Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol and Energy...
Transcript of Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol and Energy...
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Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol
and Energy Efficiency
Walid Chakroun, PhD
Fellow ASHRAE, ME Dept. Kuwait University
3rd HVAC Contracting Conference “ Evolution of HVAC Industry””
Qatar November 25-26, 2018
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Outline
• Montreal’s Protocol
• Kigali’s Amendment
• HFCs Phase-down
• Emissions and GWP classification
• Energy Efficiency
• MEPS
• Phase down strategies
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Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
• Adopted on 16 September 1987 in Montreal.
• The Montreal Protocol is the international treaty to protect the
stratospheric ozone layer.
• The Protocol was designed so that the phase out schedules could
be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological
assessments.
• It has so far succeeded in phasing out 98% of the chemicals
responsible for causing damage .
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Phase-out Schedule of ODS as per Montreal
ProtocolFreeze 20% 50% 75% 85% 100%
Article 5 countries
CFCs 1999 2005 2007 2010
Halons 2002 2005 2010
HCFCs 2013 2015-10% 2020-35% 2025-67.5% 2030-97.5%
MeBr 2002 2005 2040
Non-Article 5 countries
CFCs 1990 1994 1996
Halons 1992 1994
HCFCs 1996 2004-35% 2010 2015-90% 2020-99.5%
MeBr 1995 1999* 2001 2003 2005
* 25 %
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Kigali’s Amendment
• HFCs may not be ODS, however they are greenhouse gases (GHG)
with high global warming potentials (GWPs)
• Kigali’s Amendment to Montreal Protocol was introduced to phase
down the use of HFCs
• Phase down for high GWP HFC will be enforced, with emphasis on
increasing the energy efficiency in HVAC&R systems
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Implementation of HFC Phasedown
• Kigali’s Amendment will enter into force on the 1st of January
2019
• Developing countries will freeze HFC consumption in 2024
• Developed countries will start HFC phase down in 2019
• Additional 4 year delay for developing countries with high
ambient temperature conditions.
• Import and export licensing systems for HFCs must be in place
by 1 January 2019
• Trade ban for parties that have not endorsed the Kigali’s
Amendment from 1 January 2033.
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Article 5 (A5) countries are the developing countries
Main Group
Group 2
1. G.C.C. Countries2. India3. Iran4. Iraq5. Pakistan
Remaining of the developing world countries
Non Article 5 (NA5) countries are developed countries
Group 1 Group 2
1. Belarus2. Russian3. Kazakhstan4. Tajikistan5. Uzbekistan
Remaining of the developed world countries
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Phasing Down TimetableNA-5 Main Group NA-5 (Group 2) A-5 (Group 1) A-5 (Group 2)
Baseline 2011-2013 2011-2013 2020-2022 2024-2026
Baseline Calculations
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 15% of HCFC consumption/production
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 25% of HCFC consumption/production
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 65% of HCFC consumption/production
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 65% of HCFC consumption/production
Reduction Steps
Early Start Later Start 2024 (Freeze) 2028 (Freeze)
Step 1 2019—10% 2020—5% 2029—10% 2032—10%
Step 2 2024—40% 2025—35% 2035—30% 2037—20%
Step 3 2029—70% 2029—70% 2040—50% 2042—30%
Step 4 2034—80% 2034—80% 2045—80% 2047—85%
Step 5 2036—85% 2036—85%
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HFC Phase Down Comparison
A5 Countries NA5- Countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2024 2029 2034 2039 2044
% o
f B
ase
line
Years
A5: Group 1
A5: Group 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
% f
rom
Bas
elin
e
Years
NA5- Main Group
NA5 (Group 2)
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AlternativeRefrigerants
Compatibility
Environment
Refrigerant Properties
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Environmental Impact of Refrigerant
Leakages
𝐺𝑊𝑃 =ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2
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HFC 23 (148000)
R-404A (3922) R507A (3985)
R-410A (2088) HCFC- 22 (1810)
HFC-134a (1430)
HFC-32 (675) R-447A (583)
R-4548 (446)
R-454A (239) R-455A (148)
R-430A (94)
R-717 (0) R-744 (1) R-290 (3) HFO-1234yf (5)
GWP Classifications
Ultra-High> 10000
Very High 3000 -10000
High 1000-3000
Medium 300-1000
Low 100-300
Very Low
30-100
Ultra-low <30
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Indirect Emissions: CO2 emissions due to the energy consumption in AC
Direct Emissions: Refrigerant gas emissions due to leakages/maintenance within the vapor compression cycle
Direct and Indirect Emissions
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Kigali Amendment and Related
Development in Energy Efficiency
• The Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs provides opportunity to realize energy efficiency gains when replacing HFC/HCFC-based equipment
• A group of philanthropist organizations have pledged US$53 million in grants [the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Fund] to support energy efficiency alongside the phase-down of HFCs
• To complement these funds, the World Bank Group announced it will make available US$1 billion in funding for energy efficiency in urban areas by 2020.
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Why Energy Efficiency is Vital
• In 2015, RAC consumed about 17% of the overall electricity
worldwide [TEAP 2017]
• Over 80% of the global warming impact of RACHP systems is
associated with the indirect emissions. [TEAP 2017]
• The space cooling global CO2 emissions from 1990 has tripled in
2016.[OECD/IEA 2018]
• In the coming decades, technological innovation can be expected to
improve performance to approximately 70-80% of the theoretical
limit. [TEAP 2017]
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Why Energy Efficiency is Vital
• Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase of global temperature to
below 2°C this century
• Human-induced warming reached approximately 1°C (±0.2°C) in
2017, increasing at 0.2°C (±0.1°C) per decade. [IPCC 2018]
• Limiting global warming to 1.5°C needs large societal and
technological changes [IPCC 2018]
• Reducing CO2 emissions is a key parameter in reducing the
temperature increase by 2100 [IPCC 2018]
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MEPS
• To set an upper limit for the allowed energy consumption of a building,
minimum energy performance standards.
• MEPS should be made compulsory by law
• MEPS should then be tightened step by step every three to five years
• Energy efficiency requirements can either be integrated in existing
building codes or established as stand-alone standards.
• Ensuring compliance with the requirements is a major issue require
policy planning and design.
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MEPS-Qatar
• Kahramma Energy and Water Conservation Code (2016)
consists of:
1. Air Conditioning
2. Lighting
3. Building Envelope
4. Water
5. Energy Management Systems for Bulk Customers
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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Kahramma: Package Air Conditioning
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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Equipment TypeMinimum
EER (Btu/hr)
Rating Outdoor
Condition
Test Standard
Single Package Air Conditioners < 19.05 kW (5.41 Tons)
9.0 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 210/240
Single Package Air Conditioners 19.05 and <39.56 kW (5.41 and
<11.25 Tons)8.9 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 340/360
Single Package Air Conditioners 39.56 kW (11.25 Tons)
8.6 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 390
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Kahramma: Chillers
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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Equipment TypeMinimum
COPMinimum IPLV Test Standard
Air Cooled Chiller All Capacities 2.8 3.05 ARI 550/590
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW ( 150 Tons ) 5 5.25 ARI 550/590
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and < 1050 kW( ≥150 and < 300 Tons )
5.55 5.9 ARI 550/590
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥1050 kW ( 300 Tons ) 6.1 6.4 ARI 550/590
Reciprocating Compressor Water Cooled Chiller All Capacities 4.2 5.05 ARI 550/590
Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water CooledChiller < 530 kW ( 150 Tons )
4.45 5.2 ARI 550/590
Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW and < 1050 kW ( ≥150 and < 300 Tons )
4.9 5.6 ARI 550/590
Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller≥1050 kW ( 300 Tons )
5.5 6.15 ARI 550/590
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MEPS-Kuwait
• MEW-2016 Code of Practice for Government and Commercial
Buildings consists of:
1. Indoor and Outdoor Conditions
2. Lighting and Equipment Power Density
3. Building Envelope
4. A/C Type Power Ratings
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MEPS-A/C Systems in Kuwait (2016)
• Testing Conditions:
1. All DX A/C units shall be tested at maximum indoor air flow and on-coil DBT 26.6 ℃ (80 ℉) & WBT 19.4 ℃ (67 ℉).
2. The power rating for all should be tested when the ambient temperature is 48℃ or (118.4℉)
System TypeCapacity
(RT)PR(Chiller)
kW/TonPR(Total) kW/Ton
EER (Total)
DX units All N/A 1.50 8.01
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), DX with inverter compressor
All N/A1.40 @48°C 1.10 @35°C
8.58 @48°C 10.9 @35°C
Air-cooled chilled water system All 1.60 2.00 6.01
Water-cooled chilled water system, water cooled DX system
<250 0.90 1.45 8.28
250 – 500 0.75 1.30 9.24
>500 0.70 1.25 9.61
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MEPS-Dubai
• Dubai Green Building Regulations and Specifications consists of:
1. Building Envelopes
2. Ventilation and Air Quality
3. Thermal Comfort
4. HVAC Systems Energy Requirements
5. Lighting Power Density
6. Water Conservation and Efficiency
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Green Buildings Dubai: Air Conditioning
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Minimum Efficiency Requirements for Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units
Equipment Type Size Category Heating Section TypeSubcategory or Rating
ConditionMinimum
Efficiency (T1)Minimum
Efficiency (T3)Test Procedure
Air Conditioners,air cooled
<65,000Btu/h
AllSplit System 9.5 EER 6.6 EER
T1-ARI 210/240, T3-ISO5151
Single Package 9.5 EER 6.6 EER
Through-the-wall,air cooled
<=30,000Bth/h
All Single Package 8.0 EER 5.7 EER
Small-duct high-velocity air cooled
<65,000Bth/h
All Split System 9.2 EER 6.4 EER
Air Conditioners,air cooled
>=65,000 Btu/hand
<135,000 Btu/h
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
T1-ARI 340/360, T3-ISO5151
All OtherSplit System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
>=135,000 Btu/hand
<240,000 Btu/h
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
All OtherSplit System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
>=240,000 Btu/hand
<760,000 Btu/h
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
All OtherSplit System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
>=760,000
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.0 EER 6.3 EER
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MEPS: Saudi Arabia
• SASO provides standards in Saudi Arabia regarding HVAC:
1. MEPS for low capacity units (window and split) SASO 2663
2. Building Envelope Standards SASO 2856
3. Refrigerators and Freezers SASO 2892
4. Water Heaters SASO 2884
• SASO also provides standards in various engineering fields not
only HVAC.
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SASO 2663/2017: Air Conditioning
Air conditionerappliance type
Rated Cooling Capacity (CC) categories at test condition (T1) in
Btu/h (or W)
EER Values (Btu/h)W
T1 T3
Single package of Window type – category A
CC ≤ 24,000 (7,050W) 9.80 7.00
Single package of Window type – category B
24,000 (7,050W) < CC≤ 65,000 (19,050 W)
9.00 6.20
Split type ducted andnon-ducted using aircooled
condensers, heat pumps using air cooled condensers
CC ≤ 65,000 (19,050 W) 11.80 8.30
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Set Safety Standards on Refrigerants
• The newer refrigerants with lower GWPs are flammable, and can
impose danger to indoor occupants
• Safety Standards need to be created for storage, transport and
installation of the flammable refrigerants
• Governments are urged to be more engaged through national
standardization agencies
• There should be regular consultations between these agencies
and ozone officers
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Refrigerant Safety Classification ASHRAE 34 &
ISO 817
A1 A1 A2LA3
B2LA1
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Stakeholders in Energy
Efficiency
Energy EfficiencyLevel Playing Field
Governments
Industry
Consumers
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Barriers for Successful Implementation
• Unavailability of new fluids and technologies
• High costs of new fluids and technologies
• Lack of technician training
• Restrictive safety codes and standards
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How do you overcome the barriers• Domestic refrigerators are now using low GWP hydrocarbon refrigerants
• Small split ACs are using HFC-32 (GWP 675) instead of R-410 (GWP 2088)
• Car air-conditioning using HFO-1234yf
• UN Environment OzonAction introduced Training Guides and guide books
on refrigerant handling and training of technicians
• Companies that supply equipment using low GWP alternatives usually have
good training materials available that is targeted at their specific designs of
equipment
• ASHRAE, AHRI, and US DOE, have partnered to do research in order to
develop safety standards for flammable refrigerants
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Thank You