Intelligent Digital CCTV

7/24/2019 Intelligent Digital CCTV

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Intelligent Digital CCTV

By: Charlie R. Pierce

President

LeapFrog Training and ConsultingHttp:\\ltctrainingcntr.com

NAAA Show / Seminar Portland, Oregon 2003

Step 1: Avoid IntimidationStep 1: Avoid Intimidation

Ask Questions

Investigate simple

computer terminology

Compare technology

Think about your overall

security approach and plan

Look for positive

characteristics to enhance

your current security

position


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Step 2: Review SecurityStep 2: Review Security

StrategiesStrategies

Electronic Burglar / Fire Alarms

Access Control

All forms Locks / Barriers

Professional Response

Visual Confirmation:

CCTV

Immediate

After the fact

Evidence

Remember The Five Duties OfRemember The Five Duties Of

SecuritySecurity

PreventionPrevention Prevent the crime from happening in advancePrevent the crime from happening in advance

DeterrenceDeterrence Deter the crime to an area other than the one beingDeter the crime to an area other than the one being

protectedprotected Detection / AnnunciationDetection / Annunciation

Detect and annunciate change or differencesDetect and annunciate change or differences

ResponseResponse Physically respond to a situation according to the designPhysically respond to a situation according to the design

EvidenceEvidence Produce the necessary evidence to support the accusation


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Worldwide Applications AndWorldwide Applications And

Principles Of CCTVPrinciples Of CCTV

Interface the four

principals of Security

equal to the application

1. Electronic Security

Burglar / Fire

2. Access Control

All forms of locks and

barriers

3. CCTV

4. Professional Response

Defining &Defining &

Understanding AnalogUnderstanding Analog

& Digital Technologies& Digital Technologies

1

Analog Signals Are Frequency Based And Are Antiquated AndUndependable

Digital Signals Are Superior, Numeric Based Codes But Are GenerallyUnsupported In The CCTV Industry


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Defining Analog SignalsDefining Analog Signals

The majority of Current

video transmissions are

analog

Analog signals, are as

waves

Multiple waves make up

a single transmission

Multiple waves take up

band width or space

700 Nanometers

Red

Defining Analog SignalsDefining Analog Signals

In Analog, 700nm has

an infinite number of

possibilities for

reproduction between

699nm and 701nm Analog color cannot be

reproduced, to the

exact same

specifications, two

times in a row

700 Nanometers

Red


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TransmissionsTransmissions

Analog signals are frequency

based

Frequency equals resolution or

detail quality of the image

Multiple frequencies packaged

together equals bandwidth

High resolution images require

a broad bandwidth

Video transmits on a0 10 Meg Hz bandwidth



Because analog signals

are frequency based, they

are easily influenced by

outside interferences such

as: Radio Frequencies (RF)

Electro Magnetic Induction

(EMI)

Ground Loops / Faults

Weak Signals


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Defining DigitalDefining Digital

CommunicationsCommunications

Digital is defined in aform of electronic Morsecode using ones andzeros

Since the digitallanguage is defined,700nm Red is always700nm Red regardlessof the age or quality ofthe tape or machine it isreproduced on

Note: The digital code for the above light waves are fictitious

700 Nanometers

RedAnalog

Digital Code 6999nm = 0010



Defining DigitalDefining Digital

CommunicationsCommunications

Multiple groups ofcodes make up digitallanguage

Digital language takes

up space orbandwidth accordingto the amount ofinformation beingtransmitted

0011 1101 0101 1101 00110001 1101 0001 1110 10100100 0101 1011 0011 11010101 1101 0011 0001 11010001 1110 1010 0100 01010011 1101 0101 1101 00110001 1101 0001 1110 10100100 0101 0011 1101 01011101 0011 0001 1101 00011110 1010 0100 0101 00111101 0101 1101 0011 00011101 0001 1110 1010 01000101 0011 1101 0101 11010011 0001 1101 0001 11101010 0100 0101 0011 11010101 1101 0011 0001 11010001 1110 1010 0100 01010011 1101 0101 1101 0011


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Defining Digital CompressionDefining Digital Compression

Digital code sequencescan be compressed toincrease storagecapabilities

Compression isaccomplished throughvarious, differentalgorithms called engines

Each engine has a name: Jpeg / Mpeg / Wavelet

Each compression formathas its own set of rulesand strength and/or

weakness

0001 0101 0011 00011000 0011 1010 01010001 0101 0011 00011000 0011 1010 0101

When compressed becomes

0010 1100 0010 1100

The first two repeatingsequences are redefined

into a two sequenceformat

Digital Compression PitfallsDigital Compression Pitfalls

There are several

compression engines in

use in the CCTV industry

today

Wavelet, Jpeg, Mpeg,

H263, etcetera

Two major problems with

decompression of digital

signals:

Color distortion

Detail or resolution

losses


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Digital Compression PitfallsDigital Compression Pitfalls

No standards for compression engines in the

CCTV market

Incompatibility between formats

Number of images per second and quality of

images determine the amount of storage space

necessary to store visual information

Storage space is dictating the amount of information

being stored, not security or evidence needs

Advantages Of DigitalAdvantages Of Digital


1001001011101010101001000101011010111

1010100010101010100101010101011010010

0010101000101010100100101010101010011

1010101010101001010101010010101010101

1110101110100010101010101010101010101

1010101010111010100010101000101010111

1111001010101010101010101000010101010

0010101110001010010100101000010101011

Because Digital is a numericbase, it is less susceptible tooutside interference from RF,EMI, and/or Ground loops

Because Digital is a numericbase, it is more easily pulledback from weak signals

Digital transmissions still requirebandwidth or space fortransmissions according to theamount of information beingsent

Compression engines assistin decreasing the amount ofbandwidth needed totransmit


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Current Equipment InCurrent Equipment In

The Digital CCTVThe Digital CCTVMarketMarket

Wives Tales And The General Misunderstandings

Of Digital Capabilities

Current Problems Holding Digital At Bay 2

Digital Cameras In The

Industrial CCTV Market 2003

Current cameras in the CCTV industry are either:

Digitally enhanced (95% of all cameras)

Fully digital with analog & digital output capabilities (less than 5%) **Referred to as Network or IP Network Cameras

Digital enhancements include:

Enhanced sensitivity

Back-lighting enhancement

Color Enhancements

Auto Lens Balance / adjustments

Character generation

Video motion detection


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Digitally Enhanced Cameras InDigitally Enhanced Cameras In

The CCTV MarketThe CCTV Market

Image starts in the

analog format

Translated into digital

language inside camera

Enhancements are

added

Digital image is

translated into analog

format for transmission

00101011101010010100010101110

11011101010100101011101010010

10101010010000101111011010101

00101010101010101010001010101

01001010100001010111011010101

01110101010101000010101010101

01010101010101010101001010100

10101010010101010010101010100

Digital

Analog

Current Problems

TIME LAPSE

VIDEOCASSETTERECORDER

EJECTPOWER

computar

QS-MX Quad Display

mode

V C R S E Q H O M E

d i sp lay

Each product that digitizes

the video signal can cost

the system resolution

Resolution defines the

quality of the image

Resolution defines the

detail of the image

3


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Recorders And Recording

Techniques

Recorders come in five different industrial formats:

Time-lapse

Event

24 hr High Density 72 hr High Density

DAT / Digital Hard Drive / Digital Floppy

Digital recording techniques give a good quality digital

recorder the ability to mimic any/all of the accepted

recording formats of the industry


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Time-lapse Recording

Time-Lapse recordingtechniques are used to takeindividual images with timelapsing between

With VHS, time-lapserecorders could make a twohour cassettes last for up-tonine hundred, plus hours

Digital Time-lapse is onlyrestricted by storage space

Use to record long periodsof time in low activity areas

Time loss factors applyaccording to the application

Event Recording

Designed to record

specific events as

triggered by an action of

some sort

Event storage space is

determined by a

combination of:

Average duration of event

Total number of events in

a given period of time

Quality of image required


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24 & 72 Hour Recording

Originally designed to increase the number of

frames able to be recorded on a VHS tape in the

24 or 72 hour mode for work with Multiplexers

More or less obsolete due to digital versatility

Digital systems can be programmed to record

according to several combinations of options

Frames per second and/or

Total recording time over any period and/or

Quality of image

Video Storage Systems

Magnetic Tape

VHS

Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Hard Drive

Digital Disc - Floppy / CD / DVD

Digital Management Systems


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Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Resolution according to

preset programming

Advanced digital search

and marking capability

Smaller tapes for storage

More than 20,000 uses

before destruction

Less overall recording

time per tape or discrestricting uses

VHS Video Tape

VHS CassetteVHS Cassette

DAT CassetteDAT Cassette

DAT Tape

Digital Disk Machine

Resolution according to preset programming

and storage parameters

CD / DVD / Hard Drive Formats

Quick, accurate, digital search modes Limited storage space according to:

Quality or resolution of recorded images

Number of images per second and

Total recording time


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The Process Of Going Digital

1. Learn some basic language of computers

2. Review the existing system components and

applications

3. Learn the major differences within the digital

management systems for best desired results

4. Verify compatibility of existing system

components with available technology

5. Verify compatibility of new system with future

plans6. Lay out the proposed system on paper 4

Step 1: Learn The Language

Know the basic language of computer

systems and the affect on your decisions

for CCTV digital management

Server Network

Ethernet

IP Address

LAN / WAN


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Local Area Network (LAN)

IBM Compatible

HubIBM Compatible

IBM Compatible

IBM Compatible

Local Area Network

Allows for multiple users on a

single server through a

central hub

Master data base available to

all users

Users able to manipulate

data within individual

program(s) at a time

Wide Area NetworkWide Area Network -- (WAN)(WAN)

World wide system

communication between like

or attached systems via:

Modem / Internet

Satellite / Wireless Multiple user capability

Two way communication

Speed of communication

dependant upon method of

connection

CityCity

City

IBMCompatible

Wide Area Networ k

(WAN)

LAN

LAN

LAN

IBMCompatible

IBMCompatible Laptopcomputer


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EthernetEthernet

Ethernet

IBM Compatible

IBM Compatible

Workstation

IBM Compatible

IBM Compatible

Hardware highway forinformation communication

within the computer system

Faster than standard BUS

systems

Allows for break in

communication from server

without loosing individual

communications between

stations

Juke Box

Based upon the sameprincipals of a record juke box

Automatically routesinformation to DAT / CD / DVDin recording slots for archiving

of video information accordingto predetermined programming

Can be located at individualpoints throughout system or asmaster archive at server point

Can be set in tandem multiplesfor larger systems

DAT

Juke Box

DAT Tape

DAT Tape

DAT Tape

DAT Tape


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Step 2: Existing SystemStep 2: Existing System

ReviewReview

D

LAG ER 0 3 . 60

WINE 01 . 20

TO TAL 0 4 . 80

CASH 10 . 00

C HA NG E 0 5 . 20

13 05 96 TILL 0005/A1

SETUP

LINE

FAULT

PORT0

PORT1

MODSYN

VIDSYNC

POWER

TIMELAPSE

Cameras / transmission

systems must be compatible

with existing digital

management technology

provided composite video

format

Controller will remain with

system for pan/tilt - zoom

functions

Multiplexer(s) / Switcher(s) /

Recorders(s) probably replaced

by digital management system

Review Equipment Within TheReview Equipment Within The

SystemSystem

Verify the all existing equipment

within your current system by:

Manufacturer

Model

Type Camera

Recorder

Multiplexer

Monitor

TIMELAPSE

VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDER

EJECT POWER

Digital Video Motion

Detector


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Review The Applications OfReview The Applications Of

The SystemThe System

Redefine the purpose of each

camera within the system

Group each into a category

according to visual information

needs

Personal ID

Action ID

Evidence

Use multiple applications where

necessary

Digital Recorders

Resolution according to preset programming and storageparameters

CD / DVD / Hard Drive Formats

Quick, accurate, digital search modes

Limited storage space according to:

Quality or resolution of recorded images

Number of images per second and

Total recording time

Each machine has its own Protocol, algorithm, and compressionformat

Video information is not able to be shared between machine


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Digital Management Systems

These systems

redefine the

entire process of

CCTV design

from the

multiplexer down

5

Digital Management SystemDigital Management System

SpecificationsSpecifications

System management,

techniques, and capabilities

differ greatly between existing

digital systems

Layout, control, user access,and final information

reproduction differs greatly

between existing digital

systems

Look for key factors that best

suit your needs


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Digital Layout Options

# 1: Simple LAN

IBMCompatible

Hub

IBMCompatible IBMCompatible

IBMCompatible

No local DAT archiving

Limited local archiving

according to unit storage

capability

If server, hub, or any other

portion of main system fails,

entire system archiving fails

Usually requires very large Juke

box or large tandem arrays to

properly monitor entire system

Digital Layout Options # 1:

Advanced LAN

If server fails, system continues

to operate on local network

local archiving may be available

on DAT as an option

Juke box archiving available atlocal level and/or server

IBM Compatible

TIME LAPSE

TIME LAPSE

TIMELAPSE

Hub

IBM Compatible

IBM Compatible


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Digital Management System

Advantages

Able to recall information at

any time based upon:

Day / Date

Hour / Minute / Second

Video Frame

Alarm number

Camera # or Name

Guard Comments

Complete system

integration available due

to PC base programming

and functions

100 percent system

monitoring at all times

without need of visual

image

Pitfalls Of Digital ManagementPitfalls Of Digital Management

SystemsSystems

Tend to be expensive at

startup, but buy back

through versatility fairly

quick

Potential resolution loss

due to analog / digital /

analog conversions

No set standards for

storage formats


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Digital ManagementDigital Management

ApplicationsApplications

Systems requiring immediate video verification of

incidents such as Casinos

Systems with large numbers of cameras requiring

individual programming such as Hotels

Systems with multiple, simultaneous recording

needs (i.e.: 24 hour, time-lapse, event) such as

banks, airports, schools and/or multiple branch

companies

Buyer Beware!Buyer Beware!

Work with Professionals withProven Technologies!

7


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Verify Through Demonstration /Verify Through Demonstration /

TestingTesting

Upgrades to, and/or new design

of a digital management system

is a major investment

Ask for either on-site or off-site

demonstration, prior to final

decision of which system you

choose

Learn the language and what it

means to you

Compare completely and look

for the loop holes


There are no set standards on digital format for storage of

video images. Consequently the system that you

purchase today, may end up obsolete within the first three

to five years of operation


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If your digital storage system crashes and you do not

have adequate backup systems in place, you lose control

and data.

Evidence for court will have to be produced in original

format therefore:

Insure that your system will dump the original data, in digital

format, with all alogarythms in place


Proper encryption or watermarks should be part

of your general digital recording format to insure

Originality of recorded information


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