Ìò

˛Ñ˛ƒy!Ó˚ÓƒyÜ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚

õyäÈÈÙÈõyÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ›%˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ≤Ãy!›˛ò

£zˆÏúÑ˛!›˛ΔÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚í ˛ô!ú!¶˛òy£zú ˆÑœ˛yÓ˚y£zv˛ SPVCV

Öv˛¸ ˆ¢ú%ˆÏúyã SÑ˛yˆÏÓ≈y£y£zˆÏv»˛›˛V

v˛›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˚!ö˛ú ˛ô!ú!Ìò

ì% ˆÏúy ˆ¢ú% Ïúyã

ì˛!Ó˚ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÖy¢y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ≈y£y£zˆÏv»˛›˛

òõò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôy£z ô PVC

31


6V õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ı

v z ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíydÑ˛ Á ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!ÜÑ˛ î«˛ì˛y Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ x!ã≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚

!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí SCase StudyV

¢õÎ˚ ÈıÈ 40 !õ!ò›

1V Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı xƒyˆÏõy!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ î%á≈›˛òyã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí xƒyˆÏõy!òÎ˚y !òÜ≈ì˛ £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Á

xÓüƒ˛ôyúò#Î˚ ¢yÓïyòì˛y–

2V ¶˛yÓõ)ú SThemeV ı 8. ôîy ÏÌ≈Ó ¶˛Ôì˛ Á Óy¢yÎ!òÑ˛ ïõ≈¢õ)£– v z ô¶˛yÓõ)ú SSub-themeV ı 8.4 ôÓ#«˛yÜyÓ Á Óy¢yÎ!òÑ˛

!ü Ï“ x ÏãÓ Ó˚¢yÎ˚ò– õ%Öƒ ïyÓ˚íy SKey conceptV ı 8.4.2 xƒyˆÏõy!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ïõ≈–

3) Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ı

SaV xƒyˆÏõy!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ !ü“ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ SIndustrial useV ãyòˆÏì˛ Á Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

SbV xƒy Ïõy!òÎyÓ !Ó!¶˛ß ¶˛Ôì˛ ï Ïõ≈Ó SÜrïñ Öyúy £yÁÎyÎ ì˛Óú xƒy Ïõy!òÎyÓ o%ì˛ Óy‹ô#¶˛Óò ~ÓÇ ã Ïú xì˛ƒ!ïÑ˛ oyÓƒì˛yV

¢ ÏAÜ ÎÌyÑ Ïõ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ üòy=˛Ñ˛Ó ÏíÓ v z ôyÎñ x Ï ô«˛yÑ, ì˛ Ñ˛õ ¢õ ÏÎ Ó£% ˆúy ÏÑ˛Ó xyÑ yhs˛ £ÁÎyÓ Ñ˛yÓí ~ÓÇ î%á≈›˛òy

á›˛ Ïú Ñ˛# Ñ˛Óí#Î ì˛y !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ ÏÓ– ~£z K˛yò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ü Ïv˛ ì% ú Ïì˛ Ñ˛y Ïã úyÜ ÏÓ–

4V !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı

!ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ 3-4 ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò– ≤Ãî_ ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü!›˛ ˛ôv ¸ Ïì˛ ÓúˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ îúÜì˛

xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆî ÏÓò– !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚ ˆî ÏÓòñ îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy ü%ò ÏÓò ~ÓÇ v zÍ¢y£ ˆî ÏÓò–

~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Post-instructional activityñ ì˛y£z ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ xÇ ÏüÓ ˛ô‡˛òÈÙÈ ôy‡˛ò ¢¡ôß £ Ïú ì˛ ÏÓ£z ~!›˛ ≤Ã ÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ÓyÓ v z!â˛ì˛–


ò#ˆÏâ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ á›˛òyÓ˚ v zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy– ¢ÇÓyî˛ôˆÏe Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ á›˛òy v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–

á›˛òy!›˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˆúˆÏÖy–

34 òÇ ãyì˛#Î ¢v˛ ÏÑ˛Ó Ñ˛y ÏäÈ Üì˛Ñ˛yú ¶˛yÓ ÏÓúyÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛y”˛ fi›˛y ÏÓ Ïã î%á≈›˛òy á›˛yÎ Üƒy¢ äÈ!v˛ ÏÎ ô Ïv˛– xy Ïü˛ôy ÏüÓ Ó£%

@˘Ãy ÏõÓ â˛y!°ÏÓy Ñ˛y”˛ fi›˛y ÏÓ Ïã ¢!∂ ¢ÇÓ«˛í Ñ˛ ÏÓò– Îy!s fÑ˛ Üyú ÏÎy ÏÜÓ ö˛ Ïú î%á≈›˛òy á›˛yÎ ¢õhfl˛ ~úyÑ˛y xì˛ƒhs˛ G§ yG˛y Ïúy

Ü Ïrï ¶˛ ÏÓ ÎyÎ– â˛yÖ ãμyúyñ ≤ÃÓú Ÿªy¢Ñ˛T˛ñ Ñ˛y!ü £zì˛ƒy!î òyòy v z ô¢ ÏÜ≈ Ó£% õyò%°Ï x¢%fiÌ £ ÏÎ ô Ïv˛ò– áò Ñ% Îyüy ÌyÑ˛yÓ ö˛ Ïú

Üƒy¢ ¢ ÏÓ ˆÎ Ïì˛ x ÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ ˆú ÏÜ ÎyÎ– ¢yõ!ÎÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ ãyì˛#Î ¢v˛ ÏÑ˛ Îyò â˛úyâ˛ú Órï Ñ˛ ÏÓ !î Ïì˛ £Î– á›˛òyfiÌ Ïú

îõÑ˛ ÏúÓ !ì˛ò!›˛ ~ò!ã ÏòÓ ˛ˆâ˛T˛yÎ ˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛ !òÎs f Ïí xy Ï¢– ˆÓyî Á‡˛yÓ ˛ôÓ Üƒy Ï¢Ó ≤Ã ÏÑ˛y˛ô Ñ˛ Ïõ ÎyÎ– ≤Ãüy¢ ÏòÓ ˛ô«˛

ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ xyÑ yhs˛ Óƒ!=˛ ÏîÓ ≤Ãâ% Ó ˛ô!Óõy Ïí ãú !î ÏÎ ˆâ˛yÖ ï% Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yõ!ÎÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ á›˛òyfiÌú ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ î) ÏÓ ÌyÑ˛yÓ ˛ôÓyõü≈ ˆîÁÎy

£ ÏÎ ÏäÈ– !Ó Ïü°Ï¶˛y ÏÓ xyÑ yhs˛ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ ãòƒ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ˛ô!Ó Ï°ÏÓyÓ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Óy £ ÏÎ ÏäÈ–

≤ÃŸ¿ ı

S1V ˆÑ˛y”˛ ˆfi›˛y ÏÓ Ïã x Ïô«˛yÑ, ì˛ Ñ˛õîyõ# !£õyÎÑ˛ Scheap refrigerantV Ó) Ï ô ¢yïyÓíì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ì˛Óú ÓƒÓ£yÓ Ñ˛Óy £Î⁄

S2V ~£z ì˛Ó˚ú!›˛ ˆÖyúy £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏú Ñ˛# á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛⁄ ˆÑ˛ò⁄

32


S3V ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe G§˛yG˛yˆÏúy ÜˆÏrïÓ˚ ˆÎ Üƒy¢ äÈ!v ¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢!›˛ Ñ˛# ÓˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚⁄

S4V ãú !î ÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛yÖ ï% Ïì˛ ÓúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛#⁄

S5V Ñ% Î˚yüy ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õ¢ƒy Ü%Ó%ì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏúy ˆÑ˛ò⁄


v z ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ x!ã≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãÓ˚

¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆúÖyÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy SCreative WritingV

1) ¶˛yÓõ)ú ı 5. xyˆÏúyñ 6. â˛úì˛!v˛¸Í

2) Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı xyˆÏúy Á â˛úì˛!v ¸Í ¶˛yÓõ)ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü∑ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò x!¶˛ïyˆÏòÓ˚ (Science Dictionary) ÈÙÈ~Ó˚

õˆÏì˛y î%!›˛ ˛ôyì˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

3) ¢õÎ˚ ı ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy î%!›˛ !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛–

4) Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı äÈyeäÈye# ÏîÓ˚

a) xyˆÏúy Á â˛úì˛!v ¸Í ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

b) xy Ïúy Á â˛úì˛!v ¸ÍÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yÜ ¢¡ô ÏÑ ≈ xy@˘Ã£ Ó,!Âï ˛ôy ÏÓ–

c) fl ∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆúÖyÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ–

d) îúÓÂï¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ü Ïv ¸ v z‡˛ ÏÓ–

5) !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı


b) Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ ì˛y Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò– Science DictionaryÙÈ~Ó òõ%òy äÈyeäÈye# ÏîÓ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò–

c) îúÓÂï¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛# ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

d) ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ î ÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yã !ò!î≈T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓò– äÈyeäÈye# ÏîÓ˚ ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó !ò ÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ~£z Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ü∑Ü%!úÓ˚ xÌ≈

Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy !úÖ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò–

e) ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛y£z ÏÓò–

f) ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ îú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–


a) !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y îˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–

b) î ÏúÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ü Ï∑Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy !fiÌÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

c) ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈye !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ ü∑ñ Á£z ü∑Ü%!úÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ ÈÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚

!úÖ ÏÓ Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛ ÏÓ–

d) ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛!Ó˚ Science Dictionary ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ î%!›˛ ô,¤˛y Ïì˛ úÖyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ü°Ï £ Ïú ◊!íÓ˚ xòƒ î ÏúÓ˚ Órï% ÏîÓ˚ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚

Ñ˛yã›˛y ˆîÖy ÏÓ Á ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

e) îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £ Ïú !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢Ç Ïüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

33



a) v z ôfiÌy˛ôòyñ !ÓˆÏŸ’°ÏíydÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛y Á Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ !¶˛!_Ó˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

b) ˆÎ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ü∑yÌ≈ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ó!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !úÖˆÏÓñ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ÓƒyÖƒyÓ˚ v zÍÑ˛°Ï≈ì˛y

Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ e%!›˛ ~Ñ˛îõ£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ÎÔÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ ¢%®Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛

v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ ïˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛yÓ˚ïyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚%!Ó Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

oT˛Óƒ ı ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ xyˆÏúy Á ì˛!v˛¸Í ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí (Model Making)

1) ¶˛yÓõ)ú ı 6. â˛úì˛!v˛¸Í

v z ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ı 6.2 Á£ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢)e

2) Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ˆÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ˆ◊!í Á ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢õÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ õˆÏv˛ú !òõ≈yí–

3) ¢õÎ˚ ı ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy î%!›˛ !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛–

4) Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚yñ

a) fl ∫“õ)úƒ Óy xˆÏ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ Óhfl$˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õˆÏv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

b) Óì≈˛ò# !â˛e SCircuit DiagramV x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

c) ˆ◊!í Á ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú Óì≈ ò#Ó˚ õ Ïv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ¢«˛õ £ ÏÓ–

d) î%ÈÙÈ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Óì≈˛ò#Ó˚ ì% úòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

5) !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı


b) Á£z õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈y Ïí ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ v z ôÑ˛Ó˚í äÈyeäÈye# ÏîÓ˚ xyò Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò– v z ôÑ˛Ó˚íÜ%!ú £ Ïúy ı ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÓyÕ∫ñ £y”˛yÓ˚ñ

ì˛yÓ˚ñ Óƒy›˛y!Ó˚ñ ¢%£zâ˛ xÌÓy ¢%£zâ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ö˛!›˛!˛ôòñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ü=˛ Óyv≈˛ñ fl˛$;ÈÙÈv»˛y£z¶˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î–

!ü«˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óì≈˛ò# !â˛eî%!›˛ ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏÓò Á äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛

ÓúˆÏÓò–

d) îúÓÂï¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛õ≈ ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò–

c)

34


e) îúÓÂï xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈyeäÈye# ÎyˆÏì˛ !òˆÏã ~Ñ˛!›˛ õˆÏv˛ú ÓyòyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ v z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

f) õˆÏv˛ú !òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ fl˛∫yì˛ˆÏs˛fƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

g) ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò £ Ïú äÈyeäÈye# ÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓò–

h) ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ãyòˆÏì˛ â˛y£z ÏÓò–

i) ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ õˆÏv˛ú!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òy ~ÓÇ î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ö˛ú

˛ôÎ≈ ÏÓ«˛ ÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úÖ Ïì˛ Óú ÏÓò–


a) Óì≈˛ò# !â˛e Öyì˛yÎ˚ x§yÑ˛ˆÏÓ–

b) õ Ïv˛ú!›˛ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

c) ˆ◊!í Á ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢õÓyˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÕ∫Ü%!ú Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z Óƒy›˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ xyúyîy xyúyîy¶˛yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ñ˛# ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ

£ ÏFäÈ ì˛y ˛ôÎ≈ ÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

d) Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ õˆÏv˛ú!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy ì˛y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úÖˆÏÓ– î%£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ö˛ú

˛ôÎ≈ ÏÓ«˛ ÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÁ v z ôÎ%=˛ ÓƒyÖƒy¢£ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úÖ ÏÓ–

e) ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ îú ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ãò ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ õ Ïv˛ú!›˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ≤Ãîü≈ò SDemonstrateV Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ –


a) v z ôfiÌy˛ôòyñ !Ó ÏŸ’°ÏíydÑ˛ ïyÓíyÓ õÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yñ v z ôÑ˛Óí !òÓ≈yâ˛ ÏòÓ õÔ!úÑ˛cñ ÓƒyÖƒyÎ !òãfl ∫ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓÓ ôyÓî!ü≈ì˛y

Á Ó=˛ ÏÓƒÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ !¶˛!_Ó˚ !Óâ˛y ÏÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–

b) !òˆÏî≈!üÑ˛yÜ%!ú SRubricV Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ !fiÌÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

oT˛Óƒ ı ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ Á£ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢)e v˛z ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ Á !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎÏò SOpen Textbook EvaluationV

¢õÎ˚ ÈıÈ 2 × 40 !õ!ò›˛

1V Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ ~ˆÏö˛Q Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ–

2V ¶˛yÓõ)ú SThemeV ı 1 ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓòy v˛z˛ô¶˛yÓõ)ú SSub-themeV ı 1.1 ˆ¶˛Ôì˛!ÓK˛yò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü õ%ÖƒïyÓ˚íy

SKey ConceptV 1.1.3 !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ ~ˆÏö˛Q Á !ÓŸªv z°÷yÎ˚ò–

3V Ñ˛yõƒ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ı

SaV !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ ~ˆÏö˛ˆÏQÓ˚ ˆ¶˛Ôì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ Á ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

SbV !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ Üƒy¢Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ v zÍ¢ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

ScV ˆ@’yÓyú ÁÎ˚y!õ≈ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

SdV !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ Üƒy¢ !òÜ≈õò Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò Ó) ôy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó ~õò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¶˛y¢ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–

35


4V !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı

!ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ 3-4 ãˆÏòÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò– ≤Ãî_ ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü!›˛ ˛ôv˛¸ Ïì˛ ÓúˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ

îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆî ÏÓò– !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚ ˆî ÏÓòñ îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy ü%ò ÏÓò ~ÓÇ v zÍ¢y£

ˆîˆÏÓò– ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Post-instructional activity ñ ì˛y£z ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô‡˛òÈÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ò ¢¡ôß¨ £ˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ~!›˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ

Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–

5V ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü ı

¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚v˛ ÓˆÏú ~Ñ˛Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xî,üƒ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ≤Ãïyòì˛ £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚v˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬£z ì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ ¢,!T˛

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚v˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xí%Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ü%ˆÏ°Ï !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–

˛ô,!ÌÓ# ~£z £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ü!=˛ ü%ˆÏ°Ï !òˆÏÎ˚ ÜÓ˚õ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ü%ˆÏ°Ï ˆòÁÎ˚y ì˛y˛ôü!=˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y õy!›˛ÈÙÈãúÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ òyòyò

xí%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– Óy!Ñ˛ ü!=˛›%˛Ñ%˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ# xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛õ ü!=˛Ó˚ £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚v˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÎ˚– ~£z

ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y ì˛y˛ôü!=˛Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y õ£yü)ˆÏòƒ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ ÌyÑ˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !@˘Ãò£yv˛z¢ ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ SCO2, N2O,CH4, O3, CFCV xí%Ó˚yÁ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ì˛y˛ôü!=˛ ü%ˆÏ°Ï ˆòÎ˚ñ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ ÌyÑ˛y ãú#Î˚ Óy‹ôÁ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚v˛

Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏÑ˛ ˆüy°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z¢Ó ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xí%ˆÏîÓ˚ £zòö ˛yˆÏÓ˚v˛ ˆüy°Ïí Á ˛ô%ò!Ó≈!Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÓyÎ˚%õ[˛ˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ì˛y˛ô xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛

˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ¢Ó›%˛Ñ%˛ õ£yü)ˆÏòƒ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆì˛úñ Ñ˛Î˚úyñ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ãμyúy!ò ˆ˛ôyv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~ÓÇ !¢ˆÏõr›˛

˜ì˛!ÓÓ Ñ˛yÓÖyòy Ì ÏÑ˛ ≤Ãâ% Ó ô!Óõyí Ñ˛yÓ≈ò v˛y£zÈx:y£zv˛ Óyì˛y Ï¢ õ Ïü– !Ó!¶˛ß ≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ ô!Ó ÏÓ Ïü Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ# !v˛òy£z!› Δö˛y£zÇ

ÓƒyÑ˛ˆÏ›˛!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆõÌyˆÏòyˆÏã!òÑ˛ ÓƒyÑ˛ˆÏ›˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ !Ñ ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ÎÌyÑ ˛ˆÏõ òy£z›˛Δy¢ x:y£zv˛ ~ÓÇ !õˆÏÌò v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢

ˆõˆÏü– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ òyòyò Ñ˛yˆÏã ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ ˆÑœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yöœ$˛ÁˆÏÓ˚yÑ˛yÓ≈ò SCFCV ˆÎÔÜÜ% Ïúy Üì˛ °Ïy›˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ !õˆÏüˆÏäÈ– ì˛ˆÏÓ

≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÎ˚ òy£z›˛Δy¢ x:y£zv˛ Óy !õˆÏÌˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ Üƒy¢ v zÍ˛ôß¨ £ˆÏúÁ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüÜì˛ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚

!â˛hs˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏúy Ñ õÓï≈õyò Ñ˛yÓ≈ò v˛y£zÈx:y£zv˛– !ÓK˛yò#ˆÏîÓ˚ xyüAÑ˛y ~£z ˆÎ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ Ñ˛yÓ≈ò v˛y£zÈx:y£z Ïv˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí

Ñ õü Óyv ¸ Ïì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ ~ˆÏö˛ˆÏQÓ˚ ãòƒ xî)Ó˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Üv ¸ v z°÷ì˛y Ó,!Âï ôyˆÏÓ– ~£z v z°÷yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ SGlobalwarmingV ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó£% xÇˆÏü ˆîÖy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÖÓ˚yñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆõÓ˚%Ó˚ ÓÓ˚ö˛ ÜˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢õ% Ïoy˛ôÑ) úÓì≈˛# Ó£% ü£Ó˚

≤’y!Óì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓŸª v z°÷yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒ v˛z ÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢õ%o ãˆÏúÓ˚ CO2 ˆüy°Ïí

«˛õì˛y £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ ~ˆÏö˛Qñ ˆ@’yÓyú ÁÎ˚y!õ≈ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ~›˛yÁ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ

˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óyì˛y Ï¢ Ñ˛y Ïòy !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ Üƒy¢ òy ÌyÑ˛ Ïú ¢)Î≈y ÏúyÑ˛ Ì ÏÑ˛ üy!°Ïì˛ ì˛y Ï ôÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚y›˛ xÇü£z !Ó!Ñ˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ ÏÎ˚ õ£yü) Ïòƒ

!ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎì˛– ì˛Öò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#˛ô,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ Üv˛¸ v˛z°÷ì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ˆÎì˛– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ òyòyò Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ Ñ ˛õÓï≈õyò Ñ˛yÓ≈ò

v˛y£zÈx:y£zˆÏv˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí£z !â˛hs˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚–

≤ÃŸ¿ ı

S1V ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ¢)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏäÈñ ~ÓÇ Üƒy¢#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ˆÏú Ñ˛yÓ≈ò v˛y£zÈx:y£zˆÏv˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚

ì% úòyÎ˚ Ó£%Ü%í ˆÓ!ü ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘Ã£ £ú ü%Ñ @˘Ã£ SVenusV– ü%Ñ ˛@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ô,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ Üv˛¸ v˛z°÷ì˛y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ £ˆÏÓ

òy ˆÓ!ü £ ÏÓ⁄

S2V Ñ˛yÓ≈ò v˛y£zx:y£zv˛ äÈyv ¸y xyˆÏÓ˚y î%ˆÏ›˛y !@˘Ãò£yv˛z¢ ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy ˆÎÜ% Ïúy !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˜ãÓÓ˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ !Ñ Î˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú

v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ ˆõˆÏü–

S3V !¢ Ïõr›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò £Î˚ â% ò SCaOV Îy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ â% òy˛ôyÌÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ Üƒy¢

!òÜ≈õ ÏòÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈ Ñ˛#⁄

36


S4V ÚÚ!@˘Ãò£yv z¢ ~ˆÏö˛ˆÏQÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãyí¢,!T˛ Á ≤ÃyíïyÓ˚í ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈÛÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Î%!=˛¢£ ¢õÌ≈ò Óy !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

S5V ì% !õ ˆÎ¢Ó !@˘Ãò£yv z¢ Üƒy Ï¢Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆã ÏòäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üƒy¢ xy ÏäÈ Îy ı

aV ã Ïú oÓ#¶) ì˛ £ Ïú oÓí xy!¡‘Ñ˛ £Î˚ó

bV õ£y¢õ% ÏoÓ˚ ãˆÏú ˆüy!°Ïì˛ òy £ˆÏú !ÓŸª v z°÷yÎ˚ò cÓ˚y!ß∫ì˛ £ˆÏÓó

cV ÓyÎ%õ[˛ Ïú òy ÌyÑ˛ Ïú ¢yÓ˚y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x¢ÇÖƒ Öyîƒãyú Sfood webV ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôv˛¸ ÏÓó

dV ã Ïú oyÓƒ Ó Ïú£z üyõ%Ñ ÈÙÈ!G˛ò%Ñ ÈÙÈü§yÖÈ £zì˛ƒy!î õyúyfl˛Òy ôÓ≈¶% =˛ ≤Ãyí#Óy ì˛y ÏîÓ ÖyúÑ˛ SshellV ì˛!Ó Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ôy ÏÓó

Üƒy¢!›˛ Ñ˛#⁄ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ v z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢˛ôˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ îyÁ–

S6V ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Á fl˛%ÒˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ £Î˚⁄ ~£z !Óî%ƒÍ ≤Ãïyòì˛ ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏ¢⁄

S7V ü!=˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏò Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú !@˘Ãò£yv˛z¢ Üƒy¢ !òÜ≈õò Ñ˛õyˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ì% !õ õˆÏò

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y⁄

S8V Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ü!=˛¢y◊Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÎyˆÏì˛ !@˘Ãò£yv˛z¢ Üƒy¢ !òÜ≈õò !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y £ˆÏú Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–


!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ≤Ãî_ ˛ôy‡˛ƒyÇü!›˛ ˛ôv ¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ îúÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚y !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ õ)ú

ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy â˛y£zˆÏì˛ ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏúyâ˛òyúkï !¢Âïyhs˛ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ¢î¢ƒˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–


v z ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Á !â˛hs˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ñ˛ì˛î)Ó˚ x!ã≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚

!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

ì, ì˛#Î˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ Ïò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚

xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÓ–

37


£z!ì˛£y¢ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü

1. ˆ«˛e ¢õ#«˛y

xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏò £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ Ó!â˛eƒÜ%!úÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yõÓ˚y ãˆÏòäÈ– £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢£z !Ó!â˛e !îÑ˛Ü%!úÓ˚ ÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛

ˆÓ ÏäÈ òyÁ– Îõò ï ÏÓy ı ÖúyÓ £z!ì˛£y¢ Á ˛ôyüy ÏÑ˛Ó £z!ì˛£y¢– ~Óy ÏÓ ì˛yõyÓ Ó ÏäÈ òÁÎy ¢£z î%!›˛ !Ó°Ï ÏÎÓ !¶˛!_ Ïì˛ ì˛yõyÓ

fiÌyò#Î˚ xM˛ ÏúÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ ÏÖ ¢Ç Ï«˛ Ï ô ¢ÈÙÈî%!›˛Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ú ÏÖy–

£z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈ yÓ˚ Ó˚Ñ˛õ Ïö˛Ó˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ôÎ≈y Ïúyâ˛òy SÓÓ˚yj ¢õÎ˚ ı 30 !õ!ò›˛V–

ˆÜyv ¸yˆÏì˛£z !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Á îúÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v zÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢)eïÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ òyòy !îÑ˛ Á

˜Ó!â˛eƒ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

Ñ˛y!A«˛ì˛ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛y ~ÓÇ î«˛ì˛y Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ Ó£%õ%Ö# Á !Ó!â˛e !îÑ˛Ü%!ú Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ òyñ ˆ¢!›˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

Ñ˛Ó˚y£z v zˆÏjüƒ– ˆÑ˛òñ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚Ñ˛õ £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$˛ !ÓÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆ¢!›˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎ fiÌyòÈÙÈÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢õƒÑ˛ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú £ˆÏì˛

¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yã– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ xM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ !ÓÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ

áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢›˛y ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã–

~£z¢Ó ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ£z !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

2. ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ôy‡˛

Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ xÓ˚íƒ xy£zò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á ÓòÈÙÈ!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛#Ó˚Ñ˛õ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ ˆ¢›˛y ~Ñ˛›˛y â˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚

õyïƒˆÏõ ˆîÖyÁ– ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ïπÇ¢ òyÈÙÈÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢ÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãhfl˛yÓ îyÁ–

ãòã#Óò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ !õÌ!fl˛;Î˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓì≈˛ò !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy

SÓÓ˚yj ¢õÎ˚ ı 30 !õ!ò›˛V–


Ó%ˆÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢)eïÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ

˛ô!Ó ÏÓü ì˛Ìy ¶) ÏÜyúâ˛â≈ yÓ Ü%Ó%c Á ô!Ó ÏÓü £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈ y Senvironmental historyV ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ ÁÎy!Ñ˛Ó£yú

Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

Ñ˛y!A«˛ì˛ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛y ~ÓÇ î«˛ì˛y Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ı

~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ îúÜì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á õyò%°Ï ì˛Ìy ¢õyãÈÙÈüy¢òÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy ì˛Ìy

£z!ì˛£y Ï¢Ó˚ ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ÈÙÈ!ò¶≈ Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢AÜ Á ¢ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ òyòy v zîy£Ó˚í v z Ï‡˛ xy¢y ãÓ%!Ó˚– õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ òyòy Ñ˛y Ïã £z!ì˛£y Ï¢Ó˚

òyòy ˛ôÎ≈y ÏÎ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ô!Ó ÏÓü ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ ÏÎ ÏäÈñ ˛ô!Ó ÏÓ ÏüÓ ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ £z!ì˛£y Ï¢Ó ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó Ñ˛Ó ÏäÈÙÙÙÈ ¢¢Ó

≤Ã¢AÜ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ÓyÓ v z ô ÏÓ ˆãyÓ ˛ôv˛y îÓÑ˛yÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Óy ˆÎ fiÌyòÈÙÈÑ˛y ÏúÓ £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â≈ y Ñ˛Ó ÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ ˛ô!Ó ÏÓü !Ó°Ï ÏÎ

38


¢õƒÑ˛ ÁÎy!Ñ˛Ó£yú £ Ïì˛ ì˛y ÏîÓ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î Ñ˛yã– Ë˛ô!ò ÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõú Ì ÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ Ïì˛ ô!Ó ÏÓü Á Ë˛ô!ò ÏÓ!üÑ˛

üy¢ ÏòÓ ¢¡ô≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ !ÓÓ!ì≈ ì˛ £ ÏÎ ÏäÈñ ¢›˛y ÓyG˛yÓ v z ô ÏÓ ãyÓ ôv˛ ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î Ñ˛y Ïã–

~£z¢Ó ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ£z !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛–

3. !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢õ#«˛y

ïˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ fiÌyò#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏú Ó%!òÎ˚y!î hfl˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyïƒ!õÑ˛ hfl˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ü«˛yÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á v˛zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#

Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye# Á !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ– ˆ¢£z ¢õ#«˛y

â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü%!ú Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ#«˛y˛ôe ÓyòyÁ–

!ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!úñ ãòã#Óò Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy SÓÓ˚yj

¢õÎ˚ ı 30 !õ!ò›˛V–


Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v zÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢)eïÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ v z ôyîyò Á

˛ôÂï!ì˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢õ#«˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

Ñ˛y!A«˛ì˛ ˆÓyïƒÜõƒì˛y ~ÓÇ î«˛ì˛y Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ı

~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ¢õ ÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü Á õyò%°Ï ì˛Ìy ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ Ïì˛

!ü«˛yÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ v zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¢AÜ Á ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ òyòy v zîy£Ó˚í v z Ï‡˛ xy¢y ãÓ%!Ó˚– ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚

õy Ïòyß¨Î˚ ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ Á ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ îyÎ˚ÓÂïì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢AÜ Á ˆ¢£z ú Ï«˛ƒ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ òyòy v z ÏîƒyÜÈÙÈv zîy£Ó˚í

!Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v z ô ÏÓ˚ ãyÓ˚ ôv ¸ ÏÓ– ¢£z !ò!Ó˚ ÏÖ Ë˛ô!ò ÏÓ!üÑ˛ xyõ Ïú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ Á ¢õ!T˛Üì˛ !ü«˛y¢Çfl˛Òy ÏÓ˚Ó˚

v z Ïîƒy ÏÜÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÎ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸ ÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !òãfl ∫ ¢õyã Á ãòã#Óò !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Á

ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢õƒÑ˛ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú £ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yã– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ ¢õ#«˛y˛ôe ÓyòyˆÏòyÓ˚

õyïƒˆÏõ v z ôÎ%=˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ ÓyòyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v z ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸ ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã–

ˆ¢£z¢Ó ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛y Á ì˛yÓ˚ äÈy˛ô ¢õ#«˛y˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓ!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôv ¸ ÏäÈ !Ñ˛ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ£z !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓò !ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛–

4. ¢,ãòü#ú Ó˚â˛òy

ïˆÏÓ˚yñ {ŸªÓ˚â˛w !Óîƒy¢yÜÓ˚ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xM˛ˆÏú á% ÏÓ˚ !ü«˛y ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyòy v z ÏîƒyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ¢£z¢Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚

Ñ˛Ìy !ì˛!ò v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yˆÏÖò– ˆ¢£z v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˆÑ˛õò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚

ˆúˆÏÖy–

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Á !â˛hs˛yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z

xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢,ãòü#ú Ó˚â˛òy SÓÓ˚yj ¢õÎ˚ ı 30 !õ!ò›˛V–


Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v zÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢)eïÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ v z ôyîyò

!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ Á ¢,ãòü#ú v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ SˆÎõò ı v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚ñ !â˛!‡˛ñ xydã#Óò#ñ ÓÇüú!ì˛Ñ˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛V

˜òÓƒ≈!=˛Ñ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c ~ÓÇ ˆ¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó£%õy!eÑ˛ î,!T˛ˆÏÑ˛yí!ò¶˛≈Ó˚ £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛

!ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

39



~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ¢õ ÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÌ≈ÈÙÈÓ˚yã Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢õyãÑ˛y‡˛y ÏõyÓ˚ ˜òÓƒ≈!=˛Ñ˛

õ)úƒyÎ˚ò v z Ï‡˛ xy¢y ãÓ%!Ó˚– Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛ãò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ì˛yÓ˚ ¶) ˆÏÜyúñ £z!ì˛£y¢ñ Ó˚yãò#!ì˛ñ ¢õyãñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ñ

¢Çfl ,Ò!ì˛ñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ≤Ã¶, !ì˛ äÈy˛ô ˆö˛ˆÏúñ ˜òÓƒ≈!=˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v z ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–

ˆ¢£z !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ˙ v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚!›˛ ˆÑ˛õò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛y£z !ÓˆÏÓâ˛ƒ– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ xòƒyòƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚

SˆÎõò ı ¢ì˛#îyˆÏ£Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ïì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚yõˆÏõy£ò Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yñ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ !â˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y!ÓK˛yò â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚

õï%¢)îò Ü% ÏÆÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ≤Ã¶, !ì˛V ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛#Ó˚Ñ˛õ ÓÎ˚yò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢›˛y ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˆÓÔ!ÂïÑ˛

î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v z ôÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸ ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã– SòÓõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ãòƒ !ò!î≈T˛ ≤ÃˆÏö˛¢Ó˚ üAÑ% Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ü%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

v˛yˆÏÎ˚!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ–V

ˆ¢£z¢Ó ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÓ˚ äÈy˛ô ¢,ãòü#ú Ó˚â˛òy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ òyñ ì˛yÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ£z !ü«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò

!ü!«˛Ñ˛y/!ü«˛Ñ˛–

5. õ Ïv˛ú ì˛!Ó

v z ô!òˆÏÓüÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# òyÓ˚# Á äÈye xyˆÏ®yúˆÏò Î%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ SÑ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ 5 ãòV Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!úÓ˚ v z ÏÕ‘Ö¢£ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚

~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛y›≈˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy SÓÓ˚yj ¢õÎ˚ ı 30 !õ!ò›˛V–


Ó% ÏG˛ òÁÎyÎ v zÍ¢y£ î ÏÓò ~ÓÇ ¢£z xy Ïúyâ˛òyÎ ¢)eïÓ !£ Ï¢ ÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò– Ñ˛Óú ã#Óò#õ)úÑ˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy

òÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛ãò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyîü≈ Á ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ xy Ï®yú Ïò ì˛yÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ £z!ì˛£y¢â˛â≈ yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ Ïì˛ ôy ÏÓ˚ñ ì˛y !Ó ÏŸ’°Ï ÏíÓ˚

òyòy ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–


~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛

xyîyò≤Ãîyò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ òy ˆ¢!›˛£z õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z Ïjüƒ– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ fiÌyòÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ

ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ¢õƒÑ˛ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú £ Ïì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yã– xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ÈÙÈ¢õyãÈÙÈÓ˚yãò#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛#¶˛y ÏÓ

Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ xyîü≈ Á Ñ˛yÎ≈˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ Óîú áˆÏ›˛ñ ˆ¢›˛y ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ v˛z ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã–


6. ˛ôy‡˛ ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

ÚÚ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ãyˆÏòòñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã !ü«˛yÓ˚ ÎÖò ≤ÃÌõ ˛ô_ò ££zÎ˚y!äÈú ì˛Öò ì˛y£yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ !äÈú ~£z ˆÎñ !Ó !›˛ü

¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒüy¢ò Á Óy!íãƒâ˛yúˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ £zÇˆÏÓ˚!ã ãyòy ˆî!ü Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# Ü!v ¸Î˚y ˆì˛yúy– xˆÏòÑ˛!îò ££z Ïì˛£z ˆ¢£z Üv ¸ ÏòÓ˚

Ñ˛yã â˛!ú Ïì˛ ÏäÈ– Îì˛Ñ˛yú äÈye¢ÇÖƒy x“ !äÈú ì˛ì˛Ñ˛yú ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã ÏòÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ xy ÏÎ˚yã ÏòÓ˚ ¢yõO¢ƒ !äÈúó Ñ˛y Ïã£z ˆ¢ !îÑ˛ ££z Ïì˛

ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôˆÏ«˛ x¢ˆÏhs˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yÓ˚í áˆÏ›˛ òy£z– ÎÖò ££zˆÏì˛ äÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xì˛ƒhs˛ Óy!v˛¸Î˚y v˛z!‡˛Î˚yˆÏäÈ ì˛Öò ££zˆÏì˛£z ~£z

!ü«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤Ãïyò v z Ïjüƒ x!ïÑ˛yÇü äÈyˆÏeÓ˚£z ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÌ≈ ££z Ïì˛ˆÏäÈ– Î!î xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !ü«˛yÎ˚ äÈye!îÜˆÏÑ˛ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚

äÈyv˛¸y xòƒyòƒ ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇfiÌyˆÏò ˛ô›%˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ì%˛!úì˛ ì˛y£y ££zˆÏú ~£z ¢¡∫ˆÏrï òy!úˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ìy!Ñ˛ì˛ òy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˛ô›%˛ òy Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y

¢Ó≈≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ x˛ô›%˛£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈñ ~ Ñ˛Ìy xyõÓ˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì˛yÑ˛y£zˆÏú Ó%!G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–

40


~£z ˆì˛y ˆÜú Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òy!úü– !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òy!úü ~£z ˆÎñ ~ì˛ Ñ˛yú ï!Ó˚Î˚y £zÇˆÏÓ˚ˆÏãÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏú ˛ô!v ¸ Ïì˛!äÈñ

!Ñ˛hs$˛ äÈyeîüy ˆì˛y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyõˆÏì˛£z á%!â˛ú òy– !Óîƒy Óy!£Ó˚ ££z Ïì˛£z ˆÑ˛Óú ãõy Ñ˛!Ó˚úyõñ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ££z Ïì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆì˛y !îúyõ òy– Ñ˛úˆÏ¢

ˆÑ˛Óú£z ãú ¶˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ìy!Ñ˛Óñ xÌâ˛ ˆ¢ ãú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò£z ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí îyòÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z ôˆÏÎyÜ# ¶˛Ó˚y ££z ÏÓ òyñ ~ ˆÎ !Ó°Ïõ

!Ó˛ô!_– ¶˛ ÏÎ˚ ¶˛ ÏÎ˚ £zÇ ÏÓ˚ ÏãÓ˚ v˛y=˛yÓ˚ äÈye ô§%!Ì !õúy£zÎ˚y v˛y=˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y â˛!úúñ !Ñ˛hs$ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ÓîƒyÎ˚ Óy !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yüy Ïfl f ~Ñ˛›˛yÈÙÈˆÑ˛y Ïòy

ò)ì˛ò ì˛_¥ Óy ì˛Ìƒ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ú òy– £zÇˆÏÓ˚ˆÏãÓ˚ ~!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ äÈye ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!£ì˛ ˛ô§%!Ì !õúy£zÎ˚y ~!O!òÎ˚y!Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ˛ô™ò

ú£zˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ Îs˛fì˛ˆÏ_¥ Óy Îs˛fÈÙÈv˛zqyÓòyÎ˚ õˆÏò Ó˚y!ÖÓyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !Ñ˛ä%È£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ òy– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ~£z ü!=˛£#òì˛y xyõÓ˚y fl˛ôT˛£z

Ó%!G˛ˆÏì˛!äÈ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy£ò Ñ˛!Ó˚úyõ òyñ !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y Ó£ò Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y£z â˛!úúyõñ £z£yÓ˚£z ˛ôÓ˚õ î%ÉÖ ˆÜyâ˛ˆÏÓ˚

xˆÏÜyâ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ã!õÎ˚y v z!‡˛ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ

ÈÙÙÙÈ Úx¢ˆÏhs˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÛñ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ˛ô!eÑ˛yñ ˜ãƒ¤˛ 1326ñ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ% Ó˚–

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%ˆÏFäÈî!›˛ ˛ôˆÏv ¸ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃŸ¿Ü%!úÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ–

1– ˆÑ˛ò Ë˛ô!òˆÏÓ!üÑ˛ ÚÚ!ü«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤Ãïyò v˛z Ïjüƒ x!ïÑ˛yÇü äÈyˆÏeÓ˚£z ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÌ≈ÛÛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚

õˆÏò £Î˚⁄ ˆ¢£z ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ Ñ˛# £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ì%˛!õ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y⁄

2– ÚÚ!Óîƒy Óy!£Ó˚ ££zˆÏì˛£z ˆÑ˛Óú ãõy Ñ˛!Ó˚úyõñ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ££z Ïì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆì˛y !îúyõ òyÛÛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ â˛yÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄

ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛# !äÈú ÓˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚⁄

3– !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÚÓ£òÛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ%ˆÏúy Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôv˛¸ ÏäÈ⁄ ÚÚ!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Óy£òÛÛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì% úˆÏì˛

£ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚⁄

˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ Sconcepts and ideasV ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢yÎ%ãƒ˛ô)í≈ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ƒÓ˚ ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy

SÓÓ˚yj ¢õÎ˚ ı 30 !õ!ò›˛V–


Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÎ˚ v zÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢)eïÓ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛

òyòy ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÏÖ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ StextV !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–


~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ úkï ïyÓ˚íy¢õ) Ï£Ó˚ ¢¡∫rï !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ òyñ

ˆ¢!›˛£z õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y v z Ïjüƒ– ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xy£,ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v z ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸y

îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ¢Ó ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ Sconcepts and ideasV xò%ü#úò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢õƒÑ˛ ÁÎ˚y!Ñ˛Ó£yú £ˆÏì˛

¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yã– ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Á Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ Á !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Scritical thinkingand critical analysisV v z ô ÏÓ˚ ãyÓ˚ ôv ¸ ÏÓ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛y Ïã–


!Ó.o.ı ˛ôy‡˛ ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓüƒ£z ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˙ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!›˛ ãy!ì˛ñ

Óí≈ñ ïõ≈ñ ˆ◊!íñ !úAÜ ~ÓÇ xyM˛!úÑ˛/xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛/¢Çfl ,Ò!ì˛Üì˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ%=˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˙ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ˆÏ˛ôˆÏü Á

41


ì,ì˛#Î xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ # ≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ Ïò ≤ÃyÆ õyò õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ôÓ#«˛yÎ xhs˛Ó≈ì≈ #

≤Ãhfl$ !ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÓ–

ºy!hs˛ãòÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy Sbiased ideas and opinionsV !òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÎyˆÏì˛ òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Á Îb òÁÎ˚y xyÓüƒÑ˛– õ)úì˛

≤ÃÓrïñ Ü“ñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ äÈ!Óñ !¢ Ïòõyñ ì˛Ìƒ!â˛eñ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÓîòñ ì˛ÌƒÓ˚y!ü SdatasetV ≤Ã¶, !ì˛ ¢õÑ˛yú#ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy

Ó˚â˛òy Scontemporary textV Á/!Ñ˛ÇÓy ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy¢õ) Ï£Ó˚ «˛ Ïe ≤Ã ÏÎyãƒ ~ÓÇ õyòƒ Ü ÏÓ°Ïíy!¢Âï !ì˛£y!¢ ÏÑ˛Ó˚

Ó˚â˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y£z Ñ˛yõƒ–

42


¶)˛ ÏÜyú Á ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü

¢õ#«˛y SSurveyV

1. òyõ ı Óy!v ¸Ó˚ Óã≈ƒ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy

2. !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 40 !õ!ò›˛ lîúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÈÈÙÙÙÈ 5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛ñ îúÜì˛ Óy ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã!›˛ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈ 20ÈÙÈ25

!õ!ò›˛ñ îúÜì˛ õì˛yõì˛ !Ó!òõÎ˚ÈÈÙÙÙÈ5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛n

3. !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óã≈ƒ ¢¡∫rï#Î˚ xò%¢rïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

4. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı îúÜì˛/~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!ú xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı Óã≈ƒ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy

ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Óy!v ¸ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Óã≈ƒ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚⁄

~£z Ó Ïã≈ƒÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ˆÑ˛yòÜ%!ú ˜ãÓ Á ˆÑ˛yòÜ%!ú x ÏãÓ⁄

Óã≈ƒÜ%!ú ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆö˛úy £Î˚⁄

ˆ¢£z !ò!î≈T˛ fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óã≈ƒÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôÔÓ˚¢¶˛y Óy ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ó˚yˆÏòy £Î˚⁄

Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ¢,T˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Óã≈ƒÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z Ó˚) ôyhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ⁄

ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óã≈ƒ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy xyˆÏÓ˚y v˛zß¨ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚y⁄

ÓˆÏã≈ƒÓ˚ v z˛ôÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy òy £ˆÏú õyòÓã#ÓˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# «˛!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôv˛¸ Ïì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ì% !õ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yõƒ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı

Óã≈ƒ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ¢õƒÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛ò

Óã≈ƒ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!Âï

õ)úƒyÎ˚ò !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y ı

1. ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Á ~Ñ˛e#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ2

2. !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Á ÓƒyÖƒyÈÙÙÙÈ2

3. !¢Âïyhs˛ Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v z˛ôfiÌy˛ôòyÈÙÙÙÈ2

4. x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛yÈÙÙÙÈ4

43


≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛˛ ˛ôy‡˛ (Nature Study)

1. òyõ ı }ì% Óîú Á xyõÓ˚y

2. !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 40 !õ!ò›˛ [îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÈÈÙÙÙÈ È5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛ñ ì˛Ìƒ !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£í Á ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ÈÈÙÙÙÈ

20ÈÙÈ25 !õ!ò›˛ñ xyhs˛î≈ú õì˛yõì˛ !Ó!òõÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ 5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛]

3. !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó¶˛yÜˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ }ì% !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c

ˆîÁÎ˚yñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛úÜ%!ú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !úÖˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ Ö¢v ¸y ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y–

4. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı !òãfl ∫ xM˛ú xò%ÎyÎ˚# }ì% ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óòyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òÜ%!úÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y x¶˛ƒhfl˛ñ

ˆ¢Ü%!ú ÏÑ˛ ¢%¢ÇÓÂï¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÓîò xyÑ˛y ÏÓ˚ ãõy ˆîÁÎ˚y–

!Ó°ÏÎ˚˚ ı ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÈÙÙÙÈ È≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü

≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ }ì% Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ îú Ñ˛Ó˚y Î Ïì˛ ôy ÏÓ˚– ¢£z î ÏúÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y }ì% Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!ú !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ ôÎ≈ ÏÓ«˛í

Óy x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ !úÖ ÏÓ–

}ì% Ó˚ òyõ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yúñ x!ïÑ˛yÇü !î ÏòÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y SˆÓ˚Ô ÏoyIμú / ˆõáúy / Ó°Ï≈íõ%ÖÓ˚V

x!ïÑ˛yÇü !îˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !îÑ˛ñ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ ú«˛ƒí#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò S˛ôyì˛y G˛Ó˚y / òì%˛ò ˛ôyì˛y / ö˛ú / ö%˛ú

...... £zì˛ƒy!îV

Öyîƒy¶˛ƒy Ï¢Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈ ò SÓyãy ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# üyÑ˛ñ ¢∂#ñ ö˛úñ õyäÈ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y Îy ÏFäÈV

â˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Sö˛¢ú ˆ˛ô§yì˛y Óy Ñ˛y›˛y £zì˛ƒy!îV

ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ñ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îÓ˚ãyÈÙÈãyòúy ˆÖyúy/Órï Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ !Ñ˛òy

v zÍ¢Ó ÈÙÙÙÈ xyM˛!úÑ˛ v zÍ¢Ó

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yõƒ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı

¶˛yÓ˚ Ïì˛Ó˚ }ì% ÏÓ!â˛ ÏeƒÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ ÏÖ !ò ÏãÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ }ì% Ó˚ Ó!üT˛ƒÜ%!ú üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ôyÓ˚y Á Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ òÁÎ˚y–

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ }ì%˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ã#Óòyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ äÈyˆÏ›˛yÖyˆÏ›˛y ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyÓ£yÁÎy

Á ãúÓyÎ%Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ v z!qî Óy â˛y°ÏÓy¢ñ Öyîƒy¶˛ƒy¢ñ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈî £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈ ÏÑ˛ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


1. ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Á x!¶˛K˛ì˛y !Ó!òõÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ2

2. ˛ôO#Ñ˛Ó˚íÈÙÙÙÈ2

3. xò%ïyÓò Á !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$˛Ó˚ Èv z˛ôfiÌy˛ôòyÈÙÙÙÈ2


44


ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí (Case Study) 1. òyõ ı ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ ÏíÓ˚ õyïƒõ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy

2. !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 40 !õ!ò›˛ lîúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÈÙÙÙÈ 5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ÙÙÙÈ 30ÈÙÈ35 !õ!ò›˛n

3. !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛ xò%ïyÓˆÏò ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y–

4. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı ¢õ¢ƒy xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ õì˛yõì˛ K˛y˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈxÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü

ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒõ

¢õ¢ƒy Á ¢õyïy ÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ õì˛yõì˛ K˛y˛ôò

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó Ñ˛yõƒ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı ô!ÓÓ£ ÏíÓ õyïƒõñ ì˛yÓ ¢õ¢ƒy Á ¢õyïy ÏòÓ ¢)e xò%¢rïyò Ñ˛ÓyÓ «˛ Ïe !òãfl ∫ õì˛yõì˛ K˛y˛ô ÏòÓ «˛õì˛y–


1. ¢õ¢ƒy Á !Óâ˛yÎ≈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ v z ôú!kïÈÙÙÙÈ2

2. ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢õyïyò ¢)e !òí≈Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ2

3. ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ !Óâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛Ñ˛Ó˚íÈÙÙÙÈ2


¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy (Creative Writing) 1. òyõ ı òî#Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy

2. !òï≈y!Óì˛ ¢õÎ ı 40 !õ!ò›˛ [îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÈÈÙÙÙÈÈ5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛ñ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ xò% ÏFäÈî Ó˚â˛òyÈÈÙÙÙÈÈ20ÈÙÈ25 !õ!ò›˛ñ xyhs˛î≈ú

õì˛yõì˛ !Ó!òõÎÈÙÙÙÈÈ5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛]3. !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı !ò!î≈T˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xò%ˆÏFäÈî Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ «˛ˆÏe Ñ˛yò Ñ˛yò ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ Ó!üT˛ƒ v˛z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y

ÓœƒyÑ˛ ÏÓy Ïv≈ !ú ÏÖ ˆîÁÎ˚y Á ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y Ï£ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

4. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyˆÏv≈˛ !ú!Öì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÚÚòî#Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÛÛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò% ÏFäÈî Sxò!ïÑ˛ 100

ü∑V Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı Ó!£ã≈yì˛ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢,T˛ ¶)˛!õÓ˚)˛ô

òî#!›˛Ó˚ òyõ

òî#!›˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆúÖy £ˆÏFäÈ ˆ¢£z xÇˆÏü òî#Ó˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛

òî#!›˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y â˛Áv˛¸y Sxyò%õy!òÑ˛V

}ì% Ï¶˛ Ïî òî#Ó˚ ã ÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyíÜì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ì˛õƒ

fiÌyò#Î˚ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ã#Ó Ïò òî#!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yõƒ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı òî#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛ò ~ÓÇ fiÌyò#Î˚ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ã#Ó Ïò òî#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

45



1. ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü «˛õì˛yÈÙÙÙÈ2

2. Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛yÈÙÙÙÈ2

3. Î%!=˛@˘Ãy£ƒì˛yÈÙÙÙÈ2


õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí (Model Making)

1. òyõ ı ¶˛yÓ˚ Ïì˛Ó˚ òîòî#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy õyò!â˛e/fiÌúÓyÎ% Á ¢õ%oÓyÎ%Ó˚ õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí

2. !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı S40 + 40V = 80 !õ!ò›˛ Sî%!›˛ !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚v˛V [îúÜì˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Á ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy @˘Ã£íÈÈÙÙÙÈÈ10ÈÙÈ15 !õ!ò›˛ñ

xyîyò≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ Óy!Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈÈ65ÈÙÈ70 !õ!ò›˛]3. !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò v z ôÑ˛Ó˚í ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

4. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó x“ ÖÓ˚ Ïâ˛ õ Ïv˛ú/â˛y›≈ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

Ñ˛V !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü

¶˛yÓ˚ Ïì˛Ó˚ òîòî# ı â˛y›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ òîòî#Ó˚ Sv z_Ó˚/î!«˛í/˛ô!ÿ˛õV ïyÓ˚íy õyò!â˛e ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

ÖV !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ÓyÎ%õ[˛ú

ÓyÎ%≤ÃÓy£ ı Ìy Ïõ≈yÑ˛ ÏúÓ˚ ü#›˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ îúÜì˛¶˛y ÏÓ ¢õ%oÓyÎ% Á fiÌúÓyÎ%Ó˚ õ Ïv˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

â˛y˛ô Óú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ fiÌyòyhs˛Ó˚È ı

iV â˛y›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Öy õyò!â˛e ~§ˆÏÑ˛ñ î%£zïyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏòˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÜãˆÏÑ˛ â˛y£zˆÏú ~£z ˛ôƒyˆÏòú ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ v˛z ôÓ˚ÈÙÈò#ˆÏâ˛ ¢Ó˚yˆÏòy ÎyˆÏÓ–

iiV ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ â˛y˛ôÓúÎ˚Ü%!ú ~§ˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛#Ó˚!â˛£´ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆõÓ% Ïîü#Î˚

â˛y˛ôÓúÎ˚Ü%!ú ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ fiÌyòyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ òyñ ì˛y£z ÁÜ%!ú ~ÖyˆÏò òy ˆîÖyˆÏúÁ â˛úˆÏÓ–

iiiV ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ â˛y›≈˛ˆÏ˛ô˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏòˆÏú ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ÈÙÈò#ˆÏâ˛ ¢Ó˚yˆÏú â˛y˛ôÓúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fiÌyòyhs˛Ó˚ ˆÓyG˛y

ÎyˆÏÓ– ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ õyò!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fiÌyò Ñ˛Öò ˆÑ˛yò ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ ì˛yÁ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyˆÏÓ–

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yõƒ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õƒÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛ò–

õ))úƒyÎ˚ò !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛y ı

1. !Óõ)ì≈˛ ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ õ)ì≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÈÙÙÙÈ2

2. ¢,ãòü#úì˛y Á ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛y Ïã xy@˘Ã£ÈÙÙÙÈ2

3. ÓƒyÖƒy Á v z ôfiÌy˛ôòyÈÙÙÙÈ2


46


ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛Ñ˛ Á !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó ¢£yÎì˛yÎ õ)úƒyÎÏò SOpen Textbook EvaluationV

1. òyõ ı !ÓŸª v˛z°÷yÎ˚ò

2. !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ ¢õÎ˚ ı 40 !õ!ò›˛ [˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÈÈÙÙÙÈÈ5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛ñ Ñ˛yã!›˛ îúÜì˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒÈÙÙÙÈ20ÈÙÈ25

!õ!ò›˛ñ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ xyîyò≤ÃîyòÈÈÙÙÙÈ5ÈÙÈ10 !õ!ò›˛]

3. !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı îú ¢ÇÖƒy xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ú!˛ô ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ îˆÏú !Óì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y–

4. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı ≤Ãî_ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ú!˛ô xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò Sxò!ïÑ˛

100 ü∑V ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ÓyÎ%õu˛ú

!ÓŸª v˛z°÷yÎ˚ò Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó£% ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Á Ó£%â˛!â≈˛ì˛ ü∑– ¢yïyÓ˚í ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy ~£z ˆÎñ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ì˛y˛ôõyey Ñ õü

Óyv ¸ ÏäÈ– Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2014 !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛ 95% ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ !@˘Ãò £yv z¢ ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ õyÜì˛ Ó,!Âï ~ÓÇ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ òyòyò Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#£z ~Ó˚ õ)ú Ñ˛yÓ˚í– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ãúÓyÎ% õˆÏv˛ú xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ 21üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ì˛y˛ôõyey Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ xyÓ˚Á 0.3º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1.7ºC Óyv ¸ ÏÓ SÎ!î î)°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ¢Ó≈!ò¡¨ £Î˚Vñ xòƒÌyÎ˚ ì˛y˛ôõyey

2.6º ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 4.8ºC Ó,!Âï ˛ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ãúÓyÎ%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ xM˛ú !ÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï !¶˛ß¨ì˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÓ– ¢yïyÓ˚ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ì˛y˛ôõyey Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ôˆÏú

¢õ%o ãúì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ó,!Âïñ xïÉˆÏ«˛˛ôˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òñ v z ôÑ yhs˛#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏú õÓ%¶) !õÓ˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ñ !£õÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ Üúò ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ– !Ó!¶˛ß¨

ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ â˛Ó˚õ SextremeV xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y Á ãúÓyÎ%Ó˚ á›˛òy ˆÎõò ì˛y˛ô≤ÃÓy£ñ ÖÓ˚yñ ¶˛yÓ˚# Ó,!T˛¢£ Óòƒyñ ≤Ãâ% Ó˚ ì% °ÏyÓ˚˛ôyì˛ñ ¢õ% Ïo

xˆÏ¡‘Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ïí ≤Ããy!ì˛Ó˚ !Óú%!ÆÑ˛Ó˚íñ ü¢ƒ v zÍ˛ôyîò £…y¢ ≤Ã¶, !ì˛ á›˛òy á›˛ ÏÓ– ¢õ% Ïo ãúì˛ ÏúÓ˚ Ó,!Âï á›˛ Ïú

˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x ÏòÑ˛ ¢õ%o v z ôÑ) úÓì≈ # ~úyÑ˛y !òõ!Iì˛ £ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢õ@˘Ã ≤Ãyí#Ñ% ÏúÓ˚ ã#Óò !Ó˛ôß¨ £ ÏÓ–

ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# á›˛òy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛y˛ôõyey Ó,!ÂïˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ì% !õ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y⁄

!ÓÜì˛ ~Ñ˛ îüˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# â˛Ó˚õ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y Á ãúÓyÎ%Üì˛ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ˆüyòy ˆÜˆÏäÈ⁄

≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚£#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸª v z°÷yÎ˚ò á›˛ˆÏú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôv ¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ ˆúˆÏÖy–

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Ñ˛yõƒÈÙÈ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ı fiÌyò#Î˚ xM˛ Ïú !ÓŸª v z°÷yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Á ≤Ã¶˛yÓ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚y–


1. ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ì˛ ÏÌƒÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í Á !Ó ÏŸ’°ÏíÈÙÙÙÈ2

2. ≤Ãî_ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ õõ≈yÌ≈ xò%ïyÓòÈÙÙÙÈ2

3. ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!ÜÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ2


!Óı oı îüõ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ xhs˛Ó≈ì˛#≈ ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ñ˛yú#ò õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜˆÏÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ òõ%òy ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y

ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!ÂïÑ˛ õyò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl$˛ˆÏì˛ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–

47


õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ !ò Ïî≈!üÑ˛yS≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ô)í≈õyò 10– ò# Ïâ˛ ˛ô)í≈õy ÏòÓ˚ !Ó¶˛yãò ˆîÖy Ïòy £ Ïúy–V

1V ¢õ#«˛y

≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí !¢Âïyhs˛ Á õ)úƒyÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚

Á Á v z ôfiÌy˛ôòy ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛y

˛Ñ õ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ~Ñ˛e#Ñ˛Ó˚í ÓƒyÖƒy

2 2 2 42V ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛

xhs˛Ó≈hfl$˛Ó˚ fl ∫Ó˚)˛ô !òí≈Î˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚

˛ôÎ≈ ÏÓ«˛í ˛ôO#Ñ˛Ó˚í Á ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛y

¢õy Ïúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚

õyïƒ Ïõ v z ôfiÌy˛ôòy

2 2 2 43V ˆ«˛e !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí

¢õ¢ƒy Á !Óâ˛yÎ≈ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚

v z ôú!kï ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢õyïyò ¢)e ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ !Óâ˛y ÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛y

!òí≈Î˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ¢õyïy ÏòÓ˚

!ò!î≈T˛Ñ˛Ó˚í

2 2 2 44V ¢,!T˛ü#ú Ó˚â˛òy

x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü «˛õì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈ò Á ˛ô!Ó˚Óï≈ò ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ì˛y

ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛y

2 2 2 45V õ Ïv˛ú !òõ≈yí

!Óõ)ì≈ ¶˛yÓòy ÏÑ˛ ¢,ãòü#úì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚

õ)ì≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Á Á ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛y

˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛y Ïã xy@˘Ã£ v z ôfiÌy˛ôò

2 2 2 46V !üÖò ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò

≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ì˛ ÏÌƒÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ ì˛ ÏÌƒÓ˚ ì˛ ÏÌƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ¢yõ ÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ!Ó°ÏÎ˚

!â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í xhs˛Ó≈hfl$ Ó˚ fl ∫Ó) ô !òí≈Î˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢«˛õì˛y

!Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí ¢õy Ïúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚

õyïƒ Ïõ v z ôfiÌy˛ôòy

2 2 2 4

48


Internal Formative Evaluation: Theory and Practice - Bengali

Documents

Transcript of Internal Formative Evaluation: Theory and Practice - Bengali