interkulturuli ganaTleba

Sesavali

aRniSnuli broSuris mizania, maswavleblebs miawodos zogadi informacia

interkulturuli ganaTlebis da misi efeqturi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb saswavlo procesSi.

aRniSnuli Tavis gacnobis Sedegad maswavlebeli:

- gaecnoba cneba kulturas da mis rols swavla-swavlebis procesSi;

- gaecnoba interkulturuli ganaTlebis arss;

- sxvaobas interkulturul da multikulturul ganaTlebas Soris;

- saqarTvelos konteqsts da interkulturuli ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos

saganmanaTleblo sistemisTvis;

- saqarTveloSi arsebul mravalferovnebas, mis dadebiT mxareebs da

upiratesobebs swavlebis procesisTvis;

- interkulturuli ganaTlebis praqtikul sakiTxebs, strategiebs da rekomendaciebs

swavlebis procesSi “kulturulad adekvaturi pedagogikis” dasamkvidreblad.

- interkulturuli kompetenciebis ganviTarebis modelebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba

saswavlo procesSi.

interkulturuli ganaTleba umniSvnelovanesia 21-e saukuneSi. interkulturuli

sensitiuroba ar aris adamianuri cxovrebis “bunebrivi” procesi. interkulturuli

sensitiuroba ar gaxlavT ganuyofeli nawili adamianis ganviTarebis istoriuli procesebisa.

kulturaTaSoris kontaqts istoriul WrilSi Tan sdevda sisxlisRvra, represia, eTnikuri

wmenda da genocidi. interkulturuli ganaTleba gaxlavT instrumenti, romlis

meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia Seicvalos adamianTa kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobebis zemoT

miTiTebuli uaryofiTi “bunebrivi” qmedebani.

kultura da swavla-swavlebis procesi

kultura

mniSvnelovania rom Tavad termini kultura da masaTan dakavSirebuli swavla-

swavlebis Tematikis ganxilva iwvevs debatebs, rameTu am termins yvela Taviseburad

aRiqvams da maTi msjelobac aqeidan gamomdinareobs. Sesabamisad mniSvnelovnad

migvaCnia SevexoT kulturisa da swavlis procesis sakiTxebs.

Kkulturas swavlobs araerTi samecniero disciplina, kerZod, anTropologia,

sociologia, ganaTlebis mecnierebebi, fsiqologia, biznes-ekonomika da samxedro

mecnierebebic ki. Tuki yvela am samecniero dargs gadavxedavT, termin “kulturis”

asobiT gansxvavebuli ganmarteba Segvxvdeba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela es

ganmarteba ar aris adekvaturi swavla-swavlebis procesisa da kulturis dasakavSireblad.

Tumca, yvela am ganmartebas aqvs erTi saerTo, rom “kultura aris adamianis meir

Seqmnili garemo”. kultura gamoxatavs adamianis fiqrebs, ideebs, interaqciis

maxasiaTeblebs.

kuni aRniSnavs, rom “kultura aris socialuri qmedebebis, rwmenis, xelovnebis,

institutebis mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs transmisiuri xasiaTi, Seqmnilia adamianTa

garkveuli jgufis Sromisa da fiqris Sedegad. kulturis mTavari Semadgeneli elementebi

aris geografiuli situacia, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, ena, religia da istoria”.

termin kulturasTan dakavSirebulia araerTi sxva termini, romelic gvxvdeba

yoveldRiuri komunikaciis dros, magaliTad, subkultura, mikrokultura, eTnikuri

jgufebi, umciresobebi, multikulturuli ganaTleba da sxva. terminebis

gasaazreblad da ganmartebisTvis SegiZliaT isargebloT broSuris boloSi arsebuli

ganmartebiTi leqsikoniT.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, termin “kulturis” araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs,

romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. Aterminis analizisas ZiriTadad sami

mniSvnelovani saerTo maxasiaTebeli ikveTeba: 1) kultura aris adamianis mier

Seqmnili; 2) kultura arias gaziarebuli adamianTa jgufis mier; 3) kultura aris rogorc

obieqturi, agreTve subieqturi;

ganvixiloT cal-calke es saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, raTa ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT

kulturis arss.

1) kultura Seqmnilia adamianTa mier

cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebi ar arian biologiurad programirebuli,

raTa maT avtomaturad icodnen, rogor unda SeZlon garemos utilizacia, sakvebisa da

TavSesafris mopoveba da a.S. anu adamianebs ar SeuZliaT gadarCnen sxva

adamianebis gareSe, romlebic zrunaven maTze da aswavlian maT. Sesabamisad,

adamianebma unda miagnon efeqtur gzebs rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve garemosTan

interaqciisTvis. adamianebma unda iswavlon, rogor SeiZinon codna, maT Soris

cxovrebis wesebi, rac maT miscems gadarCenis saSualebas. swored es codna

(warmoqmnili ojaxSi, samezobloSi, literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, klasSi) da am codnis arss

ewodeba kultura.

kultura, Cveulebriv, aris adamianis fizikuri Tu gonebrivi zemoqmedebis Sedegad

Seqmnili materia, anu yvelaferi is, rac bunebrivad ar xdeba cxovrebaSi. magaliTisaTvis,

zRvaze an okeaneSi arc wyali da arc horizonti ar aris kultura, aramed aris bunebrivi

mdgomareoba, Tumca, Tu rogor aris mowyobili am zRvis sanapiro - es ukve kulturis

nawilia da am kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT xdeba sanapiros mowyoba.

magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, maiamiSi sanapiroze aSenebulia uamravi

sastumro, gasarTobi kompleqsebi, saseirno bilikebi da marinadebi. msgavsi tipis

sanapiro sxva kulturis mqone xalxis mier SesaZlebelia Seracxuliyo wminda adgilad,

sadac adamianis Careva arsebul bunebriv garemoSi minimaluri iqneboda.

Mamerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi arsebuli maimis sanapiro miuTiTebs amerikeli

xalxis codnas, damokidebulebas da Rirebulebebs bunebrivi garemos mimarT, Tumca

msgavsi damokidebuleba ar iyo amerikis Seqmnis pirvel wlebSi da maSin miiCneoda,

rom adamiani bunebis ganuyofeli nawilia da vinaidan adamiani cxovrobs bunebis

SigniT da ara gareT, adamiani ar unda Caerios arsebul bunebriv garemoSi.

es magaliTi miuTiTebs, rom sxvadasxva sociokulturuli jgufi aRiqvams samyaros

sxavadsxvanairad, amasTanave, xazs usvams, rom kulturuli rwmenebi da

damokidebulebebi erTi da imave sociokulturul jgufis SigniT droTa ganmavlobaSi

SeiZleba da unda Seicvalos.

2) kultura aris gaziarebuli adamianTa garkveuli jgufis mier

kultura yalibdeba adamianTa socialuri urTierTobebis Sedegad. kulturuli ideebi da

gaazreba yalibdeba, roca garkveuli jgufi iziarebs erTmaneTis codnas,

damokidebulebebs, Rirebulebebsa da rwmenas. ufro metic: adamianTa es jgufi

ayalibebs RirebulebaTa ierarqias, romeli Rirebuleba ufro Zvirfasia maTTvis, Tumca

RirebulebaTa es ierarqiac SesaZlebelia Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom gaziarebuli kulturuli identoba gadaecema erTi Taobidan Semdgom Taobas.

3) kultura aris rogorc obieqturi, aseve subieqturi

kultura Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: (a) obieqturi elementebi da (b) subieqturi

elementebi (triandisi, 1972). obieqturi kulturis komponentebi moicavs jgufisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel vizualurad da materialurad xelSesaxeb elementebs, magaliTad, enas,

romelzec laparakoben, tradiciebsa da ritualebs, romelTac icaven, tansacmels, romelsac

atareben, saWmels, romelsac miirTmeven da a.S. yvela es elementi advilad

SesamCnevia da am elemenetebis aRmoCena Tanabrad SesaZlebelia yvelasaTvis.

swored obieqturi kulturis elementebi igulisxmeba xSirad, rodesac saubaria kulturul

gansxvavebebze. subieqturi kulturis komponentebi aris vizualurad da materialurad

SeumCneveli kulturis aspeqtebi, kerZod, damokidebulebebi, Rirebulebebi, qcevis

wesebi da normebi, swavlis stili, socialuri rolebis ierarqia da a.S.

subieqturi da obieqturi kulturis analizisas kulturas xSirad adareben aisbergs.

aisbergis mxolod 10%-is danaxvaa SesaZlebeli wylis zedapirze, xolo 90 %-i aisbergisa

damalulia wyals qveviT da Sesabamisad es 90% warmoadgebs safrTxes gemis

kapitnisTvis, romelic marTavs gems wyalSi. aisbergis msgavsad kulturis yvelaze

Sinaarsobrivi (da potenciurad safrTxis Semcveli) nawili aris SeumCneveli da Znelad

aRsaqmeli anu warmoadgens subieqtur kulturas. swored kulturis subieqturi

aspeqtebia, romelic warmoqmnis xSirad interkulturul gaugebrobebs da razec unda

moxdes fokusireba multikulturuli Tu interkulturuli ganaTlebis dros.

kultura da swavla-swavlebis procesi

adamianebi individualurad axdenen sakuTari Tavis kulturul identifikacias.

dadgenilia kulturuli identobis Tormeti wyaro, romelic gavlenas axdens swavla

swavlebis procesze (ix. sqema).

kuSneri,

makklilandi,

safordi, 2006,

gv. 70

am Tormet wyaros gaaCnia, ra Tqma unda, gadakveTis wertilebi. arsebiTia, rom

individis kulturuli identoba (Rirebulebebi, rwmena, codna, unarebi, damokidebulebebi)

yalibdeba am Tormeti wyaros mimarTebiT arsebuli gamocdilebiT. Eam gamocdilebis

SeZena ki xdeba individis urTierTobiT socializaciis iseT agentebTan, rogoricaa ojaxi,

eklesia, samuSao adgili, skola, mediasaSualebebi da a.S. (ix. sqema). swored

socializaciis am agentebis meSveobiT iZens individi kulturul codnas.

kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 76

kulturuli codnis dagroveba: socializaciis agentebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kulturuli identobis formireba xdeba socializaciis procesis

Sedegad socializaciis agentebis meSveobiT. zemoTmoyvanil sqemaSi naTlad Cans, Tu

rogor xdeba kulturuli codnis filtracia socializaciis sxvadasxva agentis meSveobiT

individis gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli identobis

wyaroebi (ena, religia, eTnikuri warmomavloba) aris universaluri wyaroebi da

damaxasiaTebeli nebismieri kulturisTvis, socializaciis agentebi (ojaxi, skola, eklesia,

media) romelTa meSveobiTac individs gadaecema kulturuli wyaro, mkveTrad

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva kulturaSi. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva

sazogadoebaSi individebs uviTardebaT gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba.

aRniSnuli msjelobisas, albaT mniSvnelovania, ganvsazRvroT, ras niSnavs

socializacia da ra etapebs moicavs is. socializacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac

individi eufleba ama Tu im konkretuli jgufisaTvis misaReb normebs. es normebi

SeiZleba moicavdes enis dauflebas, socialuri rolebis codnas da am rolebis Sesabamis

qmedebas, fizikuri da socialuri garemos aspeqtebis specifikur aRqmas da gaazrebas.

socializaciis procesi ki sam etapad iyofa: 1) pirveladi socializacia, romelic gulisxmobs

patara bavSvebis aRzrdas ojaxis an nebismier momvlelis mier; 2) meoradi socializacia,

romelic moicavs procesSi iseTi agentebis CarTvas, rogoricaa skola, samezoblo,

TanatolTa wre, televizia, eklesia da a.S. 3) zrdasrulTa socializacia, romelic gulisxmobs

zrdasruli adamianis axal socialur rolebTan Tu situaciasTan adaptacias, risTvisac is ar

momzadebula dawyebiTi da Sualeduri socializaciis procesis dros. aseTi tipis

socializacias ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, qorwineba, mSobloba, sacxovreblad sxva

qveyanaSi gadasvla, axal samuSaoze gadasvla da a.S.

socializaciis procesis limitebi

aRsaniSnavia, rom socializaciis process gaaCnia sakuTari limitebi. am limitebis

Soris gamoyofen sam mniSvnelovan SezRudvas, romelTa codnac Zalian

mniSvnelovania pedagogTaTvis: 1) socializaciis procesi SezRudulia bavSvis fizikuri da

biologiuri organizmis TaviseburebebiT. magaliTad, yvela axalSobili advilad eufleba

enas, Tumca enis daufleba problemaa smenadaqveiTebulisTvis. individs Tu ar gaaCnia

musikaluri smena, musikis meSveobiT socializaciis pirobebSic ki da mudmivad

musikaSi mecadineobiT is verafriT ver gaxdeba operis momRerali; 2) socializaciis

procesi aris dausrulebeli procesi da is arasdros ar mTavrdeba, anu adamiani mTeli

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi imyofeba socializaciis procesSi. Sesabamisad, Tu bavSvis

socializacia moxda da is daeufla garkveul codnas, Tvisebebs Tu maxasiaTeblebs (ena,

situaciis Sesabamisi qmedeba, socialuri rolis gaazreba) es imas ar niSnavs, rom is

veRar SeiZens sxva damatebiT codnas, Tvisebebs da maxasiaTeblebs; 3) individebi ar

arian pasiuri mimRebi socializaciis procesis, isini aqtiurad zemoqmedeben TviTon am

procesze. individi iRebs an ar iRebs arsebul normas, interpretacias ukeTebs arsebul

normas, qmnis axal normebs sxvadasxva situaciidan gamomdinare. A

socializaciis samive es limiti gaxlavT resursi pedagogis xelSi, Tumca, rogorc diui

aRniSnavs, yvelaze efeqturia swavla maSin, rodesac igi iwyeba im codnidan, rac

bavSvs ukve gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania icodes ara

mxolod kulturuli socializaciis zogadi aspeqtebi, aramed unda icnobdes TiToeuli

moswavlis kulturul maxasiaTeblebs, romlis farglebSic xdeboda maTi socializacia.

K

kulturuli sxvaobebis gaazreba

kulturuli codnis dagrovebis procesis ufro kargad aRsaqmelad gTavazobT

sqemas, sadac Sejamebulia es procesi da kidev erTxel aris xazi gasmuli am procesis

kompleqsurobaze, gansakuTrebiT multikulturul sazogadoebebSi.

kuSneri, makklilandi, safordi, 2006, gv. 85

rogorc sqemebidan Cans, kulturuli wyaroebi socializaciis sxvadasxva agentebis

meSveobiT ayalibeben individis kulturul identobas. mniSvnelovania, maswavleblebs

axsovdeT, rom kulturuli identoba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia rogorc sxvadasxva kulturis

urTierTmimarTebiT, agreTve erTi da imave kulturis SigniTac. Aam kulturulma

gansxvavebebma SeiZleba warmoSvas garkveuli gaugebroba an konfliqti skolasa Tu

klasSi swavlebis procesSi. am broSuris daniSnulebaa zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT

interkulturul ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, romelic xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriv, gaugebrobebis

aRmofxvras da acilebas da, meore mxriv, SesaZlebels gaxdis, rom kulturuli sxvaobebi

klasSi pedagogma gamoiyenos, rogorc pozitivi da resursi ufro efeqturi saswavlo

garemos Sesaqmnelad. am broSuris mizania, maswavleblebma daiwyon garkveuli

sakiTxebis axleburad gaazreba da analizi da, Sesabamisad, gaxdnen yvela moswavlis

maswavlebeli da ara mxolod im moswavleTa maswavleblebi, romlebic ufro axlos

dganan maT kulturul identobasTan.

interkulturuli ganaTleba/interkulturuli ganaTlebis mizani

interkulturuli ganaTlebis mizans, sazogadod, warmoadgens rogorc

umravlesobis, aseve umciresobebis mozardTa warmatebuli integracia Tanamedrove

polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi da Camoyalibeba interkulturuli pirovnebisa, romelic iqneba

adekvaturi polikulturuli garemos pirobebSi. interkulturuli aRzrda mowodebulia

Camouyalibos Semswavlelebs msoflxedva da qceva, romelic daeyrdnoba humanurobis,

pasuxismgeblobis, solidarobis, urTierTgagebis, demokratiisa da tolerantobis principebs.

termini „kulturaTSorisi swavleba“ sxvadasxvagvarad ganimarteba. pirdapiri

gagebiT - igi sxva kulturasTan urTierTobisas warmoadgens codnis, Sexedulebebis da

qcevis Camoyalibebis individualur process. Tumca, ufro xSirad, kulturaTSorisi swavleba

ufro farTo konteqstSi ganixileba da aRniSnavs cnebas, romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva

warmomavlobisa da kulturuli Rirebulebebis mqone adamianebi Tanacxovroben

mSvidobianad.

interkulturuli principebi moiTxovs kulturuli sxvaobebis aRiarebas, maT

pativiscemas, tolerantobas, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebisTvis Tanabari

SesaZleblobebis micemas, diskriminaciis aRmofxvras. kulturaTSorisi urTierToba

gulisxmobs imis dafiqsirebas, rom sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs

hgvanan da gansxvavdebian kidec erTmaneTisgan.

interkulturuli swavlebis mTavari mizania moswavleebs da maT garSemo myof

adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis xelSewyoba. interkulturuli swavlebis arsebiTi

principebia:

zogadsakacobrio faseulobebis (pluralizmi, tolerantoba, demokratia)

SeTviseba-aRiareba;

kulturuli TviTidentobis aRqmisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna - umciresobebis

mier sakuTari kulturuli Strixebis SenarCuneba;

yvela kulturis Tanabrad dafaseba, kulturuli dialogisTvis garemos Seqmna;

warmatebis misaRwevad umravlesobis da umciresobebisTvis

mxardaWeris identurad uzrunvelyofa: mozardisTvis sakuTari cxovrebiseuli

problemebis gadaWraSi daxmareba.

interkulturul ganaTlebas gaaCnia ori gamoxatuli maxasiaTebeli: 1) es aris

ganaTleba, romelic aRiarebs, pativs scems da aRniSnavs adamianuri cxovrebis yvela

sferoSi mravalferovnebis arsebobas, rogorc normas; 2) es aris ganaTleba, romelic xels

uwyobs Tanasworobas da adamianis uflebebs, ewinaaRmdegeba usamarTlo

diskriminacias da xels uwyobs iseTi Rirebulebebis ganviTarebas, romlebzec SesaZlebeli

iqneba Tanasworobis cxovrebis wesis ageba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa terminebs “interkulturuli

ganaTleba” da “multikulturuli ganaTleba”. Ees ori termini xSirad erTi da imave

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba xolme, Tumca Tanamedrove ganaTlebis mecnierebebis

literaturaSi mkveTri gansxvavebaa dafiqsirebuli. erT-erTi yvelaze martivi da mkafio

gamijvna am or termins Soris ekuTvnis kamileris (1992), romelic aRniSnavs, rom

“multikulturuli” aris aRweriTi termini, romelic ubralod afiqsirebs pluralizmis arsebobas

da sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli xalxis faqtiur Tanacxovrebas, xolo termini

“interkulturuli” asaxavs arsebul interaqcias gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone xalxs Soris.

ganaTlebis sistema unda iRebdes mxedvelobaSi sazogadoebis multikulturul

maxasiaTeblebs da xels unda uwyobdes mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas da pozitiur

interaqcias sxvadasxva kulturul jgufs Soris. “multikulturuli ganaTleba” emsaxureba

swavlebas sxvadasxva kulturebis Sesaxeb, raTa miRweul iqnes “mimRebloba” an, sul

mcire, “tolerantoba” gansxvavebuli kulturis mimarT. xolo “interkulturuli ganaTleba”

scildeba sxvadasxva kulturaTa pasiuri Tanacxovrebis miRwevis amocanas da miznad

isaxavs Seqmnas mdgradi winapiroba, rom multikulturuli sazogadoebis Tanacxovreba

daefuZnos urTierTgagebis, pativiscemisa da dialogis principebs.

mravalferovnebis dadebiTi mxareebi swavlebis procesSi

aRsaniSnavia, rom mravalferovneba, warmoadgens resurss efeqturi saswavlo

procesis warmarTvis da dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT multikulturul

sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisTvis momzadebuli moqalaqis Camosayalibeblad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom warsulSi maswavlebelTa momzadebi programebSi mravalferovneba

iyo aRqmuli negatiur konteqstSi im dros gavrcelebuli Teoriebidan gamomdinare da

efuZneboda mosazrebas, rom mravalferovneba aris problema, romlisgan unda

gaTavisuflde. midgoma, rom gansxvavebuli kulturuli jgufis moswavleebs gaaCniaT

gansxvavebuli gamocdileba da xedva, rac sasargebloa dominanti kulturuli jgufis

moswavleebisTvisac ar hqonda farTo mxardaWera.

Tumca globalizaciis procesma da saWiroebam rom moswavleebi unda

moemzadon pluralisturi da mravalferovan msoflioSi sacxovreblad da unda imuSaon

mravalferovan garemoSi radikalurad Secvala midgomebi mravalferovnebisadmi da

misi gamoyenebisadmi interkulturuli ganaTlebis gziT.

mravalferovnebis saganmanaTleblo paradigma xazs usvams, rom

mravalferovneba ganaTlebaSi sasargebloa yvela moswavlisTvis, rogorc umravlesobis

kulturis aseve umciresobis kulturuli jgufis moswavleTaTvis. mravalferovneba qmnis

ukeTes saswavlo garemos. swored es mosazrebaa yvelaze mkafio argumenti

interkulturuli ganaTlebis mxardasaWerad. patricia gurini aRniSnavs, rom

mravalferovan garemoSi da interkulturuli ganaTlebis elementebis gamoyenebiT

moswavles uviTardeba: a) mravalmxrivi xedva; b) mravalmxrivi xedvis pirobebSi

xedvebs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan aridebis unari; g) xdeba saerTo Rirebulebebis

formireba, romelic aerTianebs gansxvavebebs saerTo miznis misaRwevad. Ggurinis

mosazreba dadasturebulia ara erTi saganmanaTleblo eqspertisa da mecnierebis

kvlevebiT. mecnierebi ZiriTadad yofen mravalferovnebis dadebiT mxareebs or

kategoriad: 1) saswavlo (akademiuri) Sedegebi; da 2) demokratiuli Sedegebi.

1) saswavlo (akademiuri) Sedegebi

- kompleqsuri azrovneba;

- inteleqtualuri erTguleba;

- mravalmxrivi akademiuri unari

2) Ddemokratiuli Sedegebi

- mravalmxrivi xedvis miReba;

- kulturaTa sxvaobebisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba;

- samoqalaqo da kulturuli faseulobebis erTguleba

dResdReobiT yvela Tanxmdeba mravalferovnebis dadebiT mxareebze saswavlo

garemosaTvis da interkulturuli ganaTlebis saWiroebaze, Tumca mTavari problemaa

swavlebis procesSi mravalferovnebis efeqturad marTva da interkulturuli ganaTlebis

strategiebis sworad gamoyenebaa, rac sakmaod rTulal gadasaWreli amocanaa,

rameTu gadaulaxav gamowvevad rCeba sakiTxis kompleqsuroba, rac dakavSirebulia

kulturuli sxvaobebis simravlesTan.

saqarTvelos konteqsti interkulturuli ganaTlebis xelSesawyobad

saqarTvelos konteqsti sakmaod relevanturia interkulturuli ganaTlebis

xelSesawyobad, radgan saqarTvelos xasiaTdeba mravalferovnebis sakmaod maRali

xarisxiT. saqarTvelos konteqstSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos 3 sxvadasxva tipis

mravalferovneba, romlis asaxvac unda moxdes saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi da

swavlebis procesSi: a) saqarTvelos Sida mravalferovneba; b) gare mravalferovneba; g)

TiToeuli individis gamocdileba aris TavisTavad interkulturuli.

a) saqarTvelos Sida mravalferovneba

1) eTnikuri mravalferovneba

saqarTvelo multieTnikuri qveyanaa. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris

mixedviT, eTnikurad qarTvelebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 83,8 %,

xolo sxva eTnikuri jgufebi 15,2 % (2002 wlis sayovelTao aRwera). faqtobrivad,

arsebobs 4 regioni, sadac gansaxlebulia umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi: afxazeTi,

samxreT oseTi, qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi. qistebi kompaqturad saxloben

kaxeTSi (pankisis xeoba), Tumca qistebi Seadgenen regionis mxolod 7 %-s. kompaqturi

gansaxlebis garda, saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba iseTi eTnikuri jgufebis dispersiuli

gansaxlebebi, rogorebicaa rusebi, berZnebi, qurTebi, iezidebi, ebraelebi, asirielebi,

ukrainelebi da sxva.

2) religiuri mravalferovneba

saqarTvelo religiuradac mravalferovani saxelmwifoa, sadac saxloben gansxvavebuli

religiis warmomadgenlebi. ufro metic: erTi eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi

sxvadasxva religiis mimdevrebi arian.

3) lingvisturi mravalferovneba

eTnikuri da religiuri mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare saqarTveloSi lingvisturi

mravalferovnebac mdidaria. ufro metic: dominanti qarTveluri enac ki sxvadasxva

dialeqturi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba.

4) repatriantebi

2007 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni 19944 wels samxreT

saqarTvelodan deportirebuli mosaxleobis repatriaciis Sesaxeb. mosaxleobis am nawilis

integrireba saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erTi amocanaa da amis

ganxorcieleba mxolod swori interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sedegad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

5) ucxoeli migrantebi da ltolvilebi

saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi arsebuli migraciuli procesebis analizisas naTeli xdeba

saqarTveloSi Semosul ucxoel moqalaqeTa ricxvis mkveTri zrda. es realoba unda

aisaxos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSic. aRsaniSnavia agreTve CeCneTis respublikidan

ltolvili mosaxleoba, romelic gansaxlebulia pankisis xeobaSi.

6) iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebi

saqarTveloSi ori eTnikuri konfliqti moxda sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg. es

faqti kidev erTxel usvams xazs interkulturuli ganaTlebis aspeqtebis damkvidrebis

aucileblobas saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi, rameTu interkulturuli ganaTleba

miiCneva erT-erT mniSvnelovan instrumentad konfliqtis mogvarebisa da

prevenciisaTvis. garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos 250

000-ze meti iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli moqalaqe yavs da maTi saWiroebebi, iseve rogor

maTi ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis

gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania saswavlo procesSi.

Sida mravalferovnebis konteqstSi albaT SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos SezRuduli

SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis, seqsualuri umciresobebis da sxvadasxva socialur-

ekonomikuri statusis mqone moswavleTa sakiTxebic.

b) gare mravalferovneba

ganaTlebis internacionalizacia 21-e saukunis umniSvnelovanes amocanad iqca

ara marto saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisTvis, aramed samTavrobo

struqturebisTvisac. Gglobalizaciis procesi, sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurentuli bazris

pirobebi ki mTavari faqtorebia ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisaTvis. umaRlesi

saswavleblebis globalizaciisadmi momatebulma interesma ki `ganapiroba axali

saganmanaTleblo sistemebis, programebis da infrastruqturis ganviTareba rogorc

institucionalur, aseve samTavrobo doneze~ (naiTi, 2001, gv. 228). saqarTvelo gaxda

boloniis procesi monawile qveyana, amasTanave, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba plebiscitis

Sedegad mkveTrad daafiqsira misi ganuxreli swrafva evro-atlantikuri struqturebisken.

aseT viTarebaSi ki saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da dawesebulebebis socialuri

pasuxismgeblobaa Seqmnas iseTi saswavlo procesi, romelic moamzadebs moswavles

da konkurentunarians gaxdis saerTaSoriso SromiT bazarze. Sesabamisad, saswavlo

procesma unda uzrunvelyos iseTi moqalaqis formireba, romelic mzad iqneba, icxovros

multikulturul da mravalferovan msoflioSi da imuSaos multikulturul da mravalferovan

SromiT dawesebulebebSi;

g) yvela individi aris interkulturuli

aRsaniSnavia rom saganmanaTleblo procesi yovelTvis multikulturulia

miuxedavad imisa Tu ra konteqstSi mimdinareobs igi, rameTu rogorc tabaCniki da

zeixneri (1994) aRniSnaven TiToeuli adamianis gamocdileba aris interkulturuli, rameTu

adamiani aris multikulturuli arseboba, romelic TavisTavSi aerTianebs sxvadasxva mikro

kulturul identobas.

interkulturuli ganaTleba qmedebaSi

swavlisa da swavlebis strategiebi

dResdReobiT gacilebiT iolia, moiZio da gaecno swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodsa

da strategias. Tumca, mTavari problema aRniSnuli strategiebis sworad gamoyenebaa.

Mmaswavlebelma unda icodes, ratom da risTvis iyenebs ama Tu im strategiasa Tu

meTods. swori strategiis SesarCevad Semdegi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli:

9 ra aris Cveni saganamanaTleblo praqtikis amocanebi;

10 rogor aRviqvamT swavla-swavlebis process;

11 ra realuri saWiroebebi aqvT Cvens moswavleebs konkretul saklaso oTaxsa da

konkretul saswavlo situaciaSi;

12 yvela moswavles aqvs ufleba, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulyofili wevri da

maswavlebelma xeli unda Seuwyos am uflebis realizebaSi;

13 maswavlebeli aRiarebs moswavleTa sxvadasxva SesaZleblobas, qcevis

wesebs, codnasa da interesebs;

14 moswavleebs unda ganuviTardeT unarebi da kompetenciebi da ar aevsoT

goneba sxvadasxva informaciiT;

15 mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT moswavleTa rwmena da grZnobebi, iseve,

rogorc moswavleTa kognituri da inteleqtualuri ganviTareba.

16 moswavleTaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos damatebiTi saswavlo resursebi.

Sexedulebebi swavlasa da swavlebaze

swavleba ar aris mxolod codnis gadacema, aramed aris iseTi SesaZleblobis da

garemos Seqmna, romelSic SesaZlebelia codnis warmoqmna da formireba; xolo

swavlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori mniSvnelovani principi: (a) gamocdileba da (b)

TanamSromloba. es ori principi ganapirobebs iseTi garemos, situaciisa da aqtivobebis

Seqmnas, sadac maswavleblebi da moswavleebi TanamSromloben da uziareben

erTmaneTs sakuTar gamocdilebas. interkulturuli midgomis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens

gamocdileba da TanamSromloba swavlisa da swavlebis procesSi. maswavlebelma unda

SearCios strategiebi, romlebic efuZneba moswavleebisa da maswavleblis

gamocdilebas da TanamSromlobis principebs. Eaxla warmogidgenT ramdenime

strategias, romelic gamoiyeneba interkulturuli midgomis mixedviT. albaT, SeamCnevT,

rom am strategiebis nawils, SesaZlebelia, iyenebT kidec, Tumca, mTavari sakiTxia,

moxdes am strategiebis sworad da Sesabamis dros gamoyeneba:

a) moqnili jgufebis formireba

moqnili jgufebis formireba sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba. moqnili jgufebis formireba

SeiZleba aRebuli iyos rogorc skolis, aseve - klasis strategia. moswavleTa dajgufeba

unda moxdes maTi interesebis, arsebuli codnis, sxvadasxva sferoSi codnis donis

Sesabamisad. anu moqnili jgufebis formireba ise unda moxdes, rom jgufis TiToeulma

wevrma SeZlos garkveuli kontribuciis gaweva jgufis saqmianobaSi.

b) saswavlo procesSi CarTuli Temi

saswavlo procesSi CarTul Tems SeuZlia iseTi saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis

ganxorcieleba, romlis Sedegad miiRweva socialuri cvlilebebi Temis SigniT. aRniSnuli

midgoma uzrunvelyofs Temis yvela wevris monawileobas. aRniSnul TanamSromlobas

Semdegi mTavari principebi unda hqondes:

17 Tanasworoba ganaTlebaSi;

18 xarisxi;

19 dialogi da kritikuli azrovneba.

mSoblebis, Temis CarTuloba saswavlo procesSi mniSvnelovania interkulturuli

ganaTlebisaTvis.

g) proeqti

proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad mniSvnelovania moswavleTaTvis im funqciis micema, rasac

isini yvelaze efeqturad ganaxorcieleben. erTi proeqtis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba

moiTxovdes sxvadasxva sferoSi codnas, Sesabamisad, maswavlebelma

moswavleebisTvis funqciebi ise unda gadaanawilos, rom TiToeuli moswavle

maqsimalurad iyos CarTuli da maqsimaluri kontribucia gaakeTos proeqtis

ganxorcielebisas. Pproeqtis, rogorc saswavlo strategiis, efeqturobis dasadastureblad

gTavazobT erT-erTi zrdasruli adamianis monaTxrobidan amonarids, romelic Seexeba

mis mier meoTxe klasSi ganxorcielebul proeqts, rac saSualebas mogcemT, gaaanalizoT

proeqtis, rogorc strategiis, dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi da misi efeqturoba.

“maswavlebelma SemogvTavaza gangvexorcielebina proeqti “saberZneTi”. Cven

daviyaviT ramdenime jgufad da TiToeul jgufs evaleboda emuSava klasikuri saberZneTi

specifikur aspeqtebze, istoria, miTologia, yoveldRiuri cxovreba da xelovneba da

proeqtis bolos gamovlindeboda proeqtze momuSave saukeTeso jgufi.. jgufis TiToulma

wevrma moiZia informacia im mimarTulebiT, razec isini muSaobdnen. informaciis

moZieba xdeboda saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi, skolis biblioTekaSi arsebul wignebsaSi da

internetSi. informaciis mogrovebis Semdeg unda mogvexdina prezentacia. Cven

avirCieT, ra tipis prezentacias gavakeTebdiT da rogor mivawvdidiT davalebis Cvens

nawils mTel klass. jgufma, romelic saberZneTis istoriaze muSaobda, airCia komikuri

Janri; miTologiaze momuSave jgufma Teatralizebuli warmodgena moawyo, yoveldRiur

cxovrebaze momuSave jgufma - skolis derefani namdvil qalaqad aqcia, sadac iyo

bazroba, Teatri da sxva, xolo xelovnebaze momuSave jgufma moawyo gamofena,

romelzec warmodgenili iyo arqiteqturuli nimuSebi, sxvadasxva skulptura da Zegli,

poeziisa da mwerlobis nawarmoebebi. maswavlebeli gvexmareboda mTeli am procesis

ganmavlobaSi, naxulobda masalebsa da resursebs, gvisworebda Tu Tvlida, rom rames

arasworad vakeTebdiT, gvexmareboda gangvesazRvra, vin ukeTesad gaarTmevda

Tavs ama Tu im saqmis Sesrulebas, Tu raime sakiTxi wamoiWreboda jgufis SigniT,

romelic kamaTs iwvevda jgufSi, gvexmareboda situaciaSi garkvevaSi da am sakiTxis

garSemo mxardamWer da sawinaaRmdego argumentebs gvawvdida. dRe, rodesac

movaxdineT Cveni proeqtis prezentacia, iyo Zalian warmatebuli. Cven moviwvieT mTeli

skola Cveni warmodgenis sanaxavad, Cven viyaviT namdvili berZnebi. mogvianebiT

maswavlebelma wagviyvana suraTebis gamofenaze. Ggamofenaze gamofenili naxatebi

asaxavda sxvadasxva erovnebis kulturas. maswavlebelma gvTxova, aRmogveCina is

naxatebi, romlebic saberZneTis kulturas gamoxatavda. amJamad namdvilad aRar

maxsovs, proeqtSi romeli jgufis muSaoba Sefasda yvelaze warmatebulad da romelma

jgufma gaimarjva, magram namdvilad maxsovs yvelaferi, rac saberZneTis Sesaxeb im

proeqtis farglebSi Sevityve”.

d) saxelosno/`vorkSofi~

`vorkSofi~ aris aqtivobaTa erToblioba, romelic dagegmilia saerTo interesebis mqone

moswavleTaTvis, romlebic swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze imyofebian. `vorkSofi~

gamoiyeneba saswavlo procesSi specifikuri da samotivacio aspeqtebis

gasaaqtiureblad. amasTan, `vorkSofi~ xorcieldeba SedarebiT patara jgufebSi, rac misi

kidev erTi upiratesobaa. `vorkSofebis~ dros SeiZleba CaerTon sxva maswavleblebic,

mSoblebic da es kidev damatebiT upiratesobas aZlevs am strategias. `vorkSofebis~

farglebSi SesaZlebelia skolis radios, gazeTis, veb-gverdis Seqmna, romelic asaxavs

skolis kulturas, moswavleTa interesebs, dasaxlebis specifikas, saSualebas miscems

TiToeul moswavles, moaxdinos sakuTari niWisa da codnis warmoCena.

e) mowveuli stumari

stumris mowveva raime konkretuli Temis swavlebisas agreTve efeqturi gzaa swavlebis

procesSi. mowveuli stumari damatebiT interess zrdis moswavleebSi, garda amisa,

moswavleebi ismenen imisgan gansxvavebul pespeqtivebs, xedvebs da midgomebs,

rasac maT maswavlebeli awvdiT. mniSvnelovania, mowveuli stumris SerCevisas misi

kulturuli mravalferovnebac iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, SesaZlebelia moiwvioT stumari,

romelic warmatebuli iyo saqarTveloSi Tavis sferoSi da, amave dros, warmatebebs

miaRwia saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moRvaweobisasac, an mowveuli iyos stumari,

romelic kulturuli identobis TvalsazrisiT umciresobas warmoadgens saqarTveloSi,

Tumca es ar gamxdara dabrkoleba misTvis sazogadoebaSi integraciisTvis. SesaZlebelia

mowveuli iyos saerTod saqarTveloSi droebiT macxovrebeli da moswavleebs gauziaros

rogorc sakuTari mosazrebebi garkveul sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, agreTve Tavisi

kulturuli msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare danaxuli da aRqmuli qarTuli realoba.

v) kuTxeebi

aRniSnuli strategia iZleva saSualebas saklaso oTaxSi gamoviyenoT dro da sivrce

sxvadasxvanairad. saklaso oTaxSi ewyoba ramdenime samuSao adgili. TiToeuli

samuSao adgilis daniSnuleba moswavleebSi sxvadasxva unarisa da SesaZleblobis

ganviTarebaa. moswavleebs SeuZliaT imuSaon, rogorc individualurad, agreTve

jgufebSi TiToeul am kuTxeSi. yvela moswavlem unda daikavos erTi kuTxe raRac

momentSi, ise, rom mTeli aqtivobis periodSi TiToeul moswavles mieces saSualeba,

ramdenime kuTxeSi imuSaos, an SeiZleba strategiis ise dagegmva, rom yvela

moswavles mouwios yvela kuTxeSi muSaoba. gTavazobT erT-erTi maswavleblis

monaTxrobs, romelmac gamoiyena aRniSnuli strategia pirvelklaselebTan: “roca

vaswavlidi pirvelklaselebs, xSirad viyenebdi kuTxeebis strategias da erT dResac

movawyve saswavlo oTaxi kuTxeebad. kuTxeebi Semdegi principiT gavakeTe: saklaso

oTaxi davyavi saerTo aqtivobebis nawilad da ramdenime kuTxed. TiToeuli kuTxis

daniSnuleba iyo moswavleebSi specifikuri unarebi ganeviTarebina, kerZod, simboloebis

gaazrebis, saubris da aRmoCenis unarebi... Sesabamisad, saklaso oTaxi dayofili iyo

simboluri TamaSebis kuTxed, sakiTxav kuTxed, eqxperimentul kuTxed, kompiuterul

kuTxed da saerTo aqtivobebisTvis dasajdom (skamebis) kuTxed. moswavleebi

gadadiodnen erTi kuTxidan meoreSi, isini Tavad wyvetdnen, romeli kuTxe da rodis

moenaxulebinaT. Mme SevzRude TiTo kuTxeSi moswavleebis raodenoba. moswavleebs

hqondaT sakuTari saindeqso baraTebi, romelzec maTi saxeli, suraTi da personaluri

simbolo exata. bavSvebi aTavsebdnen TavianT saindeqso baraTebs TiToeul kuTxeSi

arsebul yuTSi da roca yuTSi ukve Caiyreboda eqvsi saindeqso baraTi, es niSnavda, rom

kuTxe mTlianad iyo dakavebuli da moswavleebs unda aerCiaT sxva adgili. mTeli am

procesis ganmavlobaSi me vakvirdebodi maT moqmedebebs. bolo etapze yvela

SevikribeT saerTo aqtivobebisTvis dasajdom (skamebis) kuTxeSi da TiToeuli maTgani

yveboda, romel kuTxeSi iyo, ratom airCia es kuTxe, ra gaakeTa am kuTxeSi, rogor

gaakeTa, visTan erTad gaakeTa da a.S. swored am monaTxrobebis Sedegad gavicani

me Cemo moswavleebi ukeTesad. . . TandaTanobiT me aRmovaCine, ras aniWeben

isini upiratesobas, ra unari gaaCniaT, urTierTobebi daamyaron sxvebTan, rogor

axdenen sxvaze gavlenas an eqcevian gavlenis qveS, maTi iniciativebi, maTi drois

marTvis unari. . . am gziT moswavleebs klasSi swavlis paralelurad mouwiaT yoveldRiuri

cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, maT unda aerCiaT raRac,

maT monawileoba unda mieRoT, isini unda CarTuliyvnen diskusiaSi. . . me yovelTvis

mainteresebda skola, romelic ar iyo gansxvavebuli da mowyvetili yoveldRiuri

cxovrebidan, radgan mimaCnia rom ganaTlebas mxolod am dros aqvs mniSvneloba Tu

misi realizeba xdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.…xSirad vfiqrob da verafriT gamigia

maswavleblebi ratom ar iyeneben kuTxeebis strategias moswavleebTan ufro maRal

klasebSic da iwyeben gakveTils Semdegi SekiTxviT “aba, raze gavCerdiT guSin? ” ”

z) TanatolTa swavleba

TanatolTa swavlebis strategia klasSi or SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba: (a) Semswavlelebs

Soris inteleqtualur monacemebSi sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi; (b) moswavleebSi

urTierTTanamSromlobis dabali xarisxis SemTxvevaSi. maswavlebeli qmnis ori

moswavlisagan Semdgar jgufs da ayalibebs asimetriul urTierTobebs maT Soris, erTi

aswavlis, meore ki swavlobs. gTavazobT erT-erTi moswavlis monaTxrobs, Tu ra Sedegi

mohyva TanatolTa swavlebis strategias: “me gamovicvale skola da rusuli skolidan

gadavedi erTenovan qarTul skolaSi, Tavdapirvelad sakmaod dabneul viyavi, faqtiurad

dakarguliviT viyavi klasSi. verafers vigebdi, roca maswavlebeli iwyebda axsnas,

gansakuTrebiT gamiWirda maTematika, maswavlebeli gvaswavlida gayofas, magram

dafaze werda cifrebs da gayofis niSnebs iseTi formiT, romelic absoluturad ucxo iyo

CemTvis da verafers vgebulobdi, me gayofis swavlisas viyenebdi sxva meTods,

magram raSi iyo gansxvaveba, ver vamCnevdi da verc maswavlebeli xvdeboda, ratom

ver vigebdi da ras mixsnida gansxvavebulad. erT-erTi Tanaklaseli mixvda Cemi da

maswavleblis gaWirvebas da Taviseburad, Zalian BbavSvurad da martivad amixsna,

rogor asrulebda gayofas. misi axsnis Semdeg CemTvis yvelaferi naTeli gaxda da

aRarasodes Semqmnia problema swavlis periodSi. zogjer Tanatoli namdvilad ukeTesad

gagebinebs; garda amisa, zogjer TanatolTan girCevnia aRiaro, rom swavlasTan

dakavSirebiT raRac problema gaqvs da is dagexmaros am saswavlo problemis

mogvarebaSi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovania am TanatolTan kargi da

megobruli urTierToba gqondes. . . “

T) roluri TamaSi

aRniSnuli strategia ukve farTod gavrcelebulia saswavlo procesSi da yvela maswavlebeli

iyenebs mas. Aam SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, sworad iyos SeRweuli am strategiis

gamoyenebis dro da adgili. mniSvnelovania agreTve rolebis sworad gadanawileba, xSir

SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi arakomfortulad da mouxerxeblad grZnoben Tavs,

Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania moswavlis rolidan Sesasrulebel rolze gadasvlis periodi

raRac aqtivobebiT datvirTos pedagogma, rac ufro uSualos gaxdis moswavles da axali

rolis Sesrulebis diskomforts garkveulwilad mainc mouxsnis. gTavazobT aseTi

gardamavali tipis aqtivobebis ramdenime savarjiSos:

movaWreebi

moswavleebi muSaoben wyvilebSi. TiToeuli aris gamyidveli (movaWre) sakuTari

Tvisebis an maxasiaTeblis, romlis gacvlasac cdilobs, magaliTad, iumoris grZnobis,

sibrZnis, kargi garegnobis, sinatifis, musikaluri monacemebis, fexburTelis niWis da a.S.

TiToeuli movaWre cdilobs karg fasad gayidos an iyidos esa Tu is Tviseba Tu

maxasiaTebeli, cdilobs TavisTvis momgebiani garigeba dados. aRniSnuli savarjiSo xels

uwyobs moswavleTa Rirebulebebisa da damokidebulebis garkvevas maswavleblis mier,

rac xels Seuwyobs maswavlebels, sworad SeurCios moswavles konkretuli roli. savarjiSo

moswavleSi aviTarebs komunikaciis unars da amzadebs mas garkveuli rolis

Sesasruleblad.

gadawyvetilebis swrafad miReba

wyvilebSi an jgufSi momuSave moswavleebs miecemaT rolebi an garkveuli

situaciis monaxazi. maT eZlevaT garkveuli problema an konfliqturi situacia, romelic

drois mokle, gansazRvrul periodSi unda gadaWran (erT an or wuTSi). gansazRvruli

drois gasvlis Semdeg moswavlem problemis gadaWris Taviseburi xedva unda gaacnos

mTel jgufs. problemis gadaWris gzis gacnobis Semdeg iwyeba diskusiebi imis Taobaze,

Tu rogor mivida monawile am gadawyvetilebamde, ratom aris es gadawyvetileba

kargi, rogor moqmedebda SezRuduli drois faqtori moswavleze swrafi gadawyvetilebis

miRebisas. aRniSnuli aqtivobac xels uwyobs moswavles rolis SesrulebisTvis

moemzados, xolo maswavlebels - adekvaturad gadaanawilos rolebi moswavleTa Soris.

yvela zemoT aRwerili strategia xels uwyobs komunikaciis damyarebas saswavlo

procesSi CarTul yvela pirovnebas Soris. ganaTleba aris yovelTvis komunikacia,

interkulturuli midgoma gulisxmobs iseTi saganmanaTleblo aqtivobebis gamoyenebas,

romelic xels uwyobs, erTi mxriv, swavlebis procesSi CarTuli yvela adamians Soris

azrebis gacvlas, xolo, meore mxriv, axali codnisa da mosazrebebis formirebas yvela

moswavlisa da maswavleblis saerTo gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. aqve gTavazobT

niedas mier SemuSavebul rekomendaciebs, romelic xels Seuwyobs maswavlebels

klasSi jansaRi garemos SeqmnaSi da gaudvilebs efeqtur komunikacias

moswavleebTan:

● daafase moswavlis miRweva, rac ar unda mciredi iyos;

● arasodes misce uaryofiTi Sefaseba moswavleebis namusevars, aucileblad

aRmoaCine pozitiuri momentebi naSromSi;

● Tuki miuTiTeb moswavles warumateblobaze, aucileblad SesTavaze am

warumateblobis gamosworebisa da daZlevis gzebi;

● daafase moswavlis nebismieri qmedeba, romelic problemis mogvarebiskenaa

mimarTuli, miuxedavad imisa, efeqturad geCvenebaT Tu ara moswavlis mier dasaxuli

problemis mogvarebis gza;

● daafase moswavlis yvela mcdeloba, romelic mimarTulia davalebis

Sesrulebaze;

● daafase moswavleTa damoukidebeli azrovneba da Sesabamisi damoukidebeli

qmedeba;

● moswavleebTan gaaformeT qcevis wesebze SeTanxmeba da SeecadeT,

yvelam pativi sces yvelasTan SeTanxmebul saerTo wesebsa da normebs;

● Tu konfliqti warmoiSveba klasSi, sTxove moswavleTa komisias, rom

Seiswavlon konfliqti da SemogTavazon gadaWris gzebi;

U● unda SeZloT aRiaroT Secdomebi aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi da bodiSi

moixadoT moswavleebTan am SecdomisTvis;

● roca moswavleebi raime davalebas Seasruleben, mniSvnelovania, moxdes

aqtivobis, procesis da Sedegis Sefaseba, gaanalizdes pozitiuri da negatiuri momentebi,

daiweros mosazrebebi Semdegi davalebis Tu aqtivobis gasaumjobeseblad;

● xSirad moiwvieT mSoblebi, moxaliseebi da profesionalebi sakuTari

gamocdilebis moswavleTaTvis gasaziareblad;

● miuZRveniT specialuri dro im adamianebze saubars, romelTa moRvaweobam

humanurobis ganviTarebas da keTildReobas Seuwyo xeli;

● moawyveT samecniero gamofenebi, proeqtis prezentaciebi, Sekrebebi da sxva

aqtivobebi, rac moamzadebs yvela moswavles aqtiuri cxovrebisTvis;

● ganaxorcielebineT moswavleebs damoukidebeli kvlevebi, raTa xeli SeuwyoT

maTSi damoukidebeli azrovnebis ganviTarebas da sakuTar TavSi rwmenis amaRlebas.

interkulturuli midgomebis gamoyenebis praqtikuli magaliTebi

strategiebis gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, mniSvnelovania, SemogTavazoT praqtikuli

magaliTebi, romlebic gamoiyenes maswavleblebma mravalferovan saswavlo garemoSi

da movaxdinoT am magaliTebis analizi:

qalbatoni marina erT-erTi skolis qarTuli enis maswavlebelia. Uukve seqtembris

Sua ricxvebia da igi emzadeba axali saswavlo wlis dasawyebad. man, upirveles yovlisa,

izruna klasis mosawyobad. klasis mowyobisas misi mTavari mizani iyo saklaso oTaxi

moewyo moswavleTa aqtiuri muSaobisTvis da ara pasiuri smenisTvis. man skolis

direqcia sTxova iseTi wignebis Taroebis SeZena, romelTa gadaadgileba Zalian advilad

iqneboda SesaZlebeli, individualur skamebs arCia ramdenime mgvali magida moZravi

individualuri patara skamebiT da SeiZina araerTi TvalsaCinoeba da saswavlo nivTi,

Tumca SerCevis mTavari principi am nivTebis advilad gdadaadgilebadoba iyo. radgan

qalbaton marinas skola kulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da klasSi sxvadasxva

eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi iqnebian, qalbatonma marinam iyida qarTuli,

afxazuri, rusuli, inglisuri, somxuri, azerbaijanuli da osuri anbani da gamoakra kedelze.

garda amisa, qalbatonma marinam gamoakra wina wlis klasis moswavleTa suraTebi,

romelic gamoxatavda moswavleTa CarTulobas sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi, garda amisa,

gamoakra enaTa xe, romelic aCvenebda msoflios ZiriTadi enebis fesvebs.

Qqalbatoni marina wels axal klasSi Sedis. man specialurad aarCia mravlferovani

klasi, sadac 24 moswavle iqneba. moswavleebi gansxvavdebian rogorc eTnikuri

warmomavlobiT, agreTve gansxvavebuli mSobliuri ena aqvT, maTi socialuri

mdgomareobac gansxvavebulia da, amasTanave, maTi akademiuri moswrebac wina

wlebSi Zalian gansxvavebuli iyo. saswavlo wlis dawyebamde qalbatonma marinam

kargad Seiswavla TiToeuli moswavlis saskolo istoria. amasTanave, man aRmoaCina,

rom mis klasSi iqneboda SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone moswavlec. qalbaton marinas

kargad esmoda, rom moswavleTa gansxvavebuloba niSnavda maT gansxvavebul

swavlis stilsa da gansxvavebul interesebs. Sesabamisad, mas unda daekmayofilebina

yvela moswavlis stili da interesi, rac aSkarad gamowveva iyo misi profesiuli

saqmianobisTvis da amitomac arCia am klasSi Sesvla.

saswavlo wlis pirveli kvira

radgan saswavlo weli axali dawyebuli iyo, qalbatonma marinam pirveli ori kvira

dauTmo saintereso da megobruli saswavlo garemos Seqmnas. pirveli gakveTilis

dasrulebis Semdeg man sTxova moswavleebs, meore dRisTvis moemzadebinaT

mSoblebTan erTad sakuTari saxelebisa da gvarebis Sesaxeb istoriebi. man agreTve

sTxova moswavleebs, gaerkviaT, Tu hqondaT maTs saxelebs raime mniSvneloba

romelime enaze. “xvalindel dRes Cven daviwyebT erTmaneTis interviuebiT, raTa

gamovceT Cveni klasis Sesaxeb gazeTi”- ganucxada man moswavleebs.

Mmeore dRes qalbatonma marinam daiwyo gakveTili moswavleTa dawyvilebiT.

man dawyvilebis principad moswavleTa dabadebid dReebi aiRo, moswavle

wyvildeboda im moswavlesTan, romlis dabadebis dRec yvelaze axlos iyo mis

dabadebis dResTan. moswavleTa dawyvilebis Semdeg qalbatonma marinam maT

gaacno kiTxvebis CamonaTvali, romelic unda gamoeyenebinaT erTmaneTTan intervius

dros:

1. ra gqvia? ra mogwons an ar mogwons Sens saxelTan dakavSirebiT?

2. rogor dagarqves es saxeli? vinmes sapativcemulod dagarqves? vin

dagarqva?

3. Seni ojaxis wevrebs aqvT igive saxeli?

4. gyavs megobari, romelsac aqvs igive saxeli?

5. aris vinme cnobili adamiani, visac igive saxeli qvia?

6. mogwons is adamianebi, visac Seni saxelebi qviaT? magaliTad...

7. Sens saxels aqvs raime sxva mniSvneloba?

8. Seni saxeli warmoSobilia sxva enebidan? sxva enaSi Tu aris Seni saxeli da

rogor warmoiTqmeba is? aqvs Sens saxels raime mniSvneloba sxva enebSi?

9. ojaxSi ras geZaxian? gaqvs raime moferebiTi saxeli?

10.ra girCevnia dagiZaxoT, Seni saxeli, Tu moferebiTi saxeli, romelsac ojaxSi

geZaxian?

moswavleebma dauTmes TxuTmeti wuTi erTmaneTTan interviuebs, ris

Semdegac qalbatonma marinam sTxova moeTxroT moswavleebs mTeli klasisTvis is rac

maT Seityves Tavisi mewyvilis Sesaxeb. moswavleTa monaTxrobs maswavlebeli

aqtiurad iniSnavda, raTa ar gamorCenoda raime mniSvnelovani detali. bolos

qalbatonma marinam aiRo foto aparati, gadaugi TiToeul moswavles suraTui dafasTan

dawerili misi saxeli fonze, raTa klasis gazeTSi ganeTavsebina es informacia.

Semdeg gakveTilze qalbatonma marinam sTxova gaerkviaT, Tu ramden enaze

SeeZloT klasSi myof moswavleebs saubari. aRmoCnda, rom yvela bavSvs SeeZlo

qarTulad da inglisurad saubari, Tumca cal-calke SeeZloT kidev esaubraT afxazurad,

osurad, rusulad, somxurad, azerbaijanulad, frangulad da ukrainulad. radganac enaTa

aseTi mravalferovneba iyo warmodgenili saklaso oTaxSi, qalbatonma marinam

SesTavaza moswavleebs, CamoeTvalaT is sityvebi, romlebic saerTo iyo qarTulisTvis da

romelime sxva enisTvis, romelzec klasSi romelime moswavle saubrobda. am

savarjoSomac Zalian gaaxalisa moswavleebi, aRmoaCines Zalian bevri saerTo ena da

erT-erT moswavles gauCnda idea, “nasesxebi sityvebis leqsikoni” SeeqmnaT, romelzec

mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda mTeli klasi.

momdevno gakveTili mTlianad klasis gazeTis Seqmnas daeTmo. moswavleebi

akeTebdnen klasis gazeTis dizains da akravdnen gadaRebul suraTebs da werdnen

moswavleze informaciebs masSi. mTeli es gakveTili am aqtivobas daeTmo. Ggarda

amisa, maswavlebelma sTxova moswavleebs raime iseTi igav-araki gaexsenebinaT,

romelic ganTavsdeboda gazeTis SuagulSi da yvelaze metad asaxavda sagans da klasSi

arsebul situacias. moswavlebma Semdegi igav-araki gaixsenes da Caweres gazeTis

SuagulSi:

igav-araki

erT saxlsi cxovrobda kata, romelic mudam mzad iyo Tagvi daeWira, magram

verasodes axerxebda amis gakeTebas. erT dResac gamoekida kata Tagvs dasaWerad,

is-is iyo unda daeWira, rom Tagvma patara xvrelSi SeZroma moaswro da katas

aRaraferi darCenoda, garda imisa, rom damjdariyo im patara naxvretTan da

dalodeboda, Tu rodis gamoZvreboda Tagvi. ucabedad Tagvs moesma ZaRlis xma da

ifiqra, rom Tu ZaRli iyo saxlSi, kata gaiqceoda da aRar daiwyebda xvrelTan lodins.

Sesabamisad, Tagvi gamoZvra xvrelidan da moulodnelad Tavi amoyo katis klanWebSi.

“ki magram, ZaRli sad aris? – ikiTxa akankalebulma Tagvma. “araviTari ZaRli ar aris, es

me viyavi, ZaRlis yefis imitacia gavakeTe, rom Sen daimedebuli xvrelidan

gamomZvraliyavi”- gadaixarxara gamarjvebulma katam da cota xnis Semdeg daamata

“Cemo kargo, Tu sul mcire or enas ar laparakob, veranair warmatebas ver miaRwevs

dRevandel dRes. (Tidti, 1995, gv. 168)

SabaT-kviras qalbatonma marinam Caxeda moswavleTa istoriebs Tavidan, naxa

im gakveTilis Canawerebi, sadac moswavleebs hqondaT sakuTari saxelebis Sesaxeb

interviuebi, agreTve naxa im gakveTilis Canawerebi, sadac moswavleebi sakuTaris enis

codnis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. am sam wyaroze dayrdnobiT qalbatonma marinam

Seadgina klasis lingvisturi repertuaris sqema.

saswavlo wlis meore kvira

meore kvira qalbatonma marinam moswavleTa ojaxebis da gvarebis istoriis

gacnobas dauTmo. man daavala moswavleebs TavianT mSoblebTan gaerkviaT

TavianTi ojaxisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, saamayo an RirsSeniSnavi ambavi.

Mmeore dRes moswavleebma araerTi saintereso ambavi uambes erTmaneTs sakuTari

ojaxebisa Tu gvarebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi dRisTvis qalbatonma marinam moswavleTa

mSoblebs sTxova, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi Tu survili eqnebodaT, mobrZanebuliyvnen

da TavianTi ojaxebis an TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb moeTxroT bavSvebisTvis da

yofiliyvnen mowveuli stumari. pirvelad survili erT-erTi moswavlis babuam gamoTqva,

romelic momdevno dRes estumra qalbaton marinas qarTuli enis gakveTilze da man

uambo moswavleebis istoria sakuTari ojaxis Sesaxeb, romelic iZulebuli iyo, 1921 wels

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg gadasaxlebuliyo safrangeTSi da iq

gaegrZelebina cxovreba. mowveulma stumarma gaacno bavSvebs maTi ojaxis franguli

cxovrebis detalebi, mouyva, rogor gaxda saqarTvelodan devnili misi babua sorbonis

universitetis profesori, Tu ras moRvaweobdnen mamamisi da TviTon safrangeTSi da ra

siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli maTi frangul sazogadoebaSi integrireba. Ddetalurad

isaubra, ratom gadawyvites 1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg

saqarTveloSi mTeli ojaxiT dabruneba. Mmowveuli stumris monaTxrobma

gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina bavSvebze.

magaliTis analizi

am magaliTSi Cans ramdenime strategia, rac qalbatonma marinam gamoiyena,

rom Seeqmna jansaRi saswavlo garemo, gacnoboda moswavleebs da moswavleebi

gacnobodnen erTmaneTs da Sesabamisad aego TiToeul moswavlesTan Semdgomi

muSaoba. kerZod:

1) maswavlebelma moawyo saklaso oTaxi ise, rom SesaZlebloba yofiliyo

saklaso oTaxis mravali moZravi da dinamiuri aqtivobis gansaxorcieleblad:

2) maswavlebelma ori kviris ganmavlobaSi misca moswavleebs da sakuTar

Tavs saSualeba, gaecnoT erTmaneTi saxelebis interviuebis CatarebiT, klasis

gazeTis Seqmnis da ojaxebisa da gvarebis Sesaxeb ambebis gadmocemis

gziT. TiToeuli es aqtivoba zrdis moswavleTa Soris erTmaneTis msgavsebis

da sxvaobebis gaazrebis unars;

3) maswavlebelma Seityo sakuTari moswavleebis Sesaxeb jer saskolo istoriis

gacnobis da Semdgom klasis lingvisturi fonis sqemis Sedgenis safuZvelze;

4) maswavlebelma CarTo saswavlo procesSi mSoblebi da ojaxis wevrebi, erTi

mxriv, rogorc moswavleTa damxmareebi sakuTari saxelis, gvaris da istoriis

dasamuSveblad da, meore mxriv, rogorc mowveuli stumrebi;

5) maswavlebelma daamkvidra demokratiuli da TanamSromlobiTi

gamocdileba, radgan xeli Seuwyo moswavleTa ideas, mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi yvela moswavlis monawileobiT Seqmniliyo “nasesxebi

sityvebis leqsikoni”;

6) maswavlebelma Seqmna enaTa xe, daiwyes muSaoba nasesxebi sityvebis

leqsikonze, ritac daamkvidra tendencia, rom klasSi arsebuli lingvisturi

mravalferovneba aris resursi da ara Semaferxebeli faqtori qarTuli enis

swavlebis procesSi;

7) maswavlebelma yvela zemoCamoTvlili aqtivoba amave dros gamoiyena

qarTul enaSi moswavleTa kompetenciis gasazrdelad.

rogorc xedavT, maswavlebels mouwia araerTi mniSvnelovani strategiis

gamoyeneba saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, Tumca mas mouwevs iyos ufro

SemoqmedebiTi da gamoiyenos uamravi strategia, raTa sakuTari klasis lingvisturi da

eTnikuri mravalferovneba aqcios resursad swavlebis procesSi. Aam rTuli miznis

misaRwevad mniSvnelovania interkulturuli midgoma swavlebis procesSi

aqve SemogTavazebT dawyebiTi maswavleblis qalbatoni elenes monaTxrobs,

romelic exeba interkulturuli ganaTlebis miseul interpretacias da Sesabamis saswavlo

strategias. “ ar vici, es is aris Tu ara, rasac Tqven eZaxiT interkulturul ganaTlebas,

magram me 32 wlis muSaobis gamocdileba maqvs da namdvilad viyeneb swor

meTodebsa da midgomebs. erT konkretul bolo situacias gavixseneb. pirvel klasSi

Zalian mniSvnelovania moswavleTaTvis asoebis da ricxvebis weris swavleba. Mme

myavda moswavle armeni, romelic eTnikurad somexi iyo da gamarTulad laparakobda

somxurad, magram qarTulad erT winadadebasac ver abamda, rac Zalian maSfoTebda.

erT dResac SevamCnie, rom armeni qarTuli anbanis yvela asos sworad da gamarTulad

warmoTqvamda ara marto TanmimdevrobiT, aramed areulad SekiTxvebis dasmis

drosac. analogiurad, 1-dan 10-mde yvela cifrs sworad da gamarTulad warmoTqvamda.

Mme vicodi, rom armenma icoda asoebi da ricxvebi, imitom, rom roca vvarjiSobdiT

klasSi, is yovelTvis sworad warmoTqvamda maT, oRond somxur enaze, magram

somxuri mas ar sWirdeba, mas qarTulad unda SeZleboda amis gakeTeba. amJamad

man ukve icis asoebi da cifrebi qarTulad, magram roca Tavisi saxelis daweras vTxov,

yovelTvis uWirs asoebis dawera, xan araswori mimarTulebiT wers, xan imdenad

maxinjad wers, rom 3 wlis bavSvis naweri gegonebaT. mas sakmaod mouxeSavad

uWiravs fanqari da kalami, ramdenadac gamigia, misi ojaxi dabal socialur fenas

miekuTvneba da albaT ar aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom savarjiSo patara dafa SeuZinon da

saxlSi avarjiSon fanqriTa da pastiT weraSi. Sesabamisad, misi ojaxuri mdgomareobis

gamo es saswavlo nivTebi xelmiuwvdomelia misTvis, rac gaxda misi dagvianebuli

ganviTarebis mizezi. piJes Teoridan me vici, ramdenad mniSvnelovania samanipulacio

saSualebebis gamoyeneba moswavlis ganviTarebisTvis. Sesabamisad, gavaanalize,

rom saWiro iyo misi Tvalisa da xelis koordinaciis gaumjobeseba, amitom davavale

Cven skolaSi praqtikaze myof students, damoukideblad emuSava armenTan da is

klasisgan damoukideblad swavlobda weras. dRes armens aqvs Zalian kargi naweri

qarTulad, rac ueWvelad Cemi swori midgomis Sedegad moxda. . .

armenis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb qalbatoni elenes dakvirveba da interpretacia

efuZneba bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb SezRudul codnas da mis monolingvur

kulturas. piJes Teoriis SezRudulma codnam da arsworad interrpretaciam

gadaawyvetina qalbaton elenes, rom armens dagvianebuli ganviTarebis niSnebi

axasiaTebda. misi azriT, imis gamo, rom armeni dabali socialuri fenis ojaxidanaa

(sinamdvileSi qalbatonma elenem ar icis realurad armenis ojaxis mdgomareoba, mas

mxolod gaugia amis Sesaxeb) is miiCnevs, rom saswavlo masalebis ararsebobis gamo

armeni Tvalisa da xeli koordinaciis unari ar gaaCnia. ufro metic, man sakuTari

monolingvuri dominanti kulturidan gamomdinare, armenis bilingvuri unarebi (is

laparakobda somxurad da eufleboda qarTuls) Seafasa, rogorc nakli da ara rogorc

resursi armenis ganviTarebisTvis. Sesabamisad, qalbatonma elenem moaxdina

moswavlis izolacia, rac, ra Tqma unda, armenis fsiqologiur da inteleqtualur

ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad imoqmedebda, imisda miuxedavad, rom armenma iswavla

qarTuli asoebis lamazad wera.

hiuni aRniSnavs, rom “moswavleTa arsobrivi ganviTarebisa da kulturulad

adeqvaturi pedagogikis dasamkvidreblad maswavleblis efeqtur qmedebas moswavlis

transformireba unda SeeZlos” (hiuni, 2006, gv. 86). anu maswavlebelma unda

moaxdinos swavlebis procesSi moswavlis TvalTaxedviT da saWiroebebidan

gamomdinare warmarTos saswavlo procesi da ara mxolod sakuTari TvalTaxedviT

gansazRvros, ra saWiroeba aqvs am moswavles.. anu swavlebisa da swavlis

momentebi unda daemTxves erTmaneTs, raTa efeqturi swavla ganxorcieldes.

amisaTvis ki mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma kargad icodes moswavleTa kultura da

am kulturidan gamomdinare maTi xedvebi, rwmenebi da Rirebulebebi. Ees dinamika

sqematurad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoixatos:

e. hiuni, 2006, gv. 86

interkulturuli kompetenciis ganviTarebis etapebi

arsebobs interkulturuli kompetenciebis ganviTarebis stadiebis sxvadasxva modeli.

AganvixilavT mxolod erT models, romelic yvelaze ufro efeqturia saswavlo gegmaSi

asaxvisa da Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT: “benetis interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis

modeli”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom benetis modeli yvelaze ufro miRebuli da farTod gavrcelebuli

modelia ganaTlebis mecnierebebSi. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia Semdegi garemoebebiT:

a) is ganmartavs interkulturul sensitiurobas “ganviTarebis” modelidan gamomdinare,

romelic moicavs progresirebad unars adamianisas, raTa moaxdinos cnobierebaSi

kulturuli sxvaobebis akumulireba; b) interkulturuli sensitiuroba ganxilulia socialuri

konstruqtivizmis konteqstSi, rac niSnavs rom kulturuli sxvaobebi ar aris statikuri

procesi; g) interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTareba ganxilulia “subieqturi” da ara

“obieqturi” kulturis konteqstSi. “subieqturi” kultura aRniSnavs sxva adamianebTan

interaqciis Sedegad pirovnebis mier SeZenil da naswavl Rirebulebebis, rwmenisa da

qcevebis erTobliobas. “obieqturi” kultura ki gamoxatavs “Rirebulebebisa da qcevebis

erTobliobas, romelic ukve formirebulia garkveuli saxiT. d) sxva ganviTarebis

modelisgan gansxvavebiT asaxuli interkulturuli kompetencia; e) sxva modelebi

fokusirebulia eTnikuri identobis formirebaze da ignorirebuli ganviTarebis etapobrioba.

beneti Tavis modelSi gamoyofs interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis eqvs

safexurs, romlebic dayofilia or fazad: eTnocentruli faza: 1) sxvaobebis uaryofa; 2)

sxvaobebisgan Tavdacva; 3) sxvaobebis minimizacia;

da eTnorelatiuri faza: 4) sxvaobebis mimRebloba; 5) sxvaobebis adaptacia; 6)

sxvaobebis integracia.

1) sxvaobebis uaryofa aris safexuri, rodesac individs ar gaaCnia unari SeamCnios

kulturuli sxvaobebi. am dros individi ignorirebas ukeTebs arsebul mravalferovan

realobas da rogorc beneti aRniSnavs mas axasiaTebs “suleluri SekiTxvebis

sindromi”, romelic efuZneba stereotipebs. Aam safexurze myofi individisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi gamoTqmebi da mosazrebebi: “isini aq daibadnen da

cxovroben amitom unda moiqcnen rogorc qarTvelebi”, “ Cemi gamocdilebidan

gamomdinare me SemiZlia viyo warmatebuli nebismier qveyanaSi da nebismieri

kulturis pirobebSi, yovelgvari damatebiTi Zalisxmevis gareSe”, “me arasodes

ganvicdi kulturul Soks”, “biznesi biznesia msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi”,

2) sxvaobebisgan Tavdacva warmoadgens Semdgom safexurs interkulturuli

sensitiurobis ganviTarebis modelSi. Aam etapze xdeba kulturuli sxvaobebis

aRiareba, Tumca amasTanave gansxvavebuli kulturis Sefaseba xdeba mxolod

negatiur konteqstSi. aRniSnuli safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi da

msgavsi Sinaarsis frazebi: “ genetikurad maT ar aqvT unari Cawvdnen amis arss”,

“Cven gamovigoneT es sagani da mxolod Cven SegviZlia uzrunvelvyoT misi

Semdgomi funqcionireba:” , “es dawesebuleba Seiqmna Cveni Rirebulebebis

garSemo da Sesabamisad mxolod Cveni mosazrebaa mniSvnelovani”, “Cven

gvaqvs qarTuli skolebi da maT unda imuSaon efeqturad qarTvelebisTvis, sxvebma

rac undaT is qnan”, “azielebi ar arian Tavdajerebulebi, Sesabamisad isini ver

iqnebian liderebi”.

3) sxvaobebis minimizacia aris eTnocentruli fazis bolo safexuri. Ainterkulturuli

sensitiurobis am etapze myofi pirovneba axdens kulturuli sxvaobebis zedapirul

aRiarebas, Tumca amave dros aRiqvams yvela individs rogorc arsebiTad msgavss..

aRsaniSnavia, rom es etapi aris yvelaze xSiri maswavleblebis interkulturuli

sensitiurobis gazomvisas da amave dros aris yvela rTuli safexuri Semdgom

safexurze gadasasvlelad. Aam safexurze yvelaze naTeli maxasiaTebeli fraza

gaxlavT “kargi adamiania, magram araqarTvelia”, “me momwons is yvela Tavisi

TvisebebiT, magram samwuxarod ar aris qarTveli”. am safexurisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli agreTve Semdegi da msgavsi Sinaarsis frazebi: “ maTi

Cveulebebi gansxvavebulia TiTqos, Tumca Tu kargad daakvirdebi maTac Cvennairi

Cveulebebi aqvT”, “Cemi intuiciis wyalobiT amovicnob xalxs mniSvneloba ar aqvs

romel kulturas ekuTvnis”, “me ver vxedav gansxvavebas rasis, eTnikurobis Tu

kulturis mixedviT, Cven yvela adamianebi varT”.

4) sxvaobebis mimRebloba gaxlavT eTnorelatiuri fazis pirveli safexuri. eTnorelatiuri

fazis dros zogadad icleba midgoma da aRqma xdeba imisa, rom “kulturuli

sxvaobebi ar aris saxifaTo”. sxvaobebis mimReblobis safexuri gulisxmobs

sxvaobis, rogorc Rirebulebis pativiscemas da interess kulturuli sxvaobebis mimarT.

magaliTisaTvis am etapze pedagogi aTviTcnobierebs sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis

warmomadgeneli moswavlis mSoblis CarTulobis xarisxis swavlebis procesSi da am

kulturuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT muSaobs rogorc MmSobelTan aseve

moswavlesTan. am safexurze myofi individisTvis damaxiaseTebeli frazebia: “arc

kargi da arc cudi, ubralod - gansxvavebuli”, “me mudmivad vcdilob Seviswavlo

sxva xalxis kultura rac gamiadvilebs am kulturis mqone xalxTan urTierTobas”, “rac

ufro meti kultura vici, miT ufro meti SedarebiTi analizis unari maqvs”, “zogjer

vibnevi xolme, radganac vici rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi RirebulebaTa sistema aris

gansxvavebuli da minda vaRiaro es Rirebulebeba, Tumca mainc yovelTvis Cemi

kulturis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare vmoqmedeb”.

5) sxvaobebis adaptacia gaxlavT eTnorelatiuri fazis meore safexuri, romelic

gulisxmobs unaris ganviTarebas, romelsac SeuZlia gaarRvios kulturuli CarCoebi da

individs SeuZlia kulturaTaSorisi efeqturi komunikacia. Aam safexurisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi frazebi: “raTa realurad davexmare moswavles rom

SeZlos kargad swavla me unda Sevcvalo mTlianad Cemi midgoma”, “me vici, rom

moswavleebma iSromes gulmodgined, raTa ahyolodnen Cem stils, magram radgan

maT es ver SeZles me unda gadavdga maTken nabiji da movaxdino Cemi stilis

maTTvis ufro misaRebi stiliT adaptireba”, “me gansxvavebuli urTierToba maqvs

Cemi moswavleebis mSoblebTan imisda mixedviT, Tu romel eTnikur an religiur

jgufs ekuTvnian da ra kulturuli Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi gaaCniaT”.

6) sxvaobebis integracia interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis bolo stadiaa, romlis

miRweva Zalian rTulia da rac Zalian iSviaTad gvxdeba realobaSi. Aam safexurze

individs SeuZlia Tanabrad da efeqturad imoqmedos or SesaZloa sruliad

gansxvavebuli kulturis farglebSi. Aam safexurisaTvis yvelaze metad

damaxasiaTebeli frazebi da gamoTqmebia: “yvelgan saxlia, Tuki Sen ici rogor

icxovro im garemoSi”, “me vgrZnob Tavs yvelaze kargad roca vaSeneb xidebs or

sxvadasxva kulturas Soris, romlebsac me piradad Zalian kargad vicnob”, “rogori

situaciac ar unda iyos, me SemiZlia davinaxo da gavaanalizo is sxvadasxva

kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom benetis modelis asaxva saswavlo procesSi aris yvelaze metad

mosaxerxebeli, rameTu igi efuZneba blumis kognituri ganviTarebis taqsonomias

martividan rTulisaken da Sesabamisad SesaZlebels xdis interkulturuli kompetenciis

ganviTarebis Sefasebas.

Kkritikuli SemTxvevebi

SemTxveva 1, “misioneri” qarTuli enis pedagogi

me meSvide caze var. SemiZlia xmamaRla ganvacxado, rom var bednieri,

rameTu gavatare weliwadnaxevari qvemo qarTlis araqarTulenovan skolaSi qarTuli enis

maswavleblad. qarTul enas vaswavlidi rogorc skolis moswavleebs, aseve maT

mSoblebs da amave skolis maswavleblebs. aRniSnuli weliwadnaxevari dauviwyari

gamocdileba iyo CemTvis. Tumca me marto maswavlebeli ar viyavi, am soflis TemTan

erTad vawyobdi sxvadasxva kulturul RonisZiebebs, vagrovebdi moxaliseebs radgan

Tems TviTonve moegvarebina adgilobrivi problemebi, vcdilobdi enis swavlebis garda

maqsimalurad Semewyo xeli maTTvis raTa ziarebuliyvnen qarTul kulturas.

weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi vcxovrobdi azerbaijanul ojaxSi, ris Sedegadac

mTlianad Seviswavle da gaviTavise maTi yofa, aRsaniSnavia, rom maTTac moaxdinos

TavianTi yofis adaptireba qarTul kulturasTan da cdilobdnen TavianT yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi qarTuli kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi daemkvidrebinaT.

weliwadnaxevris Semdgom damTavrda Cveni programa da samuSaod

gadmovedi Tbilisis qarTul sajaro skolaSi maswavleblad. me imdenad aRfrTovanebuli

var Cemi miRebuli gamocdilebiT, rom maqsimalurad vcdilob es gamocdileba

garkveulwilad miiRon Cemma moswavleebmac. am bolo dros organizeba gavukeTe

Cemi amJamindeli skolisa da yofili skolis moswavleebs Soris gacvliT programas. erTi

Tvis win Cavatare aRniSnul or skolas Soris inteleqtualuri TamaSi qarTuli da azerbaijanul

kulturaTa Sesaxeb codnis Taobaze. AamJamad vgegmav axlandeli da yofili skolis

moswavleebisaTvis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo banakis organizebas, sadac mTavari

aqcenti gakeTdeba qarTulisa da azebaijanuli enisa da kulturis Seswavlaze

moswavleebis mier. Kkidev araerTi saintereso RonisZieba maqvs dagegmili, Tumca

mTavari problema isev da isev finansebia, skolis finansebiT yvela Canafiqris

ganxorcieleba ver xerxdeba, Tumca albaT mTavari survilia da TandaTanobiT Sevasxam

frTebs Cems Canafiqrebs.

rac mTavaria me TvalnaTliv davinaxe Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania Sexedo

sakiTxebs sxvadasxva perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cemi Camosvlis Semdeg TbilisSi

megobrebi xSirad ver migeben, meubnebian rom sxvanairi var gamxdari, ar

ainteresebT Cemi naambobi azerbaijanuli kulturis, tradiciebisa Tu Cveulebebis

Sesaxeb.

albaT ar aris imaze metad mniSvnelovani araferi maswavleblisTvis, rom SeZlos

moswavles ganuviTaros mravalmxrivi xedvisa da sakiTxebis sxvadasxva perspeqtiviT

aRqmis unari. Tbilisis skolaSi Cemo moRvaweobis mTavari mizanic swored es aris.

vcdilob rom moswavleebma analizi gaukeTon konkretrul nawarmoebebs Tu gmirebs

ara mxolod qarTuli kulturisa Tu religiis aramed gansxvavebuli kulturis perspeqtividan,

imsjelon mravalferovnebis sakiTxebze da a.S. xSirad amis miRweva Znelia, Tumca me

viqnebi bednieri Tu SevZleb moswavleebSi am unaris ganviTarebas, Tu SevZleb

garkveuli xidebis gadebas saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri Tu religiur

jgufebs Soris.

SekiTxvebi am SemTxvevis analizisTvis:

1) Tqveni azriT benetis interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis romel safexurzea es

“misioneri” maswavlebeli?

2) ra rCevebs miscemdiT misioner maswavlebels, raTa SeZlos sakuTar moswavleebSi

interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTareba da sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT maTTvis

mravalmxrivi xedvebis Camoyalibeba?

kritikuli SemTxveva 2, marneulis qarTulenovani skolis qarTuli enis maswavlebeli

simarTle giTxraT ukve daviRale, aRar SemiZlia amdeni, ukve yoveldRe tardeba

Sexvedrebi, Tu rogor SevuwyoT xeli eTnikuri umciresobebis moswavleebs swavlebis

procesSi. marTalia maTi ricxvi Cven skolaSi am bolo wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda,

magram maTze amdenma yuradRebam ukve damRala, umjobesia damanebon Tavi,

rom vakeTo Cemi saqme da vaswavlo moswavleebs. nervebi meSleba, roca mTxoven

davrCe skolis Semdeg da daveswro seminars interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. es

kursebi arafers maZleven imaze mets rac ukve vici, 25 welia am raionSi vaswavli da

gamocdileba maqvs ukve sakmaod da aRar mWirdeba am axalgazrdebis mier

swavleba mravalferovnebis, rogorc resursis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb saswavlo procesSi.

me vfiqrob rom kultura arafer SuaSia, aq saqme mxolod TviTon moswavlesa da

mSobelSia, mniSvneloba ar aqvs moswavlis kulturul warmomavlobas.. me vfiqrob rom

moswavleebi daaxloebiT erTnairebi arian, aris maT Soris raRac sxvaoba, zogierTi

iTvisebs sagans ufro advilad, zogierTi ufro Znelad, zogierTi Zlieria esTetikur sagnebSi,

zogic sabunebismetyvelo da zogic humanitarulSi, magram ZiriTadad yvela moswavle

mainc erTnairia. me minda rom TiToeuli maTgani iyos warmatebuli da Sesabamisad

maT vaswavli Tanabrad yvelas. moswavlisaTvis mTavaria hqondes stabiluri ojaxi da

mas warmateba garantirebuli eqneba skolaSi. Aam bolo dros imata ganqorwinebis

ricxvma, anu ojaxebi gaxdeba arastabiluri da aq aris mTavari problema da ara

moswavlis kulturaSi da maswavleblis mier am kulturuli maxasiaTeblis

gauTvaliswineblobaSi. swored ojaxebSi unda veZioT moswavlis warumateblobis

mizezebi.

SekiTxvebi am SemTxvevis analizisTvis:

1) Tqveni azriT benetis interkulturuli sensitiurobis ganviTarebis romel safexurzea es

maswavlebeli?

2) ra rCevebs miscemdiT am maswavlebels, raTa SeZlos sakuTari interkulturuli

sensitiurobis ganviTareba?

interkulturuli ganaTlebis Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri

interkulturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mxolod Teoriuli safuZvlebis codna ara

efeqturia, sanam maswavlebeli praqtikaSi ar gamoiyenebs interkulturuli

ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro xerxebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevebma aCvenes, rom

pedagogebs, romlebsac gavlili hqondaT multikulturuli ganaTlebis kursi da

Tavdajerebuli iyvnen rom advilad gaarTmevdnen Tavs sxvadasxva kulturuli

warmomavlobis moswavleebTan urTierTobas swavlebis procesSi SeeqmnaT seriozuli

problemebi ukve praqtikuli saqmianobisas. Sesabamisad mniSvnelovania moqmedi Tu

momavali pedagogebis momzadebis programebma gaiTvaliswinon kvlevis es Sedegebi

da Teoriul codnasTan erTad praqtikuli kursic SesTavazon moqmed Tu momaval

pedagogebs. amJamad warmogidgenT yvelaze martiv situiacias da rekomendacias, Tu

rogor unda moiqces maswavlebeli aRniSnul SemTxvaSi:

situacia 1,

araqarTulenovani moswavles aqvs dabali enobrivi kompetencia sxva

moswavleebTan SedarebiT, rameTu igi swavlobs qarTul skolaSi sadac

moswavleebisTvis qarTuli ena mSobliuria. maswavlebeli dabali enobrivi kompetenciis

gamo izolirebas axdens moswavlisas da ar rTavs mas saswavlo procesSi, rasac

Sesabamis axsnasac uZebnis “Sen xom qarTulad ramdenime sityvas Zlivs abav”.

mniSvnelovania rom yvela maswavlebelma gaisigrZeganos, rom dabali enobrivi

kompetencia ar niSnavs dabal kognituri ganviTarebis unars. dabali enobrivi

kompetenciis mqone moswavle ar niSnavs rom ver azrovnebs da ar gaaCnia gansjis

unari. Sesabamisad misi saswavlo procesidan izolirebis nacvlad pedagogma unda

gamoiyenos yvela strategia da resursi misi maqsimalurad integrirebisaTvis da misi

codnis warmosaCenad. miuxedavad dabali enobrivi kompetenciisa moswavle SeiZleba

erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli moswavle, amitom ar SeiZleba moxdes moswavlis

daTrgunva da misi motivaciis Cakvla.

sityvebis ganmarteba

anTropologiuri lingvistika- termini (gvxvdeba aseve ‘anTrolingvistika’ (anthrolinguistics)) gaCnda aSS-Si da aRniSnavs enaTmecnierebis dargs, romelic Seiswavlis eTnolingvistikur problematikas (ix. eTnolingvistika) gafarToebuli TvalsazrisiT.

bilingvizmi- ix. orenovneba

bilingvuri ganaTleba- ix. orenovani ganaTleba

bilingvuri ganaTlebis formebi- adreuli, saSualo da gviani. pirveli iwyeba skolamdel asakSi, bolo - araugvianes saSualo skolis ufros klasebSi an umaRles saswavlebelSi, saSualo ki sadRac maT Sorisaa.bilingvuri ganaTlebis modelebi- modelebis pirveladi klasifikacia eyrdnoba bilingvuri ganaTlebis miznebs. a. bilingvuri ganaTlebis susti modelebi ganixilavs bilingvizms ara rogorc mizans, aramed rogorc gardamaval stadias monolingvizm e1-sa da monolingvizm e2-s Soris. zogadad, aseT modelebs uwodeben gardamavals. am jgufSi moxvedrili zogierTi modeli (ix. qvemoT) uzrunvel-yofs dawyebiT ganaTlebas mSobliur enaze imdenad SezRuduli odenobiT da ganapirobebs e2-ze sruli gadasvlis pirobebs iseT adreul asakSi, rom maTi, rogorc bilingvizmis kvalifikacia im TvalsazrisiT, rogorc zemoT iyo gansazRvruli, SeuZlebelia. es modelebi ar pasuxoben arc mSobelTa molodins da arc evropis sabWos standartebs. b. sapirispirod, Zlieri modelebis mizania ori da met enovani ganaTleba. sxva sityvebiT rom TqvaT, es modelebi ganixilavs mravalenovnebas, rogorc faseul resurss da warmoadgens instruments mis misaRwevad. isini Seesabameba im mSobelTa molodins, romlebic iRvwian imisTvis, rom mravalenovan garemoSi mcxovrebi maTi Svilebi flobdnen ramdenime enas;

bilingvuri programebi- SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc iseTi saganmanaTleblo programebis SemuSaveba da realizacia, romelTa mizans warmoadgens: a) saganTa swavleba rogorc mSobliur, ise meore an mesame enaze, b) evropis sabWos gancxadebaSi Camoyalibebuli principebis Sesabamisad, moswavleebSi `damatebiTi~ bilingvizmis garkveuli donis ganviTareba.

diglosia- amerikeli enaTmecnieris Carlz fergiusonis (Charles Ferguson). mier Tavdapirvelad SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba ase JRers: “diglosia warmoadgens SedarebiT stabilur enobriv situacias, romelSic enis pirvelads dialeqtebTan (maT Soris SeiZleba iyos enobrivi standarti an regionaluri standartebi) erTad arsebobs Zalian gansxvavebuli, uaRresad kodificirebuli (xSirad gramatikulad Zalian rTuli) varianti, romelic umeteswilad samwerlo enad gamoiyeneba an gamoiyeneboda an wina periodSi an sxva sametyvelo erTobaSi, da romelsac ZiriTadad iTviseben saswavlo dawesebulebebSi da gamoiyeneba weriTi da oficialuri miznebiT, oRond ar moixmareba sazogadoebis romelime fenis mier yoveldRiuri urTierTobebisas” (fergiusoni, 1959, gv. 336). igive avtori mogvianebiT sxva publikaciaSi kidev gvTavazobs diglosiis ganmartebas: “erTi da imave enis ori an meti saxesxvaoba, romlebic gamoiyeneba zogierTi molaparakis mier zogierT garemoSi. . . enis ori saxesxvaoba, romlebic

Tanaarseboben mocemul sazogadoebaSi da TamaSoben garkveul rolebs” (fergiusoni, 1971, gv. 11). diglosiis, rogorc sociolingvisturi situaciis, farglebSi enobrivi qceva erTgvar sferoebadaa gadanawilebuli; es sferoebi erTmaneTTan ierarqiul mimarTebaSi imyofebian: gamoiyofa maRali (H) da dabali (L) sferoebi. termini d. Tavdapirvelad gvxvdeba safrangeTSi mcxovreb berZen emigrantTan i. psixarisTan (J. Psichari) jer kidev XIX saukuneSi. d.-sTan dakavSirebiT.

diskriminacia- diskriminacia aris pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa jgufis uflebebis SezRudva raime niSnis mixedviT (mag. religiuri, rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, socialuri statusis da a.S.)

enobrivi (lingvisturi) mravalferovneba- sxvadasxva enobrivi saxesxvaobebi erTsa da imave geografiul teritoriaze (ix. multilingvuri, multilingvalizmi) an molaparakis enobriv repertuarSi (mravalenovani, mravalenovneba, repertuari). enobrivi saxesxvaobebis dacva da mniSvneloba gaxda evropuli sazogadoebebis saerTo Rirebulebebi; SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mravalenovani ganaTlebiT.

erTenovneba- erTkomponentiani enobrivi situacia, romelSic funqcionirebs mxolod erTi ena Tavisi erTi an ramdenime arsebobis formiT.

eTnolingvistika- saenaTmecniero mimdinareoba, romelic Seiswavlis enas kulturis artefaqtebTan uSualo kavSirSi, neohumboldtianobis amerikuli nairsaxeoba. umWidroesadaa dakavSirebuli anTropologiur lingvistikasTan. igi Camoyalibda aSS-Si XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze; mis saTaveebTan idgnen franc boasi (Franz Boas), eduard sepiri (Eduard Sapir) da sxvebi.

eTnolingvisturi sicocxlisunarianoba- im sociolkulturul faqtorTa erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvraven jgufis unars, raTa man iarsebos rogorc gansxvavebulma koleqtiurma odenobam. am faqtorebs miekuTvneba demografia, instituciuri mxardaWera da statusi.

eTnolingvisturi situacia- enaTa da idiomTa ara yovelgvari erToblioba qmnis enobriv situacias; magaliTad, aziaSi sakomunikacio miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba iaponuri da arabuli, koreuli da sparsuli, vietnamuri da paSto da a. S., magram isini ar warmodgenen erTi enobrivi situaciis komponentebs, radganac funqciurad ar ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da gamoiyenebian sxvadasxva politikur-teritoriul gaerTianebaSi _ saxelmwifoSi. amgvar movlenas adekvaturad aRniSnavs sxva termini: „eTnolingvisturi situacia“.

eTnorelativizmi- SeZenili unari, romlis meSveobiTac Rirebulebebsa da qmedebebs aRiqvam, rogorc kulturuls da ara rogorc universalurs. individis piradi kultura ar aris aRqmuli, rogorc centraluri da amosavali sxva kulturebTan mimarTebiT realobis Sefasebis da aRweris dros.

eTnocentrizmi- aris tendencia, romlis mixedviTac individi samyaros aRiqvams sakuTari kulturis TvalTaxedviT. eTnocentrizmi moicavs rwmenas, rom sakuTari eTnikuri jgufi aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani da misi kultura mTlianad an kulturis zogierTi aspeqti aris upiratesi sxva kulturebTan mimarTebiT. Aam ideologiis Sesabamisad, individi gansjis sxva kulturul jgufebs sakuTari eTnikuri jgufis kulturis perspeqtividan gamomdinare.

identobis ena- enis saxesxvaoba, romelzec SesaZloa laparakobdnen Tavisuflad,

iSviaTad an Tundac arasdros, magram romelic funqcionirebs rogorc mikuTvnebis dasadgeni saSualeba (simboluri, emociuri) xalxis mocemul sazogadoebaSi an jgufSi. am saxesxvaobis Rirebuleba xSirad xalxs xSirad umcirebs sxva enebis Rirebulebas maT repertuarSi.

inkluziuri ganaTleba- inkluziuri ganaTleba gulisxmobs specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis moswavleebis CarTvas saswavlo procesSi sxva moswavleebTan erTad.

instruqciis ena- oficialuri ena (erTi an zogierT saxelmwifoSi erTze meti) an ucxo ena, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc instruqtirebis ena skolaSi. es ena yovelTvis moswavleebis `mSobliuri ena~ SesaZloa, ar iyos; instruqtirebis ena moicavs ganxilvis formebs (kerZod, weriT msjelobas), romelic axalia SemswavlelTaTvis. imisTvis, raTa sakuTriv enisagan gansxvavebuli sagnebi aswavlon, skolebi iyeneben enobriv saxesxvaobas, romelic ZiriTadad aris oficialuri ena (enebi). SemuSavda ganaTlebis normebi emigrantebis bavSvebisaTvis (romelTa pirveli ena ar aris is ena, romelic gamoiyeneba skolebSi), romelSic bavSvis mSobliuri ena saganTa swavlebis procesSi gaiolebas uwyobs xels, Tumca zogierT ojaxs es maspinZel qveyanaSi maTi integraciis dabrkolebad miaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs mravali programa, romlebSic oficialuri ena gamoiyeneba instruqciis veqtoriT: situaciebSi, sadac Semswavlelebi umciresobaTa enaze metyvelni arian, Tu skolis oficialur enad maTi pirveli enaa dadgenili, maSin is gadaSenebis gzas daadgeba, Tu sazogadoebaSi ar gamoiyeneba (es cnobilia, rogorc subtraqtuli orenovneba), an, piriqiT, enobrivi saxesxvaobis daufleba, romelic gamoiyeneba maspinZel qveyanaSi (damatebiTi bilingvizmi), ar gamoiwvevs pirveli enis dakargvas. instruqciis ena, SesaZloa, sxva oficialuri saxesxvaoba iyos federalur saxelmwifoebSi an realurad ucxo saxesxvaoba. am SemTxvevebSi orive ena xelmisawvdomia skolebisaTvis, profesiuli da sauniversiteto ganaTlebisaTvis.

interaqtiuri sociolingvistika- Seiswavlis enis gamoyenebas heterogenul, multikulturul aspeqtebs yvelaze xSirad industrializebul sazogadoebebSi da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs imas, Tu rogor gamoiyeneben enebs erTi sazogadoebis farglebSi moqceuli enobrivi da kulturuli jgufebi. es midgoma ganaviTara amerikelma enaTmecnierma jon gampercma.

interkulturuli ganaTleba- ganaTleba, romelic aRiarebs da pativs scems mravalferovnebis arsebobas adamianis cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi, xels uwyobs Tanasworobas da Tanabari saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas, ewinaaRmdegeba usamarTlo diskriminacias da ayalibebs RirebulebaTa sistemas, romlis garSemoc Tanasworoba miiRweva.

interferencia- enaTa urTierTqmedeba orenovnebis pirobebSi, romelic gamoixateba meore enaze saubrisas misi normidan da sistemidan gadaxvevaSi dedaenis gavleniT. enaTmecnierebaSi es termini Tavdapirvelad gamoiyenes praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgenlebma da agreTve frangma antuan meiem (Antoin Meillet).

kompetencia- kompetencia niSnavs konkretuli amocanis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro unars. igi moicavs unarebis, codnisa da qcevis erTobliobas. Tavdapirvelad amerikelma enaTmecnierma n. Comskim (N. Chomsky) erTmaneTisagan gamijna kompetencia (competence), rogorc molaparakis mier enis srulfasovani codna, da Sesruleba (performance), enis gamoyeneba. 1967 wlidan d. haimzma (D. Hymes) enis floba gulisxmobs ara marto misi gramatikisa da leqsikis codnas, aramed sakmaod naTel

warmodgenasac imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel sametyvelo situaciaSi unda gamoviyenoT esa Tu is sityva da gramatikuli konstruqcia; aRniSnulis safuZvelze man gamoyo sakomunikacio anu sociolingvisturi (S. Ervin-Tripp) kompetenciis cneba, romelic sakuTriv lingvisturi kompetenciis garda enis socialurad da situaciurad markirebul garemoSi saTanado gamoyenebis wesebis codnasac gulisxmobs. sakomunikacio kompetenciis cneba faqtobrivad kompetencia-performansis diqotomiis neitralizaciis mizniT Seiqmna.

komunikacia- komunikacia warmoadgens adamianebs Soris verbaluri (sityvieri) da araverbaluri simboloebis saSualebiT azrebis, grZnobebis, damokidebulebebis da ideebis urTierTgacvlas. komunikacia momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan `komunikare~, rac niSnavs: `gavxadoT yvelasTvis gasagebi~. verbaluri komunikacia gulisxmobs sityvebis saSualebiT informaciis gadacemas. araverbaluri komunikacia (poza, mimika, Jestikulacia, pauzebi, xmis intonacia da simaRlis cvlileba, sqema, diagrama, sxvadasxva Srifti) ki moicavs mosaubris damokidebulebas, romelic Tan axlavs da avsebs sityvier informacias. araverbaluri signalebi migviTiTeben imaze, Tu rogor unda moxdes sityvebis mniSvnelobis gageba. efeqturi komunikaciis dros Cven unda gavigoT ara mxolod teqstis pirdapiri Sinaarsi, aramed qveteqstic, anu isic, Tu ras gulisxmobs mosaubre. komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebia: mosmena, laparaki, kiTxva, wera, araverbaluri komunikacia, informaciis gardaqmna-transformacia (smeniTi, werilobiTi da grafikuli informaciis erTi formidan meoreSi gadatana), specialuri enis floba (sxvadasxva mecnierebebis enobrivi aparatis floba da simboloebiT operireba).

kultura- kultura aris socialuri qmedebebis, rwmenis, xelovnebis, institutebis mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs transmisiuri xasiaTi, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa garkveuli jgufis Sromisa da fiqris Sedegad. kulturis mTavari Semadgeneli elementebi aris geografiuli situacia, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, ena, religia da istoria.

kulturuli mravalferovneba- adamianebi aviTareben sxvadasxva strategiebs, normebs da Rirebulebebs, raTa SeZlon garkveul jgufSi cxovreba da rogorc jgufma moaxdinon sxvadasxva garemosTan adaptireba drosa da sivrceSi. Ees strategiebi, normebi da Rirebulebebi gadaiqceva Cvevad da tradiciad am jgufisTvis da moiTxovs mis Sesabamis qmedebebs am jgufis wevrebisgan da gadaecema Semdgom Taobebs. adamianebi pativs scemen sxva adamianebis normebs, Rirebulebes, Cvevebsa da tradiciebs da Tanacxovroben gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone jgufTan, romelTa Cvevebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba maTi Cvevebisgan

kulturaTaSorisi kompetencia- codnis, unarebis, Sexedulebebisa da qcevebis kombinacia, romelic adamians saSualebas aZlevs, sxvadasxva doneze aRiaros, gaigos, gardaqmnas da miiRos cxovrebis sxva mimarTulebebi da iazrovnos misi kulturis miRma. es kompetencia aris xalxTa Soris gagebis safuZveli.

lingva franka- (1) istoriulad Seqmnili ena, romelic TariRdeba Sua saukuneebidan (frangulidan da sxva enebidan Seqmnili) xmelTaSua zRvispireTis regionidan, gamoyenebuli rogorc sazogadoebebis saziaro ena; (2) adre arsebuli enis saxesxvaoba, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc urTierTobis ena sxvadasxva molaparakeebsa da sxva saxesxvaobebs Soris, romlebic swavloben da iyeneben mas, rogorc saerTo enas; saSuamavlo ena, romelic damxmare saurTierTo saSualebad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebul enebze molaparake adamianebis mier. igi SeiZlena iyos an hibriduli xasiaTisa da nawilobriv ganviTarebuli (magaliTad, romelime pijini) an esa Tu is erovnuli ena, romelic ar aris mSobliuri komunikantebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad l. f. (Lingua Franca [frankebis ena]) (anu sabiri [<laT. sapere ‘gageba’]) ewodeboda erT, konkretul

enas, romelic SuasaukuneebSi xmelTaSua zRvis arealSi gamoiyeneboda savaWro urTierTobebSi.

maRali kultura – am terminis qveS xSirad igulisxmeba kulturuli nawarmoebebis erToblioba, ZiriTadad xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, romelsac ahyavs kultura umaRles safexurze da xazs usvams ama Tu im kulturis maRal dones.

mikrokultura- mikrokultura aris garkveuli socialuri jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis, qmedebebisa da Rirebulebebis erToblioba, romelic warmoiSoba garkveuli kulturis SigniT.

mravalenovani kompetencia- unari warmatebiT daeuflo da gamoiyeno kompetenciebi sxvadasxva enebSi, codnis sxvadasxva doneze da sxvadasxva funqciebisaTvis. mravalenovani ganaTlebis centraluri mizani aris am kompetenciis ganviTareba.

mravalenovani ganaTleba/multilingvuri ganaTleba- swavlebis manera, romelic aucileblad ar Semoifargleba enis swavlebiT, romelic cdilobs gazardos yoveli individualis enobrivi repertuaris Sesaxeb informirebuloba, xazi gausvas mis faseulobas da ganavrcos es repertuari ufro naklebad an ucnobi enebis swavlebiT. mravalenovani ganaTleba agreTve cdilobs aamaRlos lingvisturi mravalferovnebis socialuri da kulturuli gageba, raTa uzrunvelyos lingvisturi keTili neba da gamoimuSaos kulturaTaSorisi kompetencia (ix. agreTve lingvisturi kompetencia). mravalenovnebisa da mravalenovani ganaTlebis mizani ar aris enaTa didi speqtris erTdroulad (sxvadasxva enis Sedarebis meTodiT an, SeZlebisdagvarad, mravali enis) swavleba. mizani gansxvavebulia - mravalenovani kompetencia da kulturaTSorisi ganaTleba gaiazrebodes, rogorc Tanacxovrebis gza.

mravalenovneba/multilingvizmi- aris unari, gamoiyeno enebi komunikaciis mizniT da monawileoba miiRo kulturaTSoris urTierTobebSi, sadac pirovneba, romelic miCneulia socialur agentad, flobs sxvadasxva enas garkveul doneze da sxvadasxva kulturaSi aqvs gamocdileba. Ees ar miaCniaT calke kompetenciebis SeTavsebad an Sepirispirebad, aramed kompleqsuri an Tundac erTiani kompetenciebis arsebobad, romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia imoqmedos momxmarebelma.

multikulturuli ganaTleba- swavlisa da swavlebis procesisadmi arsebuli midgoma, romelic efuZneba demokratiul Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs da mxars uWers kulturul pluralizms kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebebSi. es midgoma efuZneba mosazrebas, rom ganaTlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa, xeli Seuwyos potencialidan gamomdinare yvela moswavlis inteleqtualur, socialur da pirovnul ganviTarebas. multikulturuli ganaTleba moicavs oTx urTierTdamokidebul postulats: (a) es aris moZraoba Tanasworobis misaRwevad; (b) es aris moZraoba kurikulumis transformaciisTvis; (g) es aris procesi individis interkulturuli kompetenciis gasazrdelad; (d) es aris brZola winare gansjisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.

multikulturuli sazogadoeba- sazogadoeba, sadac arsebobs sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli jgufi, romelTa Tanacxovreba efuZneba saerTo Rirebulebebs, magaliTad, saerTo saxelmwifos, enas, samoqalaqo movaleobebs da a.S.

oficialuri ena- mocemul saxelmwifosa Tu administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi gansakuTrebuli iuridiuli statusis mqone ena, romelzec qveyndeba samarTlebrivi dokumentebi. amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba termini polit(ik)oleqti.

orenovani ganaTleba- ganaTlebis stili, romelic moicavs sul mcire instruqtirebis or enas (magaliTad, erTi ena garemomcveli geografiuli teritoriidan da ucxo ena), romelic gamoiyeneba saswavlo masalis saswavleblad da codnis gadasacemad.

orenovneba- ori (an ramdenime) enis gamoyeneba erTi da imave enobrivi erTobis wevrTa mier sxvadasxva sakomunikacio situaciaSi (Tumca jer kidev leonard blumfildi (Leonard Bloomfield) masSi ori an meti enis mSobliurisdarad flobas gulisxmobda). o. zogjer mTels saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi ixmareba, zogjer romelime sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi, zogjer ki sulac im individis mimarT, romelic erT, or an met enas flobs. hainc klosi (Heinz Kloss) gaxldaT pirveli, vinac mkveTrad gamijna erTmaneTisagan o. da mravalenovneba erovnul da individualur doneebze. o. aseve ixmareba ganzogadebuli, mravalenovnebis mniSvneobiT.

pirveli ena- aris akademiuri termini, romelic gamoiyeneba zogadad mSobliuri enis aRsaniSnad. es aris enobrivi saxesxvaoba (saxesxvaobebi), romelic SeZenilia adreul bavSvobaSi, ori-sami wlis asakamde. am saxesxvaobas gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs bavSvisaTvis, ramdenadac bavSvi misiT aRmoaCens samyaros adreuli socializaciis farglebSi: lingvisturi urTierTqmedebani sxva molaparakeebTan aucilebelia normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis. es aris saxesxvaoba, romelSic adamianis enobrivi niWi pirvelad gamovlindeba bunebriv enaze. es SesaZloa saxesxvaobac iyos, romliTac bavSvi lingvisturi `wesebis~ gacnobierebasa da SeTvisebas iwyebs mis uSualo garemoSi da, amave dros, iZens komunikaciuri qcevis wesebs (magaliTad, vis, rogor da rodis unda miesalmos?). mSobliuri ena aris yoveldRiurad gamosayenebeli termini, romelsac, amis miuxedavad, aqvs emociuri qveteqsti, magaliTad, ojaxi da warmoSoba, romlebic xSirad ar aris pirveladi enobrivi termini. ufro metic, is yovelTvis koreqtuli ar aris, radgan bavSvebi pirvel enas SeiZenen ara mxolod maTi dedebisagan, aramed maT SeuZliaT SeiZinon ramdenime ena (ori an meti) erTdroulad mravalenovan ojaxur garemoSi. mkvidri ena da STamomavlobis ena xSirad gamoiyeneba am mniSvnelobiT, magram maT msgavsi asociaciebi aqvT jgufTan, romelsac miiCneven, rom miekuTvnebian. aRniSnuli iqneba, rom enobrivi saxesxvaoba, romelSic SesaZloa ganisazRvros ama Tu im wevris mikuTvneba jgufisadmi, aucilebeli araa pirveli enis povniereba, aramed, SesaZloa, es iyos mogvianebiT SeZenili saxesxvaoba.

saxelmwifo ena-enobrivi saxesxvaobaa, romelsac aqvs konstituciiT an sxva legaluri instrumentebiT sanqcirebuli roli saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebs Soris sakomunikacio enis saxiT (samTavrobo departamentebi, iuridiuli sistema, skolebi da a. S.). es gulisxmobs, rom kerZo komunikaciebSi moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon nebismieri enobrivi saxesxvaoba. magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, oficialuri ena (enebi) aris (arian) mosaxleobis ricxobrivad an socialurad mniSvnelovani nawilis mSobliuri ena, Tumca, magaliTad, dasavleT evropuli qveynebis yofil koloniebSi es roli SesaZloa iTamaSos enobrivma saxesxvaobam (rogorc wesi, kolonizatoris ena), romelic ar aris arc erTi jgufis mSobliuri ena. erovnul saxelmwifoebSi (miuxedavad imisa, arian Tu ara federaluri mowyobisa), oficialuri ena SesaZloa identurobis anu erovnul sazogadoebasTan gawevrianebis faqtori gaxdes,. saxelmwifo ena yovelTvis ar emTxveva moqalaqeobas (Tu inglisurad laparakobT, ar niSnavs, rom xarT avstraliis moqalaqe; frangulad da flamandiurad molaparake belgielebi erTi da imave saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian), Tundac rom oficialuri saxesxvaobis codna zogadad iyos mosalodneli an savaldebulo maTTvis, vinc iTxovs moqalaqeobas. amis gamo, termini saxelmwifo ena, aris ufro emociurad datvirTuli, vidre oficialuri ena.

semilingvizmi- orenovani individis an sametyvelo erTobis arasrulfa-sovani (deficituri) kompetencia orive enaSi. pirvelad es termini (halvsprеkighet) axsena Svedma filologma nils erik hansegordma (Nils Erik Hansegеrd) Tavis radiogamosvlaSi 1962 wels. amave cnebis aRsaniSnavad gvxvdeba aseve termini SezRuduli orenovneba. s.-is qarTul badlad SeiZleba vixmaroT ergenovneba.

socializacia- socializacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac individi eufleba ama Tu im konkretuli jgufisaTvis misaReb normebs. es normebi SeiZleba moicavdes enis dauflebas, socialuri rolebis codnas da am rolebis Sesabamis qmedebas, fizikuri da socialuri garemos aspeqtebis specifikuri aRqmas da gaazrebas. socializaciis procesi ki sam etapad iyofa: 1) pirveladi socializacia gulisxmobs patara bavSvebis aRzrdas ojaxis an nebismieri momvlelis mier; 2) meoradi socializacia, romelic moicavs procesSi iseTi agentebis CarTvas rogoricaa skola, samezoblo, TanatolTa wre, televizia, eklesia da a.S. 3) zrdasrulTa socializacia.

socialuri samarTlianoba- samarTlianoba socialur mecnierebebSi ganimarteba, rogorc socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis maregulirebeli principebi. Tumca, sxvadasxva politikuri ideologiebi (liberaluri, konservvatoruli da a.S) iSviaTad naxuloben saerTo niadags, raTa Camoyalibdes, risgan unda Sedgebodes es maregulirebeli principebi. samarTlianoba xSirad ganixileba sxvadasxva konteqstSi, magaliTad, Tanasworobis konteqstSi (Tanasworoba SesaZleblobebSi da Tanasworoba SedegSi), damsaxurebis konteqstSi, procedurebis konteqstSi, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis individualuri danawilebis konteqstSi da a.S. samarTlianobis yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis jon ravls, romelic amtkicebs, rom mwiri resursebis (Zalaufleba, fuli, jandacvis da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba) gadanawilebis gansxvavebuli principebi gamarTlebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is xels uwyobs sazogadoebis yvelaze mowyvladi fenebis upiratesobas. samarTlianoba ganaTlebaSi niSnavs iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, sadac yvela moswavles, miuxedavad maTi sociokulturuli kuTvnilebisa, eqneba SesaZlebloba sakuTari potencialis gansaviTareblad. swored interkulturuli/multikulturuli ganaTleba asaxavs socialuri samarTlianobis principebs ganaTlebaSi.

stereotipi- adamianTa kategorizacia garkveuli iarliyiT. socialurad konstruirebuli adamianTa kategorizacia xSirad xdeba amaTu im jgufis martivad identificirebis safuZveli. xSir SemTxvevaSi stereotips aqvs uaryofiTi datvirTva jgufis daxasiaTebis da/an kategorizaciisas. Aam kategorizirebuli jgufis TiToeul wevrze avtomaturad vrceldeba am jgufisaTvis mikuTvnebuli uaryofiTi stereotipi.

subkultura- aris garkveul socio-kulturuli jgufis SigniT warmoSobili specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone mcire jgufi, romlebic gansxvavdeba ufro didi jgufisagan, romlis farglebSic is Caisaxa. subkultura gamoirCeva ideebiT an qmedebebiT kulturis SigniT. magaliTad, korporaciuli kultura, romelic axasiaTebT ama Tu im korporaciis TanamSromlebs, narkomanTa kultura anu qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic axasiaTebT narkotikis momxmareblebs. subkultura SeiZleba Camoyalibdes demografiuli niSniTac, magaliTad, moxucTa kultura, zrdasrulTa kultura, mozardTa kultura da a.S.

tolerantoba- tolerantoba aris adamianis SesaZlebloba, aRiaros, pativi sces an gaiTvaliswinos sxva adamianis rwmena, qceva, Rirebulebebi. tolerantuli Rirebulebebis ganviTarebis mizania, rom moswavleebs SeeZloT araZaladobrivi gziT gansxvavebuli kulturis, rasis, sqesisa da religiis mqone adamianebTan efeqturi urTierTobis damyareba.

umciresoba- umciresoba arsebobs mxolod umravlesobasTan mimarTebaSi da, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba martivad ganimartos, rogorc adamianTa jgufi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi umravlesobas. umciresoba SeiZleba iyos politikuri, kulturuli, eTnikuri, religiuri, lingvisturi, sqesobrivi.

faruli kurikulumi- faruli kurikulumi ar aris formaluri kurikulumis nawili, Tumca moicavs yvela faqtors, rac gavlenas axdens swavlaze, maT Soris gauazrebeli da SemTxveviTi faqtorebic ki.

Cveva- Cvevas uwodeben mravaljeradi gameorebiT SeZenil metad Tu naklebad avtomatizebul moqmedebas an qcevas. moqmedebis avtomatizeba imiT gamoi-xateba, rom Cvevis Semadgeneli moZraobebi, motoruli impulsebi mimdinareobs cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe an Tanamonawileobis dabali xarisxiT. Cvevas adamiani iZens rogorc garkveuli moqmedebis dasaswavlad misi mizandasaxuli gameorebis Sedegad, aseve maSin, roca cxovrebis garkveul monakveTebze adamians uwevs garkveuli moqmedebebis xSiri gameoreba. ganasxvaveben motorul da gonebriv Cvevebs: motoruls uwodeben moZraobis Cvevas; magaliTad, velosipediT siaruls, Rilis, Tasmebis Sekvras, curvas da a. S. gonebrivs uwodeben iseT Cvevebs, romlebic avtomatizebul gonebriv operacias warmoadgenen (gamravlebis tabulis zepiri codna, abzacis dacva, sasveni niSnebis gamoyeneba, kiTxvis dros pauzebis gakeTeba da a.S.). meore mxriv, Cvevebs ajgufeben Sinaarsis mixedviTac. gamoyofen sayofacxovrebo (Cacma-daxurvis, dana-Canglis xmarebis a. S.), higienur (kbilebis gaxexvis, xelebis dabanis); sportul Cvevebs (velosipedis tareba, curva) da a. S.

winare gansja- rogorc Tavad sityvac miuTiTebs, es aris idea, romelic warmoiSoba jer kidev gansjamde. winare gansjis klasikuri ganmarteba ekuTvnis harvardis universitetis fsiqologs gordon alports, romelmac 1954 wels gamosca wigni “winare gansjis buneba”. Aalportis ganmartebiT, “winare gansja aris antipatiuri ganwyoba, romelic efuZneba mcdar ganzogadebas. Ees ganwyoba SeiZleba igrZnobodes an iyos gamoxatuli. aRniSnuli antipatiuri ganwyoba mimarTulia garkveuli jgufis an am jgufis romelime wevris mimarT.”

gamoyenebuli literatura:

zaal kikviZe, sociolingvistikur terminTa glosariumi, quTaisi, 2008;

g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria. dedaena, misi funqciebi da misi swavleba. Tbilisi, 2000.

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis specialistebisaTvis; pirveli nawili; erovnuli saswavlo

gegmebis da Sefasebis centri; Tbilisi, 2007;

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis specialistebisaTvis; meore nawili; erovnuli saswavlo

gegmebis da Sefasebis centri; Tbilisi, 2008;

enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis ganviTareba evropaSi; enobrivi mravalferovnebidan _

mravalenovan ganaTlebamde; Tbilisi, 2008.

padraig o' riageni, jorj liudi, bilingvuri ganaTleba: ZiriTadi strategiuli amocanebi; Tbilisi,

2008.

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