Interconnection and Transmission - SCAPscap1.org/POTW Reference Library/August 26, 2015 Energy...
Transcript of Interconnection and Transmission - SCAPscap1.org/POTW Reference Library/August 26, 2015 Energy...
Interconnection and Transmission
Gary L. Brown, P.E. Director of Energy Development
916-985-9461
Kevin Coffee
Energy Management Committee Meeting
Irvine, California
August 26, 2015
Interconnection and Transmission
Interconnection Studies
Voltage Considerations
Transmission vs. Distribution System
Connection
Power or Load Flow
Interconnection Standards
Application Processes – Costs and Timing
Network vs. Direct Assignment Upgrades &
Costs
Financial Security
Interconnection Agreement
Curtailment Issues
Economic / congestion / Over-Generation
Emergency / dispatch down
Topics Covered
Interconnection & Transmission
Interconnection Studies
Purpose:
• Determine impacts on the transmission
and/or distribution
• Determine cost to interconnect – utility
facilities
• Determine system upgrade costs – trans. &
dist.
Study Types:
• Fatal Flaw or Initial Site Assessment
• Feasibility
• System Impact
• Facility
• Operational
Interconnection & Transmission
Voltage Considerations
Transmission Level:
• Dependent on specific utility – 69kV to
500kV
• Dependent on generator resource size
• Directly affects the cost to interconnect
Distribution Level:
• 12kV to 69kV, possibly as low as 4160v
• Generally there are capacity limits on lower
voltage lines; i.e. ~ 10 MW on a 12kV Line
• More sensitive to voltage fluctuations
Transmission Access Considerations
Proximity of transmission lines and substations
Available Transmission Capacity
Interconnection Facilities and Cost
Tap, loop-in, available breaker position; project size
Planned transmission upgrades
Transmission Service / Wheeling Charges going across BA boundaries
Interconnection & Transmission
Transmission vs. Distribution System Connection
Effects on Interconnection Costs
(“Tap” to an existing line)
• 500 kV Tap Unavailable
• 230 kV Tap Unavailable
• 115 kV - $1M to $3M
• 69 kV - $0.5M to $2M
This would include:
• Possible pole-line reconfiguration
• SCADA controlled switches
• Direct Transfer Trip (DTT)
• Telecom
Interconnection & Transmission
Transmission vs. Distribution System Connection
Effects on Interconnection Costs
Interconnection & Transmission
(“Loop-in” station to an existing line)
• 500 kV - $25M to $40M (generally the utility won’t
segment a 500 kV line)
• 230 kV - $20M to $30M
• 69 kV or 115 kV - $7M to $15M
This would include:
• Transmission line reconfiguration
• New or expanded switching station
• RTU / Telecom
• CTs/PTs
• Breakers, disconnects
• Protection relays
Interconnection Standards
Need – Grid Reliability and Stability to Overcome and Compensate for
Intermittency
Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)
Frequency Disturbance Ride-Through Capability
Power Factor (Reactive Power) Set-point Capability
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Capability
Coming Soon …
Ramp Rate Limits & Control – Up and Down
Remote set-point control (voltage / power factor)
Controlled Dispatch or Power Management
Interconnection & Transmission
Application Processes – Costs and Timing
Transmission – FERC Jurisdictional
Large Generator Interconnection Procedures (LGIP)
Large Generator Interconnection Agreement (LGIA)
RTO/ISO/Utility Variations Exist
Cluster Process
Independent Study
Fast Track (up to 5 MW)
Serial Process
o Feasibility Study
o System Impact Study
o Facilities Study
Interconnection & Transmission
Application Processes – Costs and Timing
Distribution – Wholesale Distribution Access Tariff (WDAT)
FERC jurisdictional wholesale energy sales generally follow
the LGIP process
Rule 21 (CA CPUC Jurisdictional) - Similar to IEEE-1547
Serial Process
o Initial Review (Fast Track Screening – up to 3 MW)
o Supplemental Review
o System Impact Study
o Facilities Study
Included in CAISO Cluster Process for “Deliverability”
Assessment
Interconnection & Transmission
Application Processes – Costs and Timing
The Interconnection Request (IR)
Example Application Deposits
CAISO - $50,000 plus $1000/MW ($250K max.)
PG&E/SCE/SDG&E WDAT - $50,000 plus $1000/MW
LADWP - $250,000
IID – $250K for >20 MW; $150K for =< 20 MW
APS - $250K for >75 MW; $160K for =<75 MW
NVE - $10,000 (referred to as Pre-Application Deposit)
WAPA/WALC - $10,000
Interconnection & Transmission
Study Timelines
Serial Process
Feasibility – 45 to 60 days; $25k to $35K
System Impact – 90 to 120 days; $50k to $75K
Facilities – 120 days; $75K to $100K
Cluster Process
Aggregate impact of multiple interconnections
One or two study windows per year (CAISO has 1 window per year)
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Study process ~ 2 years
Example CAISO “Sub” Groupings within a Cluster
Fresno-Kern region for PG&E
North of Lugo (SCE) part of East of Lugo Bulk System
Interconnection & Transmission
Network vs. Direct Assignment Upgrades & Costs Network
Transmission System Upgrades supporting Reliability and Deliverability
or Network Service
o Line Reconductoring or New Transmission Lines
o Circuit Breaker upgrades due to exceeding SCD
o Transformer replacement
o Special Protection Schemes (SPS)
Direct Assignment
Distribution System upgrades and Utility Interconnection Facilities
o Point of Interconnection (POI) facilities
o Dist. Line Reconductoring
o Dist. Facility upgrades (breakers, fuses, reclosers, etc.)
Interconnection & Transmission
Network vs. Direct Assignment Upgrades & Costs Network Upgrades
Reimbursable
o Reimbursed via transmission service credits
o Reliability Network Upgrades (RNU) reimbursed up to
$60,000 per MW (CAISO) following Commercial
Operation
o Deliverability Network Upgrades (DNU) reimbursed
100% (under CAISO Phase 2 Option A approach)
following Commercial Operation
Direct Assignment
Non-Reimbursable cost to project
Interconnection & Transmission
Financial Security
Relative to the CAISO and PTO WDAT Cluster Study Process
o Security Posting due following Phase 1, Phase 2, and at the start of
Construction
o Phase 1 Financial Security (FS) due 90 Calendar Days following
issuance of Phase 1 Study Report (60 CDs following issuance of
System Impact Study report for Independent Study Process)
o Phase 1 FS (two FS postings required)
• Network Upgrades: Lesser of $20,000/MW; or 15% of allocated
Network upgrade estimated costs; or $7.5M (for Large
Generators); and no less than $500K
• For Small Generators: Lesser of $20,000/MW; or 15% of allocated
Network upgrade estimated costs and no less than $50K
Interconnection & Transmission
Financial Security cont.…..
Relative to the CAISO and PTO WDAT Cluster Study Process
o Phase 1 FS (two FS postings required) cont.…
• PTO Interconnection Facilities FS: Lesser of $20,000/MW; or 15% of
allocated Interconnection Facilities estimated costs; or $7.5M (for
Large Generators); and no less than $500K
• For Small Generators: Lesser of $20,000/MW; or 15% of allocated
Network upgrade estimated costs and no less than $50K
o Phase 2 Financial Security (FS) due 180 Calendar Days following
issuance of Phase 2 Study Report (120 CDs following issuance of
Facilities Study report for Independent Study Process)
Interconnection & Transmission
Financial Security cont.…..
Relative to the CAISO and PTO WDAT Cluster Study Process
o Phase 2 FS (two FS postings required) cont.…
• Network Upgrades: Lesser of $15M; or 30% of allocated Network
upgrade estimated costs and no less than $500K for Large
Generators);
• For Small Generators: Lesser of $1M; or 30% of allocated Network
upgrade estimated costs and no less than $100K
• PTO Interconnection Facilities FS: Lesser of $15M; or 30% of
allocated Interconnection Facilities estimated costs; and no less
than $500K for Large Generators
• For Small Generators: Lesser of $1M; or 30% of estimated
Interconnection Facilities costs and no less than $50K
o 3rd Financial Security Posting is 100% due at the start of Construction
of upgrades
Interconnection & Transmission
Interconnection Agreement
Contract or Agreement between the Interconnecting Utility and the
Generator.
For CAISO Controlled Grid Interconnections this is a three party
agreement.
Agreement incorporates the engineering, procurement, construction and
operation of the Generator’s facilities interconnecting to the
Transmission Owner’s electric system.
Incorporates the results of the Facilities Study or Phase 2 Study results
LGIA or SGIA (Large and Small Generator Interconnection Agreements)
are generally “pro forma” contracts (no touch)
Interconnection & Transmission
Interconnection Agreement – cont. …..
Negotiations are limited to the “Attachments” to the IA.
o Description and Costs of the Generating Facilities Upgrades and
Interconnection Facilities, Single-Line diagram and Metering Equipment
o Milestones: Contract performance, Utility In-Service Dates,
Synchronization Date, Trial Operation Date, Commercial Operation Date
(COD)
o Special or Additional Operating Requirements
o Affected Systems interaction
o Utilities’ Upgrades and estimated upgrade costs (transmission,
distribution, SPS, communications)
o Interconnection Requirements (LVRT, FRT, PF, SCADA)
Interconnection & Transmission
Curtailment Issues
A key issue from a due diligence perspective
Probability
Duration and quantity
Timing of occurrence
Economic / congestion / Over-Generation
Generally, self-scheduled renewable resources are the last to be
curtailed.
Curtailment would be prioritized economically with price-sensitive
generator offers first in line
Curtailments applied where most effective mitigation is possible
Potential in Spring cases when Loads are light and sun is bright
Interconnection & Transmission
Curtailment Issues – cont. …. Dispatch Down is essentially describing events that could effectively cause a
generating facility to be either ordered to reduce energy production; or be removed, separated or otherwise caused to cease energy flow to the system.
System Owners and Operators are bound to protect the system
Effected by Scheduled and Unscheduled maintenance
Ongoing scheduled outages to accommodate system upgrades
Emergency or Forced outages due to storms and fire
Terms and Conditions generally addressed in PPA
Interconnection & Transmission
Interconnection and Transmission
ZGlobal Inc. MANAGEMENT TEAM WITH HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE AND IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF CALIFORNIA AND WESTERN ELECTRICAL GRIDS
ZGlobal leadership team members:
Played a significant role in operations and planning for Pacific Gas & Electric’s and Imperial Irrigation District‘s electric grid operation, transmission and procurements from 1971 – 2000.
Led the initial start-up team that designed, implemented and operated the CAISO Electricity Market and the Electric Grid from 1998 – 2004.
Led the implementation of the CAISO Nodal Market.
Directed CAISO Grid Operations from 2000 – 2011 including:
The design and implementation of CAISO’s new state-of-the-art control center located in Folsom, Ca. and it’s backup center in Southern California.
Implemented the Synchrophasor System, which increases the grid operators’ visibility of bulk power system conditions in near real-time, and enables earlier detection of problems that threaten grid stability or cause outages.
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