Intermediate Ecl

8/6/2019 Intermediate Ecl

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ECL

ENGLISH COURSE

INTERMEDIATE

Engl ish as a crucial language.


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Acknowledgments

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.

Courtney , Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.

Fisk Engl ish Course Books Basic one / two, Book four, Book f ive, Book six,

Advanced two, Free Conversation.

Longman Dictionary of Engl ish Idioms.

Swan, Mi chael and Walter, Catherine How Engl ish Work s A Grammar Practice

Book Wi th Answers. Oxford.

Planned and Prepared by

Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copy ri ght

RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES

Rua Antnio Gonalves 109 Port o Velho

So Gonalo, R.J

Brasil


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CONTENTS

LESSON ELEVEN

LESSON TWELVE

LESSON THIRTEEN

LESSON FOURTEEN

LESSON FIFTEEN

LESSON SIXTEEN

SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST ANDMUSTN`T

PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )

TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW. PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )

PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES. HOW LONG PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES . PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )


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LESSON SEVENTEEN

LESSON EIGHTTEEN

LESSON NINETEEN

LESSON TWENTY

IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED. PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )

RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG) PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES


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LESSON 11

Verb Tenses

Do I study Engl ish every day?

Does he speak German every other

day?

Did she travel to England last night?

Wil l you have to work tonight?

Woul d they need to study every day?

Are you happy today ?

Were you ti red yesterday ?

Is she playing chess with him at the

moment?

Was he doing his homework last night?

Are they going to buy some food later?

Were you going to sell those CDs last week?

Is there any body at your house now?

Are there many tasks to do this

afternoon?

Wil l there be a party at the

club

tonight?

Would there be an answer for

this question?

Is there going to be an importantgame

tonight?

Was there going to be a meeting here this evening?


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LESSON 11

Short Answers

Yes y ou do. No y ou dont.Yes he does. No

he doesnt .

Yes she did. No she didnt.Yes I/ we wil l . No I/ we wont.Yes they woul d. No they wouldnt .Yes I/ we am./ are. No I am not./ arent.Yes I/ we was./ were. No I wasnt./ werent.Yes she is. No she isnt.Yes he was. No he wasnt.Yes they are. No they arent.Yes I/we was./were. No I/we wasn t./weren t.Yes there is. No there isnt.Yes there are. No there arent.Yes there wil l . No there wont.Yes there would. No there wouldnt.Yes there is. No there isnt.Yes there was. No there wasnt.


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LESSON 11

Substitution D ril l s

1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day?2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow?3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________?4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______?5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?

Expressions and Useful Phrases

Im damn ri ght / Im fuck in g right

What t he hell are you doing there?

Whoever/Wherever/ Whenever/ Whatever

What good would it do?

Keep track of # Lose track of

To mak e certain that you know what i s happening or has happened to someone or

somethingTake into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.

Important Note

Phrasal Verb

A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb or

both, the meaning of which is dif ferent f rom the meaning of i ts separate parts:

'Look after', 'work out ' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs.CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNERS DICTIONARY


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LESSON 11

Exercise

1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions inthe following dialogue.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?

b. No, I wouldnt.

b. How about ____________________________________________________________________?

a. ________________________________________________________________________________

a. Where ________________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

b. Af ter going to _________________________________________________________________

a. Cool! Thats a very nice idea...

a. At what time __________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

a. See y ou!

b. ___________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 12

Modal Verbs

Expressing the same idea:

Expressing Possibi l i ty

May I open thewindow?

It is too hothere!

Permission - Formal

Can I open thewindow?

It is too hothere!

Permission - Informal

Could I open the

window?

It is too hot

here!

Permission - Pol i te

Can y ou dri ve well? Abil ity Present or

Future

Could y ou speak

English

three

months

ago?

Abili ty Past or

Conditional

Shoul d she dr iveless and walk

more?

Recommendation

Must he f ini sh all his

homework

today ? Obligation

Should Ought to

Must Have to

May Strong possibi li ty - af f irmatives

and negatives

For questions we use the expression

to be + l ikely

Might Weak possibil ity - af f irmatives and

negatives

Are you l ikely to travel?

CanPossibil ity -aff i rmatives, negati ves

and in terrogati ves (informal)

It can be a good i dea.Can she come here tomorrow?

Do you think she can win?

Could Slight or uncertain possibi l i ty . It could be a good idea.


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LESSON 12

Asking Favors

Prohibition


1. _______ he__________ _______ __________ every day?2.

Could she ________ ________ ________ every _______?

3. ________ ______ help he r(to) ________ ____ _______?4. ________ _____ ________ to ________ ______ _______? 5. ________ ________ ___________ _______ __________ ?

Yes/No you may/ may not open the

window.

Yes/No you can/ cant open the

window.

Yes/No you could/ couldnt open the

window.

Yes/No I/ we can/ cant drive well .

Yes/No I/we coul d/ couldnt speakEnglish

three monthsago.

Yes/No she should/shouldnt drive less and walk

more.

Yes/No he must/ doesnt

have to(need to)

f in ish all his

homework

today.

Can Informal Can you help me with the homework ?

Coul d Formal Coul d I trouble you to open the window?

Mustn` t You mustn` t park y our car here!


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LESSON 12

Expressions

Along with / together with = accompany , emphasizes closeness in time or space

Instead of = in substi tut ion

According to = as stated or i n conformity

In spite of = in def iance of , notwithstanding

Due to / On account of / Because of = idea of cause

H ow to use them?

Too Very

High degree - intolerable High degree but tolerable

Phrasal Verbs

Call in To invite to enter.

Call out To shout something loudly.

Send in To order to enter.

Send out To cause (someone) to go outside.

Drop in To visit.

Drop out (of) To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc.

Push in To penetrate or cause penetration

Push out To make (something or someone) moveoutwards by pushing it.

Stay in At home, inside.

Stay out Not at home, outside.

Eat in At home, inside.

Eat out Not at home, outside .

Be in At home, inside.

Be out Not at home, outside.

Get in To enter

Get out To leave


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LESSON 12

Exercises

1. Make questions for these answers below.a.

________________________________________________________________________________?He wouldn t l ike to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?Hewil l travel instead of stay ing in next summer.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?She drops him in every other week .

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?Mark changed his mind and wont drop out of school any more

2. Give long answers for these questions below.a. Does she eat out every weekend?_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. Is you r mother out?_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Does she like to stay out now and then?_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. How of ten do you eat out?_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. Why dont you call her out so that she can help y ou out?_____________________________________________________________________________________

f . Is he usuall y in on theweekends?_____________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 13

Tag Questions

I study Spani sh every day , dont I?

He speaks French every other

day,

doesnt he?

She traveled to Australia last night, didnt she?

You wi l l have to work tonight , wont you?

They wouldnt need to study every day, woul d they ?

You are busy today, arent y ou?

You werent tired y esterday , were y ou?

She is play ing chess with

him

at t he

moment,

isnt she?

He was doing hishomework

last night, wasnt he?

They are going to buy some

food

later, arent they ?

You were going to sel l those

CDs

last week, werent you?

There is somebody at your

house

now, isnt there?

There are many

tasks

to do this

afternoon,

arent there?

There wil l be a party at

the club

tonight, wont there?

There would be an answerfor this

question,

wouldntthere?

There is going to be an

important

game

tonight, isnt there?

There was going to be a meetinghere

thisevening,

wasnt there?


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LESSON 13

Yes/ No you study / dont study Spani sh every day .

Yes/No he speaks / doesnt speak French every

other day .

Yes/ No she traveled / didnt travel to

Australia

last

night.

Yes/ No I/ we wil l / wont have to work tonight.

Yes/No they would / wouldnt need to study every day .

Yes/ No I/we am - are / am not - arent busy today .

Yes/ No I/ we was - were / wasnt - werent ti red y esterday .

Yes/ No she is / isnt playing chess wit h

him

at t he

moment.

Yes/No he was / wasnt doing his

homework

last

night.

Yes/No they are / arent going to buy some

food

later.

Yes/ No I/ we was - were / wasnt - werent going to sell those

CDs

last week.

Yes/ No there is / isnt somebody /any body at m y

house

now.

Yes/ No there are / arent many task s to do thi s

afternoon.

Yes/ No there wil l / wont be a party atthe club

tonight.

Yes/No there would / wouldnt be an answerfor this

question.

Yes/ No there is / isnt going to be an

important

game

tonight.

Yes/ No there was / wasnt going to be a meeting

here

this

evening.


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LESSON 13


1. He________ ___________ yesterday, ___________ ___________?2. She ___________ ______________, ___________ _____________?3. You ______________ meat, ________________ ______________?4. ______ ________ to England ________ _______, _______ _____?

Phrasal Verbs

Figure out To calculate. To understand.

Find out To discover.

Pick out To choose. To select.

Put out To extinguish fire . To turn off lights. To put(something or someone) outside. To produce.

Throw out To cast out. To get rid of (something orsomeone).

Turn out To result.

Work out To find a solution. To understand. To

succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise.Help out To help.

Try out To test. To experiment.

Make out To understand (something or someone). Todecipher.

Come out To come outside . To be published. To beexpressed in speech. To reach a result.

Look out To be careful (usually in the imperativeform).

Run out of To leave a place by running. To lack

something.

Break out of To escape from.

Check outto examine something or get moreinformation about it in order to be certain

that it is true, safe or suitable


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LESSON 13

Special Tag Questi ons

I am right, arent I?

Close the door, wil l y ou?

Dont forget, wi l l y ou?

Si t down, wont y ou?

Lets have a part y , shall we?

Old and Useful Say ings

Al l is well that ends well. Al l that gl itters is not gold.

A good example is better than a

sermon.

When poverty comes in the door, love

f lies out the window.

Money is the root of all evil. Theres no smoke without f ire.

Many hands make light work . Dont bi te the hand that feeds you.

Hal f a loaf is better than no bread. Bi rds of a feather f lock together.

Informal questi ons / requests of ten use negative sentence + question tag.

You cant lend me some money , can you?

Af ter imperat ives, we can use WON` T YOU? to invite people to do things, and WILL /

WOULD /CAN /CAN` T /COULD YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things.

Af ter negative imperati ve we useWILL YOU?

Af ter Lets we useSHALL WE?

We useTHEY to refer t onobody , somebody and every body (and no oneetc.) .

We use non -negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE.

We useIT in question tags to refer toNOTHING.

Idiomat ic Expressions and Useful Phrases

Look out y ou dont get robbed.= Be careful l not to get robbed.

Ones cup of tea = What one l ikes. E.G. Soccer i s not my cup of tea.

On the tip of ones tongue. = To be about to say something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have

got his name on the tip of my tongue.

On purpose= Intent ionall y # By chance= not intent ionally .

E.G. Do y ou think he did that on purpose?

Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. Im not cut out for this

kind of work . I prefer something l ighter.

By the looks of thin gs= According to what I can see

E.G. By the looks of things, long ski rts are coming in again

Come in = Become fashionable / seasonable


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LESSON 13

Exercises

1. Make sentences with tag questions for these answers below.a.

_________________________________________________, ______________________________?Yes, I am cook ing t onight.

b. ________________________________________________, _______________________________?Yes, he is a lovely l i ttle boy .

c. ________________________________________________, _______________________________?No, she didnt work hard last night.

d. ________________________________________________, ______________________________?Of course!

2. Complete the sentences below with the right tag questions.a. Thepoliceman came to school y esterday , ______________________________________?b. Theteacher brokehi s l eg last weekend, ________________________________________?c. Shelikes to play wi th you, ___________________________________________________?d. Joanne doesn t l ike to work here, ______________________________________________?e. Hewi l l ask her out next t ime he sees her , _____________________________________?f . Hewould enjoy going out wi th us, ___________________________________________?g. Everybody s here, ______________________________________________________________?h. Youre never happy , ____________________________________________________________?i . Theres no milk, _______________________________________________________________?j. Nothing mat ters, ______________________________________________________________?k . She hardly spok e, _____________________________________________________________?l . Theres scarcely enough time, _________________________________________________?m.You never wrote her a letter, ___________________________________________________?


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LESSON 14

The Perfect Tenses Part I

Have

y ou work ed hard lately?

# 1. Pres. Perf . Something that

started in the past and comes up to

the present.

Has he gotten good grades recently ?

# 1. Pres. Perf . 3rd person singular.

Have

you sold y our car?

# 2. Pres. Perf . Indef inite Past

Time.

Has he moved?# 2. Pres. Perf . 3rd person singular.

Have y ou eaten a lot today ?

# 3. Pres. Perf . Used with periods of

time not f inished at the moment of

speaking. The action may repeat or

continue.

Has he traveled this

month?

# 3. Pres. Perf . 3rd person singular.

Have

you been study inghard

thissemester?

Pres. Perf . Cont. Something t hat

started in th e past and comes up tonow. It is also used to give emphasis.

Has she been doing her

homework?

Pres. Perf . Cont. 3rd person singular.

Had they already

painted

the house when you

arrived?

Past Perf . Used when we want to refer

to a past act ion that happened before

another one.

Had she lef t home when you

arrived?

Past Perf . 3rd person singular.

Had you been work ing

out

when she

arrived?

Past Perf . Cont. Used when we wantto refer to a past action that was

completed or interrupted before

another one. It is also used to give

emphasis.

Had she been

trying to

hide this

secret

when you

found out

the truth?

Past Perf . Cont. 3rd person singular.

D ont be so worr ied aboutthese l itt l e things. Y oul l see

they are not so dif f icul t.


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LESSON 14

Yes/No I/we have / havent work ed hard lately .

Yes/No he has / hasnt gotten good

grades

recently .

Yes/No I/we

have / havent sold my / ourcar.

Yes/No he has / hasnt moved.

Yes/No I/we

have / havent eaten a lot today .

Yes/No he has / hasnt traveled this month.

Yes/No I/we

have / havent been study ing

hard

this

semester .

Yes/No she has / hasnt been doing her

homework .

Yes/No they had / hadnt already

painted

the house when I/ we

arrived.

Yes/No

she had / hadnt lef t home when I/w earrived.

Yes/No I/we

had / hadnt been work ingout

when shearrived.

Yes/No she had / hadnt been

trying to

hide this

secret

when I/we

found out

thetruth.

Be happy! Giveit a T ry . D ont be

so pessimisti c!


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LESSON 14


1. Had _______ ______ ________ before _________ ____ ______?2. Has _________ ______________ ____________________ lately?3. _______ you ___________ _____________ books ___________?4. We ________ ___________ a__________, __________ _______?5. The y_______ had ___________ ___________, havent _______?

How long have you worked here? Ive worked here for three months.

How long have you worked here? Ive worked heresinceJanuary .

Old and Useful Say ings

Water dr ipping day by day wears the

hardest rock away.

Where theres a wil l theres a way.

Dont put the cart before the horse. Dont bite of f more than you can chew.

Beauty l ies in lovers Eyes. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Handsome Is as handsome does. Like father l ike son.

Money doesnt grow on trees. First come, f irst served.

Idi omat ic Expressions and Useful Phrases

For good = Forever .

Ki ck (a) habit = To stop, break of f a habit .

Put ones foot into it = To say something stupid and embarrassing.

Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply ; be a great bargain.

Be Greek to= To beincomprehensible.

Bui ld castles in the air = To plan things which wil l probably no succeed, daydream.

Come of f it! = Stop ly ing, joking, or being pretentious.

Waste ones breath = To speak without resul t.


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LESSON 14

Present Perfect Usage

Have y ou ever fallen in love?

This is the best food I have ever eaten.

Used i n questions Uncommon things

or in af f irmati ves to emphasize.

Yes I have already fallen in love. Used in aff irmative answers to conf irm

an everquestion or to emphasize.No I havent fal len i n l ovey et. Used when the answer is negative but

there is intention of doing.

No I havenever fallen in love. Used when the answer is negative and

theres no intention of doing.

Yes I havejust fallen in love Used to say that something happened

now, very soon, or very recently

Phrasal Verbs

Send on To send something from someone's oldaddress to their new one

Send off/away(to / for)To write to an organization or placeto ask them to send you something:I've sent off for a catalogue.

We had to send off to Ireland for areplacement part.

Keep on To continue doing something withoutstopping, or to do it repeatedly.

Keep off

To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or

something going onto an area. To stopsomething touching or harming someone or

something. To not eat, drink or usesomething that can harm you, or to stopsomeone else from doing this;

Stay on To continue to be in a place, job or schoolafter the other people who were with you

have left.

Stay off

= To keep off - to not eat, drink or usesomething that can harm you. To continue to

be at a distance from something. To continuenot to attend, (something such as school).

Get onTo go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat.Tocontinue doing something, especially work.

Get off To leave a train, bus or aircraft.to leave aplace, usually in order to start a journey.

Jump on

To criticize someone as soon as they have

done something wrong or said somethingthat you disagree with.

Jump off To leave a place or something with a

springing movement. To start ( military)


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LESSON 14

Exercises

1. Make questions for these answers below.a.

________________________________________________________________________________?

No, he hasnt been there yet.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?He has brought those new tapes for you .

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?They have read that book because of the paper they are preparing .

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?She has been there lots of times this month.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________?They have been try ing to f ix the bus since morning.

f . ________________________________________________________________________________?He had already come back f rom London when you decided to ask him to bringsome books for you.

g. ________________________________________________________________________________?I had been running f or thirty minutes when you cal led me out .

h. ________________________________________________________________________________?She has been reading that book for more than three months.

i . ________________________________________________________________________________?Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted.

j. ________________________________________________________________________________?I have never tri ed to do something i l legal .


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LESSON 14

2. Give long answers for these questions below.a. What has she just done?_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. Where have you been lately?_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Why had shesold the furniture before phoning y ou?_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. How long have you been talk ing over wi th that girl on the phone?_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. Have you ever had to do something y ou really hated? What? Why?_____________________________________________________________________________________

f . Have you already had lunch ?_____________________________________________________________________________________

g. Where have you been running these days?_____________________________________________________________________________________

h. What had she done before y ou told her t he truth?_____________________________________________________________________________________

i . Have you ever had an affair?

____________________________________________________________________________________

j. Have you ever thought about l iving abroad? Where?_____________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 14

3. Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense.

A long t ime ago, on a di stant l and there _____________ a manwho _____________ bey ond the woods. He ______________ to be the wisest wizard in thatold world. Once he ______________ to_______________ wi th an old and powerful dragon.

He ____________ never ____________ a creature as dangerous an d wicked as the seven-

head dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______________ already ______________

to _____________ the Beast before hi m, but none ___________________.

He ______________ himself f or the great battle. He

_________________ the great wizard book . Merl in, himsel f, ___________________ hi m a

visi t in order ___________ ______________ his sorceries ______________, bel ievi ng t hat itcoul d be helpful .

Af ter some moons the Day f inal ly ________________. He could

not _______________ what he ________________ inside hi s heart, i n hi s soul . The dragon____________ ______________ to ________________ his head and ______________ his viscera.

It _______________ almost a week and af ter storms, thundersand groans the vi ctor _____________ ________________ tal l in the middl e of the

batt lef ield.

For those who _________________ the winner____________ the

wizard, Im so sorry __________ _________________ the winner was t he seven-head

dragon.

Thats a real ending. We must t ry to face the truth.Li feis not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind l ife is made of victories

and defeats. Be prepared f or both of them.

To manage To feel To try To reveal To f i ght

To have To face To l ive To claim To prepare

To read To pay To come To give away To defeat

To swallow To smash To hide To be To promise

To be To take To stand To believe


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LESSON 15

The Perfect Tenses Part II

What wil l you have done by the end of

the year?

Fut . Perf . Used to describe anaction which, at some time in the

future, wil l be past or completed.

Whom would you have gone

with

if they had

invited you for

the party ?

Cond. Perf . Unreal past situati on

What may

have

happened

to thebook?

i t is not here on

the desk.

Possibil i ty in the past weaker than

MUST HAVE.

What might have

happened

to him

i f he had

jumped out of

the window?

Cond. Perf . Unreal past situation

or Criticism (You might have told

me about that!). Possibi l ity in the

past weaker than MUST HAVE.

What coul d have

happened

i f y ou hadnt

turned down

that proposal?

Cond. Perf . Sl ight or uncertain

possibil i ty in the past. Unreal past

situation . Cri ticism (You could

have helped me!)

Whom should y ou

have

talked to?

Recommendation

(past action)

Where must shehave lef t

her purse?Strong probabil ity or Conclusionof a past action.


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LESSON 15

I / We wil l have graduated by the end of the y ear.

I / We woul d

have

gone with Martha if they had invited me / us

for the party .

It may have

fallen

behind the

desk.

Have you al ready checked i t

out?

He might have broken his

leg

if he had jumped out of the

window.

I / We could have lost lots of

money

if I / we hadnt turned

down that proposal.

I / We shoul d have

talk ed to

Jaimes

sister.

She

must

have lef t

her purse inside my

car.


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LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Switch on

To use a switch to change a device from

one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV on.If someone switches on a particularemotion or behavior, they suddenly start

to feel or behave in that way, but usuallynot sincerely.

Switch off

To use a switch to change a device fromone state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV off.

To stop giving your attention to someoneor something.

Turn on

To change a device from one state or typeof operation to another. Turn the TV on.To interest or excite you, especiallysexually:Short girls really turn me on.

Turn offTo change a device from one state or typeof operation to another. Turn the TV off. To stop someone feeling interested or

excited, especially sexually.

Put on

To cover part of the body with clothes,

shoes, make-up or something similar. Tomake a device operate, or to cause a

device to play something, such as a CD orvideo, by pressing a switch. To pretend tohave a particular feeling or way of

behaving which is not real or natural toyou:Why are you putting on that silly voice?

If people or animals put weight on, theybecome heavier.

Put off

To decide or arrange to delay an event oractivity until a later time or date. To tellsomeone that you cannot see them or do

something for them, or stop them from

doing something, until a later time. Totake someone's attention away from whatthey want to be doing or should be doing.


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LESSON 15

Phrasal V erbs

Go on

To start operating. To continue or move

to the next thing. To talk in an annoyingway about something for a long time . Tostart talking again after a pause.INFORMAL something that you say to

encourage someone to say or dosomething. To continue or pass. Used

when encouraging or asking someone todo something. Something that you say inorder to agree to do or allow somethingthat you did not want to do or to allowbefore:

"Are you sure you don't want another

slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just asmall one.

Go off

If a light or a machine goes off, it stopsworking. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If

a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in aparticular way:The protest march went off peacefully

with only two arrests.UK If food or drink goes off, it is not goodto eat or drink any more because it is tooold. If a warning device goes off, it startsto ring loudly or make a loud noise . To

become worse in quality. To leave a wife,husband or partner in order to have a

sexual or romantic relationship withsomeone else.

Call on

To visit someone for a short time . To use

something, especially a quality that youhave, in order to achieve something.

Call off

(sth off) To decide that a planned event,especially a sports event, will not happen,or to end an activity because it is nolonger useful or possible . To order a dog,

or sometimes a person, to stop attackingsomeone or something.


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LESSON 15

Position of Prepositions

Compl ete the f ol l owing questions with the suitabl e cl auses.

1. Could he________________________ if he hadnt broken his leg?2. Would _________________________________if I had called you?3. Will _______________________________________ by December?4. What should ______________________________ last night before

going to bed?

We generally place the preposition di rectl y before its object; however, sometimes it

may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples:

What do you want it for?

I dont know what he needs it for.

What wil l I write about?

Which house did y ou go to?

Whom is the gi rl Mark i s talk ing to?

Old and Useful Sayings

Never put of f unti l tomorrow what you can do today.

Al l is fair i n l ove and war.

Better late than never.

You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him dri nk.

Never l ook a gi f t horse in the mouth.

It's no use cry ing over spi l t milk.

The road to hell is paved with good intentions.

It never rains but i t pours.


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LESSON 15

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the rightverb tense.

a. Come on! Why dont you just _________________ __________________ the meeting?

b. Why did she refuse to ________________________ ___________________ her cigarette?

c. I cant believe we have just _______________ ___________ __________ gasoline again!

d. She told me she had al ready _____________ __________ what happened that night .

e. I cant believe! You have __________________________ ________________________ a lot!

f . Dont forget to ______________________ ______________ the car before you buy it!

g. Have you been __________________________ ________________________ this summer?

h. Hey ! Jane has just f inished preparing something in the k itchen. It s better to ____________________i t ___________________.

i . How of ten do y ou _____________________________________________________________?

j. When was the last time you _____________________________ __________ somebody ?

k. How long have you_________________________ ________________________ doing thi s?

l . Where did y ou ______________________________ __________ these beautiful f lowers?

m.Well at least it ________________ _________ to be a good solution for that problem.


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LESSON 15

2. Combine the following verbs with the part icles in the box and thencreate sentences.

a. PUT ___________________________________________________________________________

b. CALL __________________________________________________________________________

c. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________

d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

e. MAKE__________________________________________________________________________

f . STAY___________________________________________________________________________

g. TRY ____________________________________________________________________________

h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

i . SEND __________________________________________________________________________

j. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________

ON OFF OUT IN OUT OF


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LESSON 16

The Countable and Uncountable nouns

How many books do you read a month?

How much beer do you usual ly drink on the weekends?

How many brothers or

sisters

do you have?

How much money does she

have in herpocket?

How many

times

a month do y ou go to the

beach?

How much do you spend when you go tothe beach?

How many CDs do you usual ly buy a month?

How long do you work out a day ?


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LESSON 16

I / We read

lots of booksa lot of books

a f ew books

few bookstwo books

a month.

Many ismainl y used

in negati ves

andquestions.

I / We usual lydrink

a lot

(just) a litt le

l i t t letwo cans of beer

on the

weekends.

Muchi s

mainl y used

in negati vesand

questions.

I / We

have

dont have

a few.

few.

none.

many.

brothers or

sisters.

She has

doesnt have

lots of money

a lot of money

(just) a litt le

l i t t letwo bucks

much money

in her pocket.

I / We go to thebeach

once

twicethree times

a month.

I / We spend

dont spend

lots of money

a lot of money(just) a litt le

l i t t le

two bucks

much money

when I / we goto the beach.

I / We usually buy

dont buy

lots of CDs.

a lot of CDs.a few CDs.

f ew CDs.two CDs.

many CDs.

(a mont h)

In this case

its morecommon to

omit the ti meexpression.

I / We work out for two hours a day.


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LESSON 16

Compl ete the f ol l owing questions.

1. ___________ ___________ cars ________________________?2. ___________ ___________ time ________________________?3. ___________ ___________ times _______________________?4. How much _________________________________________?5. How many _________________________________________?

Indef inite Pronouns

Some Somebody

or Someone

Something Somewhere Af f irmati ve sentences.

Questions, when we expect apositive answer.

Offers.Any Any body or

Anyone

Any thing Any where General questi ons. Negat ive sentences, with verbs

in the negative form.

Aff irmati ve sentences.*No Nobody or

No one

Nothing Nowhere Negat ive sentences, with verbsin the aff i rmati veform.

Yes I have someplans for tonight.

Do you haveany plans for tonight? No I dont haveany plans for tonight.

No I haveno plans for tonight.

Would you li kesomehelp? Oh! Id love to.

Could y ou bring mesomewater? Sure!

Some

A PART OF SOMETHIN G.

I like some Italian restaurant.

(Not all of them.)

Any *

NOT IMPORTANT WHICH.

I li ke any Italian restaurant.

(All of them.)

NoNOT ANY.I l ike no Italian restaurant.

(I dont l ike Itali an f ood / cuisine.)


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LESSON 16

Exercises

1. Make questions using how muchour how many for these answersbelow.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________?He sold lots of old books last week.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?He doesnt have much money .

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?Ive spen t lots of t ime doing the exercises.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?Mark l ikes just a l itt le sugar in his cof fee.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________?Hugh spent ten dollars buy ing new penci ls.

2. Give long answers for these questions below.a. How many times havethe policemen come here this week?_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. How much has she spent lately ?_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train?_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. How much is it?_____________________________________________________________________________________

e. How much did i t cost?_____________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 16

Phrasal V erbs

Go up

To move higher, rise or increase. Toreach as far as something:

The path going up to the back door isvery muddy.

Go down

To move down to a lower level or place.to

reach or go as far as:Its roots can go down three metres.Whenthe sun goes down, it moves down in thesky until it cannot be seen any more.Tobe reduced in price, value, amount,

quality, level or size.If a computer systemgoes down, it stops working.If an event

such as a crime or a deal goes down, it

happens.(on)SLANGTo use the tongue and lips to touch

someone's sexual organs in order to givepleasure.(with) = come down with

Turn up

To arrive or appear somewhere, usuallyunexpectedly or in a way that was notplanned. If something that you have beenlooking for turns up, you find itunexpectedly. If a better situation or an

opportunity to do something turns up, ithappens or becomes availableunexpectedly or in a way that was not

planned.Turn down Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or

request.

Bring upTo care for a child until it is an adult,often giving it particular beliefs. To start

to talk about a particular subject.

Bring downTo cause someone in a position of powerto lose their job. To reduce the level ofsomething.


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LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Get up

To wake up and get out of bed, or to tellor help someone to do this. To stand up.

To organize a group of people to do

something. If the wind gets up, it starts togrow stronger.

Get down

If something gets you down, it makes youfeel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write

something, especially something thatsomeone has said. To swallow. (to) Tostart to direct your efforts and attention

towards something.

Come up

To move towards someone. To be

mentioned or talked about inconversation. If a job or opportunitycomes up, it becomes available. To

happen, usually unexpectedly. When thesun or moon comes up, it rises. Ifinformation comes up on a computerscreen, it appears there. (against) To haveto deal with a problem. (to) To reach the

usual or necessary standard. (with) Tosuggest or think of an idea or plan.

Come down

To fall and land on the ground. If a priceor a level comes down, it becomes lower.INFORMAL to feel less excited after a

very enjoyable experience. If a person

comes down from a drug, they stopfeeling its effects. (on) To punish orcriticize a person or activity verystrongly. (with) To start to suffer from anillness, especially one that is not serious.

B reak up

To divide something into many pieces.If

someone who is talking on a mobile phoneis breaking up, their voice can not fully beheard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or

two people in a romantic relationshipbreak up, their marriage or their

relationship ends.

Break down

If a machine or vehicle breaks down, itstops working.If a system, relationship or

discussion breaks down, it fails becausethere is a problem or disagreement. To beunable to control your feelings and tostart to cry.


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LESSON 16

Exercises


a. Now that Andrews parents di ed, who wil l _________________ hi m ______________?

b. Why did she ____________________________ ________________________ that proposal?

c. I cant bel ieve we have just _____________________ _______________, Im st i l l sleepy !

d. Hey asshole! ____________________ _______________ ____________what y oure doing!

e. I cant believe! You _______________________ __________________ _______________ her !

f . Dont forget to get a coat or you may ______________ ___________ _________ a cold!

g. Do you k now why the boss is upset with y ou?Yeah! I havent________________ ________________ ____________ good results lately .

h. When was the last t ime thi s washing machine __________________ _____________?

i . When was the last time you _________________ ____________ __________ somebody ?

j. Can y ou hear what he is speaking?Yeah!Oh I can t. Could you please ______________________ i t __________________ for me?

k. The food didn't ________________________ ____________ __________ my expectat ions

l . Some people di dn t l ike my book. Well at least they didnt ____________________ __________________________ me.


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LESSON 16


a. COME _________________________________________________________________________

b. COME __________________________________________________________________________

c. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________

e. GET ____________________________________________________________________________

f . GET_____________________________________________________________________________

g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________

h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

i . BREAK ________________________________________________________________________

j. BREAK ________________________________________________________________________

UP UP WITH DOWN DOWN WITH / ON / TO


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LESSON 17

Future Possible

If you meet him tomorrow, What wil l you do?

If she is late, What can we do?If i t rains, Where can we go?

What are y ou going to do if he calls you tonight?

Where can we go i f we dont have any money?

Do you think she may get worse if she doesnt take the medicines?

Present Un real

If y ou had lots of money What woul d you do?

If you received a strange phone call What woul d you do?If they studied hard What could happen to them?

Where would y ou take her to if you could ask her out?

How late would you wake up i f y ou didnt have to work the followingday ?

Do y ou think they might work there if they spoke good English?

Past Unreal

If you hadnt missed the party Whom woul d y ou have f l irted with?

If she hadnt broken up with you Where could y ou havetaken her to?

If he hadnt stopped dri nking What could havehappened to us?

What would she have done i f she had seen you wi th that gi rl ?

Where could you have gone i f you hadn t woken up so late?

Do you think he might have won if he had bet?


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LESSON 17

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause.a. If_______________________________________________________, I wi l l buy new clothes.

b. If________________________________________________, she would give him a chance.

c. If___________________________________________________, they could have gone there.

d. If____________________________________________________, we would have helped her.

e. If__________________________________________________, I would tell you every thi ng.

f . If_______________________________________________, he wont trouble you anymore.

g. If sheis here, ___________________________________________________________________.

h. If they came here more often , __________________________________________________.

i . If he had paid at tention to her, _________________________________________________.

j. If they had f inished the project, ________________________________________________.

k . If I worked out more often, _____________________________________________________.

l .

If you are feeling lonely , ______________________________________________________.


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LESSON 17

2. Mak eIf -Clausequestions for these answers below.a. ________________________________________________________________________________?I wil l do my best.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________?She would help me wit h this.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________?He would have tried to call of f the meeting .

d. ________________________________________________________________________________?They can help people.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________?I would never hurt you .

3. Give long answers for these questions below.a. What would you do i f your girl f riend/boy f riend cheated on you?_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. What would y ou have done i f y ou had had money 10 years ago?_____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Where wil l you go on your next vacation i f you have money ?_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. What would y ou do i f y ou lost y our job?_____________________________________________________________________________________

e.

Where could y ou have gone if your f ri ends had cal led y ou ?

_____________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 17

Phrasal V erbs

Climb up To go up.

Climb down To change your opinion or admit that youwere wrong (over).

Sit up

To sit with a straight back.To stay awake

and not go to bed although it is late.Toshow interest or surprise:The news that

he was getting married really made hersit up.

Sit down To move your body so that the lower part

of it is resting on a seat or on the ground.

Add up

Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two

or more numbers.Add up to sth

(AMOUNT) to become a particularamount.To have a particular result or

effect:It all added up to a lot of hard work for

all of us.

Grow up(Person)To gradually become an adult.(City)If a town or city grows up in aparticular place or way, it develops thereor in that way.

Hurry uphurry (sb/sth) upTo move or do things more quickly thannormal or to make someone do this.

Speed up To happen or move faster, or to makesomething happen or move faster.

Think up To produce a new idea or plan. To invent.

Hold down

Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or

something in a particular place orposition and to stop them from moving.Hold sth down to keep something,

especially costs, at a low level.

Fall down

To fall to the ground.To fail.To not be

good at something in comparison withanother thing:

I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but Ifall down on the written work.

Let down Le t (sb) down (DISAPPOINT).


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LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Make up To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To

replace. (for) To compensate for.

Cut downTo make a tree or other plant fall to theground by cutting it near the bottom. (on)To reduce.

Slow downTo become slower, or to make someone orsomething become slower. To be less

active and relax more.

Set up

To arrange for an event or activity tohappen. to formally establish a new

company, organization, system, way ofworking, etc. To establish someone or

yourself in a business or position:After he left college, his father set him upin the family business. To preparesomething for use, especially by puttingthe different parts of it together.

Set downTo write or print something, especially torecord it in a formal document. If avehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so

that the passenger can get out.

Start up

If a business or other organization starts

up, or if someone starts one up, it iscreated and starts to operate. If a vehicle

or engine starts up, or someone starts itup, it starts to work.

Catch up

(with) To reach someone in front of youby going faster than them. To reach thesame quality or standard as someone orsomething else.

Settle down

(in) To become familiar with a place andto feel happy and confident in it. To start

living in a place where you intend to stayfor a long time, usually with your partner.To become quiet and calm, or to make

someone become quiet and calm.

Look down on To despise, consider someone inferior.


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LESSON 17

Exercises1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. Now that Andrew passed the exams and I f lunked, I think I wont___________ _______________ __________ him.

b. Lea needs money . Why doesnt she ____________ _________ ________ her expenses?

c. I cant believe she _____________________________ ______________________ that story !

d. She is the k ind of girl who likes to ______________ __________ _________ poor boys.

e. The car didnt ____________________________ ______________________ this morning!

f . I went to the doctor and he told me ________________ ______________ _____________.

g. Ive got to _______________ __________ something real ly good to increase the sales.

h.

Hey ! ______________________________ _______________________ or wel l miss the bus!

i . Mr. Smith asked us to _______________________________ _____________ production.

j. Have you f inished _______________________________ _______________ the numbers?

k. Il l never __________________________________ you ________________________________!


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LESSON 17


a. GROW ________________________________________________________________________

b. MAKE _________________________________________________________________________

c. THINK _________________________________________________________________________

d. CATCH _________________________________________________________________________

e. SIT _____________________________________________________________________________

f . CUT ____________________________________________________________________________

g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________

h. SLOW__________________________________________________________________________

i . LET ____________________________________________________________________________

j. CLIMB _________________________________________________________________________

UP DOWN


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LESSON 18

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech Indi rect Speech

He said: I work hard every day. He said heworked hard every day.

He said: I dont work hard every day . He said hedidnt work hard every day.

He said: I played soccer y esterday . He said he (had) played soccer the day before.

He said: I didnt play soccer y esterday. He said he(hadnt ) di dnt play (ed) soccer theday before.

Shesaid tome: I will travel tomorrow. Shetold meshewould travel the following day .

Shesaid tome: I wont travel tomorrow. Shetold meshewouldnt travel the following day .

She said: Im going to travel tonight. She said shewas going to travel that ni ght.

She said: Im not going to travel

tonight.

She said shewasnt going to travel that n ight.

She said: I was going tobuy a car. She said shewas going t obuy a car.

She said: I wasnt going tobuy a car. She said shewasnt going tobuy a car.

He said: Im studying now. He said hewas study ing that moment.

He said: Im not studyi ng now. He said hewasnt study ing that moment.

He said: I was study ing . He said hehad been study ing .

He said: I wasnt study ing. He said hehadnt been study ing.

He said: Ive studied a lot. He said hehadstudied a lot.

He said: I havent studied a lot. He said hehadnt studied a lot.

She said: Ill havef ini shed it by

afternoon.

She said shed have f inished it by afternoon.

He said: I can dr ive. He said he could drive.

He said: I cant drive. He said he couldnt drive.

He said: I must study hard. He said hehad (needed) to study hard.

He said: I dont have (need) to study

hard.

He said hedidnt have (need) to study hard.

He said: It may be a good idea! He said It might be a good idea!

He asked me: will you come tonight? He asked mei f I would comethat n ight.

He asked me: whatareyou doing ? He asked what I was doing.

He asked: Closethe door! He asked to closethe door.

Hesaid tome: Dont closethe door! Hetold menot to closethe door.


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LESSON 18

Tense Changes

Simple Present Simple Past

Simple Past Simple Past or Past Perfect

Future Conditional

Immediate Future Future in the Past

Future in the Past Future in the Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

FuturePerf ect Condi tional Perf ect

Can Coul d

Must Had to / Needed toDont have to(need to) Didnt have to (need to)

May Might

Questions (with a question word) The Question word + an Af f . or Neg. structure,

according to the previous question.

Questions (with no question word) If or Whether + an Af f . or Neg. structure,

according to the previous question.

Af f irmati ve imperative To + verb( Inf ini ti ve )

Negative imperative not to+ verb( Negative inf ini ti ve )

Might Might

Coul d Coul d

Should/ ought to Shou ld/ought to

Would Would

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Yes/no questions are reported with i f or whether. The driver asked i f / whether I wanted to go

downtown.It s preferable to use whether before or, especially in aformal sty le.

I enquired whether she was coming by road orby ai r.

Tenses dont change after present, f uture or present

perfect reporting verbs, because theres no important

change of time.

He says he doesnt l ike f lowers.

Il l tel l her y our idea is great.

The government has announced that taxes wil l

be raised


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LESSON 18

Word Changes

Verbs that imply a certain di rection may also have to be changed.Examples: come go

bring take

Noand Yes are eliminated in indirect speech.

Last week The week before

Next week The following week/ The next week/The week af ter

Now Then / That day / right away /At that moment

This morni ng That morning

This afternoon That afternoon

This evening That evening

Today That day

Toni ght That ni ght

Yesterday The day before

Tomorrow The fol lowing/ next day

LAST THE BEFORE

NEXT THE NEXT/FOLLOWING

Ago Before

This/ these That/ those

Here There

Idiomati c Expressions and Useful Phrases

How do you l ike?= Whats you r impression of?

E.G. How do you like our weather? I think its very hot or I find it reall y hot.


Speak of the devi l and he appears.

He put his foot in his mouth.

A word to the wise is enough.

Out of sight, out of mind.


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LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Stay away

To avoid. To keep away. To not go

somewhere or near something, or to preventsomeone from going somewhere or nearsomething.

Turn away

Turn sb away:to not allow someone to enter

a place.To move your face so you are notlooking at something.

Get away

To leave or escape from a person or place,often when it is difficult to do this. To gosomewhere to have a holiday, often because

you need to rest. (with)To succeed inavoiding punishment for something : If I

thought I could get away with it, I wouldn'tpay any tax at all.

Take awayTake sth away:to remove something.Tosubtract a number.

Throw away

Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something

that you do not want any more.Throw sthaway:to waste a skill or opportunity.

Give away

To give sth free of charge.To tell people

something secret, often without intending to.To show someone's secret feelings.

Run away

To leave a place or person secretly andsuddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a

problem or difficult situat ion. Run away(with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idearuns away with you, you cannot control itand it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimesmy imagination runs away with me and Iconvince myself that they are having an

affair.

Break away To escape from someone, free oneself of.

Clear away To remove things from a table after a meal.

Die away (of sound, light, wind) To diminish graduallyuntil it ceases.

Put away To put things back in their place.


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LESSON 18

Phrasal V erbs

Answer back To reply to someone rudely.

Fall back (on) To make use of sth in an emergency = toturn to someone for help.

Hold back To control (feelings)

Keep back To have sth as a secret.

Think back To remember.

Look back (on) To think about the past.

Take back To retract sth said or written.

Turn back (To begin to) return.

Get back

To return to a place after you have been

somewhere else.get sth back (BE GIVEN)

To be given something again that you hadbefore.Get sb back. (ALSO get back atsb) INFORMAL: to do somethingunpleasant to someone because they have

done something unpleasant to you.Ge tback (to)sth: to start doing or talking

about something again.Get back (to) sb:to talk to someone again, usually on thetelephone, in order to give them someinformation or because you were not ableto speak to them before.

Send backSend sth back: to return something to theperson who sent it to you, espe ciallybecause it is damaged or not suitable .

Give back Give sth back: to return something to theperson who gave it to you.

Call back

Call back (RETURN): to return to a placein order to see someone or collectsomething.Call sb back (TELEPHONE):

to telephone someone again, or totelephone someone who called you earlier.

Put back

Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an

object to where it was before it was

moved.

Bring back

Bring sth back (RETURN): to returnfrom somewhere with something.(REMEMBER): to make someone thinkabout something from the past.(DO AGAIN): to start to do or use

something that was done or used in thepast.


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LESSON 18

Exercises

1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech.a.

He said: I l ike music.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. She asked them: What are you going to do this af ternoon?_________________________________________________________________________________

c. They said to me: We must study hard._________________________________________________________________________________

d. She asked me: Have you studied a lot lately?_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Change into di rect speech.a. She told me she wouldnt miss this class.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. She asked them i f they were able to f inish the project._________________________________________________________________________________

c. They told me to calm down._________________________________________________________________________________

d. He said he had already painted the house._________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 18


a. Now that Im alone I dont know whoI wi l l _________________ __________ _________

b. Ive been try ing to ____________________________ _______________________ my tears.

c. I cant believe that ! Why dont you __________ __________ ______ your childhood?

d. Hey just a second, Ive gotta hang up but in a f ew minutes Il l _________________________ _________you.

e. When you f inish reading thi s book, _____________________________ i t ___________!

4.Combine the following verbs with the part icles in the box and thencreate sentences.

a. THROW _______________________________________________________________________

b. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________

c. ANSWER______________________________________________________________________

d. CALL __________________________________________________________________________

e. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________

BACK AWAY


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LESSON 19

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Janealways helps her mother. Sheloves cooking.

WHO People

We use to join sentences replacing thesubject.

Jane, wholoves cooking, always helps her mother.

The dog is mine. It doesnt l ike to play.

WHICH Things and animals.

We use to join sentences replacing thesubject or the object. In this case subject.

The dog which doesnt like to play is mine.

Joeneeds to travel. Hi s motherwon the

lottery .

WHOSE People, things and animals.

We use to join sentences replacing the

possessive adjective or any other word

that indicates ownership.

Joe, whosemother won the lottery , needs to travel.

Janeis sad. I talked to her y esterday . WHOM People.We use to join sentences replacing the

object.

Jane, whom I talked to yesterday , is sad.

Thecat is yellow. Ive taken care of him

sin ce i t was born .

WHICH Things and animals.

We use to join sentences replacing the

subject or the object. In this case object.

Thecat which Ive taken care of since it was born is y ellow.

Where, When, What and Why can also be used as relative pronouns.

The city whereI was brought up is f ar f rom here

Hel l never forget the day when he got his fi rst job.

I couldnt noticewhat she did at the party .

I cant understand why she did that.


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LESSON 19

Def ining and non-def ining relative clauses

Omission of relative pronouns

Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause.

The gi rl who(m) / that I love is cute.

The girl I love is cute.

The gi rl wholoves me is cute.

In this case i t cannot be omi tted, because who is the subject of the relative clause.

WHOSE can never be omitted.

H ow to use them?

TOO ANDSO USED IN SHORT EITHER ANDNEITHER

AFF. SENTENCES = ALSO USED IN SHORT NEG. SENTENCES = ALSO

She wil l travel. She doesnt l ike him.

I wil l too. (or)So wil l I. I dont either. (or) Neither do I.

Relative

Clause

Use Punctuation Example

Def ini ng

provides essential i nformati on

about the subject or object.; cantbe omitted

without commas

The dr ivers who were drun k

were arrested. (not all, but onlythe ones who were drunk).

Non-

def inig

povides addit ional information

about the subject or object; canbe omitted withou distorting the

meaning.

between commas

The green racing car, which is

an old model, crashed into thewall. (an old model is irrelevant

to the identif ication of the car.)

THAT cannot be used in non-def ining relati ve clauses.


It takes two to make a f ight.

Make do with what you have.

Dont w sh the fami ly s dir ty l inen in publ ic.

A burn t chil d dreads the f ire.


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LESSON 19

Phrasal Verbs

Go over To examine.

Talk overTo discuss a problem or situation withsomeone, often to find out their opinion orto get advice before making a decision

about it.

Look over To quickly examine something or

someone.Think over To consider carefully.

Run overIf a vehicle or its driver runs oversomeone or something, the vehicle hitsand drives over them.

Jump over To jump from one side to another.

Do over To redecorate.Do sth over (DO AGAIN).

Come over

To come to a place, move from one place

to another, or move towards someone. Toseem to be a particular type of person:Iwatched the interview and felt he came

over as quite arrogant.

Get over To recover from.

Knock over To make fall by pushing or hitting.

Boil over To flow over the side.

Fall over

If someone falls over, they fall to the

ground:She tripped and fell over.Fallover sth/sb (COVER) LITERARY:to cover something or someone:

A shadow fell over her work and shelooked up to see who was there .

Expressions

In time= early enough.

On t ime= at exactly the right t ime.

For the time being = for now, temporarily

Step on one s toes= To of fend someone, to hur t someone s feel ings

Otherwise= if not; or else


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LESSON 19Exercises

1. Join the sentences using a relative pronoun .

a.

Jane is ti red. She work s a lot.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. The boy is sick.I need to talk to him._________________________________________________________________________________

c. Debby is traveling. Her cat died._________________________________________________________________________________

d. The dog underwent surgery . Its owner i s worr ied._________________________________________________________________________________

e. Janet became very famous. Her stories are always interesting._________________________________________________________________________________

f . Phil and Joane bought an old house. They love old things._________________________________________________________________________________

g. The dress is beauti ful . She bought it last week._________________________________________________________________________________

h. That employee was promoted. He was about to travel on vacation._________________________________________________________________________________

i . His ti e cost a lot of money . It was imported f rom Italy ._________________________________________________________________________________

j. The ladder is much bigger. It belongs to John._________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 19


a. Tina hates her bedroom. I think i t` s t ime to ____________________ it ____________.

b. Ive been ________________ it __________, but up to now I f ound no solution to this.

c. I cant believe y ou _____________ _________ _______ your test before handi ng i t in!

d. Hey ! be careful ________ __________ ___________ ____________ the glass beside you!

e. What werey ou ______________________ ____________________ on the phone lastnight?


a. THINK ________________________________________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

c. FALL ___________________________________________________________________________

d. GO _____________________________________________________________________________

e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________

OVER


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LESSON 20

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I MYSELF

YOU YOURSELF

HE HIMSELF

SHE HERSELF

IT ITSELF

WE OURSELVESYOU YOURSELVES

THEY THEMSELVES

H ow to use them?

Subject = Object Emphasis Preceded by byIt Means aloneor without hel p

Shehurt herself whi le cooking. I talked to thedirector my self . He traveled to England by himself .

Helooked at himself at the mirror They themselves wrote the letter. I f ixed the car by my self .

We use the ref lexive pronouns in three situations:

St op loving

y ourself and

work , you fool!!!


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LESSON 20

Exercises1. Complete the following sentences with the suitable ref lexive

pronouns and cases

a. He ________________________________________________ f ixes the meals in his house.b. She would l ike to l ive _________________________________________________________.c. They painted their houses _____________________________________________________.d. I dont l ike pork ________________________________________________________________.e. We ______________________________________________________should talk to the boss.f . They need to stay awhile ______________________________________________________.

2. Create sentences using the following pronouns:a. She / them / herself .

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. He / Her / himself ._________________________________________________________________________________

c. They / us / t heir / themselves._________________________________________________________________________________

d. I / my / by my self ._________________________________________________________________________________

e. We / our / by ourselves._________________________________________________________________________________


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LESSON 20

Phrasal V erbs

Settle for

To accept or agree to something or to decide to

have something, although it is not exactly whatyou want or it is not the best: She never settlesfor second best.

Major in

To study something as your main subject at

university:She majored in philosophy at Harvard.

Sneak away To leave secretly.

Carry away

Also carry off. To take (sth)or (someone) away.

To remove: Trash left on the beach during theday is carried away (= removed) at night by

the tide.

Stand up To be in a vertical state or to put into a verticalstate, especially (of a person or animal) by

straightening the legs.

Wash off To remove by washing.

Take offTake sth off (REMOVE):to remove something, especially clothes.

Take off (FLY) phrasal verb .If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leavesthe ground and begins to fly.

Lay down To place (something, someone or oneself)down, as on the ground, furniture, etc.

Carry in To transport or take something toward the

inside of a container, place or area.Look into To investigate.To examine the facts about a

problem or situation.

Look for To try to find (something or someone, oftenthat is lost).

Do without To manage without having something : I cantdo without your love.

Take over To assume the responsibility.

Get along with To be friendly to.

Back up To support or help someone .

Give up To quit. To stop.

Run into

To meet by chance.To drive a vehicle

accidentally into an object or a person inanother vehicle:I had to brake suddenly, and

the car behind ran into me.He ran hismotorbike into a tree.

Turn in To go to bed ( to sleep ).

Try on To put on a piece of clothing to discover if itfits you or if you like it.


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LESSON 20

Exercises1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. I cant believe you _______________________ _____________ ________ y our parents!

b. You wouldnt guess who I _________________ ______________on the bus yesterday .

c. Wherever y ou go, whatever y ou do I ____________al way s___________y ou _______.

d. At what time _______________ y ou usual ly _____________________ _______________?

e. What cant y ou __________________________________ ____________________________ ?


a. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________

c. LAY____________________________________________________________________________

d. BACK __________________________________________________________________________

e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________

UP WITHOUT INTO FOR DOWN


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LESSON 20

GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:

Exercise

1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:a. When wil l ____________________________________call back? (young nice that girl)b. Where is________________________sneak ing away to?(old man that l i tt le whit e)c. Did _________________dog carry away _____________________meat?

(brown big the) (old tough that)

d. Why doesnt________________________________ stand up? (l i ttle that parrot green)e. Is thi s __________________________________ neighbor? ( young our very at tractive)

Determ

iner

Ordinal

number

Qual ity word Si ze Age Color N oun

the f i rst clean big young brown horse

a second attractive l i tt le ol d grey citythis 27 th handsome small ant ique blue ri ng

that last ni ce tall middle-aged man

these di rty shor t 6-year-old boxes

those foolish under-aged couples

my crazy tiny 1-month -old green parrot

y our rich slender gi rl f riend

poor stout widower

delicious huge fresh white cake

unusual ancient ship

tender thin ham

tough f at steak

ri pe red f rui t

odd boy s

large modern dark buil ding

immense old golden statue

Very Shoul d be placed before the modi f ier we wish to emphasize: VERY BIG, VERY OLD, VERY

STOUT, VERY TALL, ETC.


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LESSON 20

GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:

Exercise

1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:a. Is she going to put on ______________________________________sweater? (hot that

wool y el low)

b. Why doesnt he wash of f _______________________________spoon? (old soup thatgreenish)

c. Why is she tak ing of f ___________________________ stockings? (l ight new silkth )

Determiner Age or

Temperature

Shape Color Materi al Ori gi n

Gerund

Noun

a new odd-shaped dark steel Engl ish k nife

an cool square l ight iron gatethis hot rectangular bluish gold watch

that cold round green silver chain

these warm broad y ellowish wool sweater

those old narrow green ish si lk stock ings

our wide browni sh synthetic materi al

his f l at reddish wooden f loor

her plastic dish

leather coat

nylon rug

German ref ri gerator

French salad dressing

washing machine

ironing board

Japanese car

American egg beater

Intermediate Ecl

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