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Intergeneraonal+transmission+of+...
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Intergenera(onal transmission of violence
Esperanza Camargo, Ph.D. Albany State University, GA
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Purpose of this study
• To make interna(onal comparisons to provide a beFer understanding of the contexts in which family violence occurs. – Violence is manifest in all cultures and the manifesta(ons must be analyzed into their cultural contexts.
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Hypotheses
• There are gendered consequences of – Experiencing corporal punishment and physical child abuse in childhood
– Witnessing parental in(mate partner abuse
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College Students
• Sample: College students – 185 College students – Texas-‐ U.S. – 468 College students – Bogota, Colombia
• Students were surveyed during the fall semester 2011
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Preliminary findings
• Frequencies
• American vs. Colombian students – Paren(ng, child rearing
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By Gender
.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
American -‐Texas Colombia-‐Bogota
Male
Female
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Age
.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
18-‐ 24 25 -‐ 29 30 -‐ older
American-‐ Texas
Colombian -‐ Bogota
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Rela(onship status
.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Single Da(ng but NOT living
with partner
Living with partner
Married
American-‐Texas
Colombian -‐ Bogota
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DISCIPLINARY TACTICS Paren(ng, child rearing
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Explain the rules to you to try to prevent you from repea(ng misbehavior? –
Mother
10.6% 21.3% 4.3% 4.7%
46.8% 36.2%
38.3% 37.8%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male Female
American Students -‐ Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
6% 6% 3% 0% 26% 34%
65% 60%
Male Female
Colombian Students -‐ Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes montly
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Explain the rules to you to try to prevent you from repea(ng misbehavior?
Father
0.30 0.32
0.09 0.03
0.40 0.41
0.21 0.24
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
12% 21% 7% 6%
30% 31%
52% 43%
Male Female
Colombian Students – Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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Shout or yell at you? Mother
21% 18%
40% 29%
36% 52%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
6% 12% 4% 6%
25% 36%
65% 46%
Male Female
Colombian Students -‐ Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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Shout or yell at you? Father
39% 26%
5%
1%
32%
38%
25% 35%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
23% 33% 6%
5% 31%
34%
41% 29%
Male Female
Colombian Students -‐ Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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Spank, slap, smack, or swat you? Mother
32% 36%
9% 6%
28% 37%
32% 21%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
24% 27%
17% 18%
25% 30%
33% 26%
Male Female
Colombian Students – Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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Spank, slap, smack, or swat you? Father
43% 46%
7% 6% 25%
39%
25% 9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes montly
41% 55%
12% 13% 28% 21%
19% 11%
Male Female
Colombian Students – Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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Use a paddle, hairbrush, belt, or other object? Mother
51% 50%
4% 7%
23% 31%
21% 13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes montly
40% 41%
14% 11%
22% 36%
24% 13%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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Use a paddle, hairbrush, belt, or other object? Father
47.7% 55.6%
9.1% 7.7%
22.7% 29.9%
20.5% 6.8%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female
American Students – Texas
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
49% 65%
15% 8%
25% 20%
11% 7%
Male Female
Colombian Students -‐ Bogota
Never Had happened
Some(mes yearly Some(mes monthly
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You thought your parents did the right thing when they
corrected your misbehavior -‐ Mother
4.3% 7.3% 6.5% 5.6% 23.9% 31.5%
28.3% 25.0%
37.0% 30.6%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male Female
American -‐ Texas Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always/almost always
9% 6% 14% 8%
35% 29%
28% 25%
14% 31%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always/almost always
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You thought your parents did the right thing
when they corrected your misbehavior -‐ Father
7.0% 9.6% 11.6% 5.3%
20.9% 30.7%
27.9% 28.1%
32.6% 26.3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male Female
American -‐ Texas Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always/almost always
14% 8% 10%
7%
35% 28%
28% 26%
14% 31%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always/almost always
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Your mother disagreed with the way your father corrected your misbehavior
20.4% 33.1%
24.5% 16.5%
42.9% 30.6%
6.1% 9.9% 6.1% 9.9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male Female
American -‐ Texas Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always or almost always
14% 8% 10%
7%
35% 28%
28% 26%
14% 31%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always/almost always
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Your father disagreed with the way your mother corrected your misbehavior
32.7% 30.1%
24.5% 18.7%
26.5% 28.5%
10.2% 13.0% 6.1% 9.8%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male Female
American -‐ Texas Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always or almost always
38% 50%
23% 12%
20% 23% 10% 7% 9% 8%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
Never About never
Some(mes Usually
Always or almost always
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Your mother punched or kicked or beat-‐up your father
93.6% 92.4%
.0% 4.2% 4.3% 1.7%
2.1% 1.7%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Male Female
American -‐ Texas Students
This never happened It happened before or ager
Once in that year Twice in that year
75% 75%
6% 5%
18% 15%
2% 4%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
Twice in that year Once in that year
It happened before or ager This never happened
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Your father punched or kicked or beat-‐up your mother
85.1% 86.3%
8.5% 8.5%
4.3% 3.4% 2.1% 1.7%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Male Female
American -‐ Texas Students
This never happened It had happened
Once in that year Twice in that year
80% 78%
9%
5%
8%
12%
2% 5%
Male Female
Colombian -‐ Bogota Students
This never happened It had happened Once in that year Twice in that year