Peterborough Intergenerational Projects Rob Ford – Intergenerational Practice Co-ordinator.
Intergenerational Transfers in Form of Unpaid Work in Slovenia
21
Intergenerational Transfers in Form of Unpaid Work in Slovenia Jože Sambt University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Slovenia Institute of Mathematical Methods in Economics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria EUROPEAN TIME USE & NTA WORKSHOP Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden. 8-9 November 2012
description
Intergenerational Transfers in Form of Unpaid Work in Slovenia. Jože Sambt University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Slovenia Institute of Mathematical Methods in Economics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria EUROPEAN TIME USE & NTA WORKSHOP - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Intergenerational Transfers in Form of Unpaid Work in Slovenia
Intergenerational Transfers in Form of Unpaid Work in Slovenia
Jože SambtUniversity of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Slovenia
Institute of Mathematical Methods in Economics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
EUROPEAN TIME USE & NTA WORKSHOP Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden. 8-9 November 2012
Motivation
• NTA (National Transfer Accounts): a system that measures economic flows across age groups
• NTA are synchronized with SNA (System of National Accounts) and as such it ignores production that has a form of unpaid work like cooking, cleaning, childcare etc.
• Identifying and quantifying the value of unpaid work to obtain comprehensive picture about economic flows across age groups, investment in human capital (including rasing children), long-term care etc.
Data
• Time Use Survey, obtained from the Centre for Time Use Research (the survey was conducted by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia). Year: 2000/2001 (no newer data available, no plans for the next wave in the near future)
• Sample size was 4,500 households, out of which 2,364 households responded
• 24 hour diary with 10 minutes time intervals. Each respondent should provide 2 diary days – weekend and weekday
• The dataset contains 12,273 records for 6,183 individuals
Age profiles of time devoted to different activities, male
02
46
810
1214
1618
Hou
rs p
er d
ay
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Age
Personal care LeisurePaid work Unpaid workEducation
Age profiles of time devoted to different activities, female
02
46
810
1214
1618
Hou
rs p
er d
ay
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Age
Personal care LeisurePaid work Unpaid workEducation
Minutes daily devoted to different activities; comparing female to male
Minutes per day
Difference (female
compared to male)
Total Male Female Minutes %
Paid work 184 217 152 -64 -30
Education 24 26 23 -3 -11
Unpaid work 225 169 279 110 65
Personal care 636 632 641 9 1
Leisure 363 389 339 -51 -13
Age profiles of time devoted to different forms of unpaid work, male
050
100
150
200
Min
utes
per
day
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Age
Cooking, washing up HouseworkOther domestic jobs GardeningChildcare
Age profiles of time devoted to different forms of unpaid work, female
050
100
150
200
Min
utes
per
day
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Age
Cooking, washing up HouseworkOther domestic jobs GardeningChildcare
Minutes daily devoted to different forms of unpaid work; comparing female to male
Minutes per day
Difference (female
compared to male)
Total Male Female Minutes %
Cooking, washing up 61 19 101 82 433
Housework 48 24 71 47 193
Other domestic jobs 26 37 16 -21 -57
Gardening 30 36 25 -11 -31
Shopping 12 10 14 4 40
Childcare 17 10 24 15 150
Travel 22 23 22 -1 -2
Civic duties 8 11 6 -5 -47
Value of unpaid work: specialist method vs. opportunity cost method; wages from 2004 are used
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Opportunity cost method
Specialist method
Value of unpaid work: specialist method vs. opportunity cost method; wages from 2004 are used (smoothed)
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Opportunity cost method
Specialist method
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Opportunity cost method
Specialist method
Value of unpaid work: specialist method vs. opportunity cost method; wages from 2004 are used (smoothed)
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
Aggregate value of unpaid work: 64% of GDP
42% of GDP
Consumption of unpaid work (adjusted to specialist method) – Childcare and Other unpaid work
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Childcare Other
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
Consumption of unpaid work (adjusted to specialist method) - Total
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Total
Consumption of unpaid work (adjusted to specialist method) (smoothed)
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Total
Transfers across age groups in form of unpaid work
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
-12,000
-10,000
-8,000
-6,000
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Inflows (consumption)
Net inflows (consumption minus production)
Outflows (production)
Net private transfers: NTA results supplemented by unpaid work transfers; Slovenia, 2004
Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.
-12,000
-10,000
-8,000
-6,000
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
EUR
per c
apita
Age
Net inflows: Unpaid work
Net inflows: NTA
Conclusions
• The value of unpaid work is very important and should be included into NTA analysis to obtain comprehensive picture about the transfers across age groups, investment in children, burden of population ageing etc.
• Adding gender dimension into NTA would be interesting as well. In 2000/2001 women in Slovenia provided more unpaid work than men of about 2 hours per day:• for about 1 hour per day women are „compensating“ less
work in paid work arrangement• women had about 1 hour per day less leisure time
International comparison (preliminary)Country Year Paid work Education Unpaid work Personal care LeisureSlovenia 2000 man 217 26 169 632 389
woman 152 23 279 641 339-64 -3 110 9 -51
Canada 1998 man 285 20 160 585 370woman 178 19 258 613 351
-108 0 99 28 -18Norway 2000 man 237 41 168 601 377
woman 143 42 240 625 374-94 1 71 24 -3
USA 1998 man 292 9 174 615 304woman 220 6 264 632 270
-72 -3 91 18 -34South Africa 2000 man 188 78 114 691 250
woman 102 63 255 702 202-86 -15 141 11 -48
Directions of future research
• Trying to refine the results based on the original data from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
• Sensitivity analyses
• Existence of double shifts for women
• Full NTA/NTTA decomposition by gender
Thank you!
… and especially thanks to Gretchen
