Habitat Biotic factor Abiotic factor Population Community Ecosystem Ecology.
Interactions in Populations Chapter 14. Habitat and Niche Habitat All the biotic and abiotic...
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Transcript of Interactions in Populations Chapter 14. Habitat and Niche Habitat All the biotic and abiotic...
Interactions in Populations
Chapter 14
Habitat and Niche Habitat
All the biotic and abiotic factors in an area where an organism lives
Niche All the physical,
chemical, and biological factors needed to survive
Habitat and Niche• Competitive Exclusion Principle
Two species competing for the same resources
One will be better suited than the other One species will be pushed into another niche
Habitat and NicheSecondary Outcomes of
Competitive Exclusion Niche Partitioning
• Dividing the niche so two species can share
Evolutionary Response• Divergent evolution could take place
to allow two species to survive
Habitat and NicheEcological
Equivalants Similar species
with similar niches in different geographical regions
Sign of convergent evolution
Emerald Tree Boa – South America
Green Tree Python - Australia
Community Interactions Competition – when organisms try to
use the same ecological resources• Resources – any necessity of life• Interspecific Competition• Intraspecific Competition
Community Interactions
Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another• Predator• Prey
Community Interactions Symbiosis – any relationship where two
species live closely together
Community Interactions• Mutualism – both species benefit
Community Interactions• Commensalism – one species
benefits the other is unharmed
Community Interactions
• Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed
Population Density and Distribution
Characteristics of Populations Geographic
distribution – the area inhabited by a population
Population density – the number of individuals per unit area
Population Density and Distribution
Population DispersionThe amount populations are
spread out in relation to one another•Clumped•Uniform•Random
Population Density and Distribution
Survivorship Curves Number of
individuals surviving over time• Type I• Type II• Type III
Population Density and Distribution
Type I Common
among large mammals
Low infant mortality
Generally long life
Population Density and Distribution
Type II Birds, small
mammals, some reptiles
Constant threat of death
Population Density and Distribution
Type III Invertebrates,
fish, amphibians, plants
High infant mortality rate
Population Growth PatternsPopulation Growth
– birth rate, death rate, or migration Immigration – the
movement into an area
Emigration - the movement out of a area
Population Growth Patterns
Exponential Growth – individuals reproduce at a constant rate
Under ideal conditions, a population will grow exponentially.
Population Growth PatternsLogistic Growth –
populations growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Carrying capacity –
the largest number of individuals that the environment can support• Population Crash
Population Growth PatternsLimiting Factors – something that
causes population growth to decrease
Population Growth PatternsPatterns of
Population Growth Demography – the
scientific study of human populations
Population Growth Patterns Demographic
Transition – a dramatic change in the birth and death rates• U.S., Europe, and
Japan• China and India
Population Growth Patterns Age Structure
• What does it mean if there are lots of older people?
• What does it mean if there are lots of younger people?
Population Growth Patterns Future Population
Growth Is the human
population increasing? Will the human
population continue to increase forever?
What factors will cause the human population to slow?
Population Growth PatternsDensity-dependent factors – limiting
factor that depends on population size
Population Growth PatternsDensity-independent
factors – factors that affect all populations regardless of size Weather Natural disaster Seasons Human activities
Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession Primary Succession – new species
grow where no soil exists
Ecological Succession Secondary Succession – a
disturbance changes the existing community without removing the soil